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El. knyga: Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution

  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Serija: Fascinating Life Sciences
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Dec-2020
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030600907
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and EvolutionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Serija: Fascinating Life Sciences
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Dec-2020
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030600907
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Stingless bees (Meliponini) are the largest and most diverse group of social bees, yet their largely tropical distribution means that they are less studied than their relatives, the bumble bees and honey bees. Stingless bees produce honey and collect pollen from tens of thousands of tropical plant species and, in the process, provide critical pollination services in the tropics. Like many other insects, they are struggling with new human-made challenges like habitat destruction, climate change and new diseases.





This book provides an overview of stingless bee biology, with chapters on the evolutionary history, nesting biology, colony organisation and division of labour of stingless bees. In addition, it explores their defence strategies, foraging ecology, and varied communication methods. Accordingly, the book offers an accessible introduction and reference guide for students, researchers and laypeople interested in the biology of bees.
1 Stingless Bees: An Overview
1(42)
1.1 The Queen
5(2)
1.2 The Workers
7(4)
1.3 The Males
11(1)
1.4 Stingless Bee Products
12(3)
1.4.1 Honey
12(3)
1.4.2 Cerumen and Batumen
15(1)
1.5 Similarities and Differences Between Stingless Bees and Honey Bees
15(2)
1.6 Colony Size
17(7)
1.7 Colony Longevity
24(1)
1.8 Importance for Humans
25(4)
1.8.1 Meliponiculture
26(1)
1.8.2 Medicinal Use of Stingless Bee Products
27(1)
1.8.3 Spiritual and Religious Importance of Stingless Bees
28(1)
1.8.4 Other Uses of Stingless Bee Products
29(1)
1.9 Emerging Challenges in the Anthropocene
29(2)
1.9.1 Pesticides
30(1)
References
31(12)
2 Evolution and Diversity of Stingless Bees
43(44)
2.1 Present-Day Diversity and Distribution
45(4)
2.1.1 How Many Species Are There?
45(2)
2.1.2 Where Can Stingless Bees Be Found?
47(2)
2.2 The Origin of Stingless Bees
49(2)
2.3 Biogeography
51(7)
2.3.1 Biogeographic Scenarios
52(6)
2.4 List of Genera and Species
58(23)
2.4.1 Neotropical Species
58(15)
2.4.2 Afrotropical Species
73(3)
2.4.3 Indo-Malayan and Australasian Species
76(5)
References
81(6)
3 Nesting Biology
87(44)
3.1 Nesting Sites
87(11)
3.1.1 Above Ground, Cavity-Nesting Species
88(3)
3.1.2 Ground-Nesting Species
91(1)
3.1.3 Nesting in Active Ant or Termite Nests
92(4)
3.1.4 Exposed Nests
96(1)
3.1.5 Intra-specific Variation in Nesting Habits
97(1)
3.2 Nest Architecture, Building Materials and Building Behaviour
98(13)
3.2.1 The Entrance
100(2)
3.2.2 Brood Chamber
102(7)
3.2.3 Food Storage
109(1)
3.2.4 Imprisonment Chambers
110(1)
3.3 Control of Climate Conditions
111(2)
3.3.1 Active Climate Control
112(1)
3.3.2 Passive Climate Control
113(1)
3.4 Evolution of Nest Architecture
113(1)
3.5 Stingless Bee Communities and Associations with Other Organisms
114(7)
3.5.1 Colonial Communities and Colony Densities
114(3)
3.5.2 Close Associations Between Colonies
117(1)
3.5.3 Inquilines
118(2)
3.5.4 Microorganisms
120(1)
References
121(10)
4 Swarming and Mating
131(30)
4.1 Swarming in Stingless Bees
131(11)
4.1.1 Swarming Phases
133(9)
4.2 Swarming Distances
142(1)
4.3 Swarming Period
143(1)
4.4 Supersedure (Queen Replacement)
144(1)
4.5 Queen Production and Selection
145(3)
4.6 Single Mating in Stingless Bees
148(3)
4.7 Monogyny in Stingless Bees
151(1)
References
152(9)
5 Brood Rearing
161(42)
5.1 Provisioning and Oviposition Process
161(6)
5.1.1 Pre-provisioning Phase
162(1)
5.1.2 Provisioning and Oviposition Phase
162(5)
5.2 Worker-Laid Eggs
167(5)
5.3 Developmental Stages of Brood
172(2)
5.4 Brood Production
174(7)
5.4.1 Worker Production
174(4)
5.4.2 Male Production
178(2)
5.4.3 Queen Production
180(1)
5.5 Queen Determination
181(6)
5.5.1 Trophic Queen Determination
182(2)
5.5.2 Genetic Queen Determination
184(2)
5.5.3 Miniature Queens in Non-Melipona Species
186(1)
5.6 Reproductive Conflicts
187(5)
5.6.1 Conflicts over Male Production
188(2)
5.6.2 Conflicts over Female Caste Fate
190(2)
References
192(11)
6 Colony Organisation and Division of Labour
203(30)
6.1 Temporal Castes
204(3)
6.2 Sequence and Description of the Main Tasks
207(8)
6.2.1 Phase I
207(1)
6.2.2 Phase II
207(4)
6.2.3 Phase III
211(1)
6.2.4 Phase IV
212(3)
6.3 Physical Worker Sub-castes
215(6)
6.4 Activity Distribution
221(1)
6.5 Working Males and Queens
221(4)
References
225(8)
7 Enemies, Dangers and Colony Defence
233(40)
7.1 Who Are the Enemies?
235(6)
7.1.1 Invertebrate Enemies
235(3)
7.1.2 Vertebrate Enemies
238(1)
7.1.3 Diseases
239(2)
7.2 Robbing Bees and Robber Bees
241(7)
7.2.1 The Organisation of Attacks
244(1)
7.2.2 Factors Affecting Vulnerability to Being Raided
245(2)
7.2.3 Variation in the Defensive Response
247(1)
7.3 Defence Strategies
248(12)
7.3.1 Avoiding Attacks
248(1)
7.3.2 Entrance Guards
249(2)
7.3.3 Alarm Pheromones
251(1)
7.3.4 Entrance Blocking and the Use of Resin
252(2)
7.3.5 Nestmate and Non-nestmate Recognition
254(4)
7.3.6 Morphological Adaptations: Large Guards and Soldiers
258(1)
7.3.7 Architectural Defences
259(1)
References
260(13)
8 Foraging
273(50)
8.1 What Do Stingless Bees Collect?
273(11)
8.1.1 Protein
273(3)
8.1.2 Carbohydrate Sources
276(6)
8.1.3 Resin and Other Sticky Plant Materials
282(1)
8.1.4 Other Resources
283(1)
8.2 Spatio-temporal Distribution of Resources
284(1)
8.3 Foraging Specialisation
285(1)
8.4 Foraging Activity
286(5)
8.4.1 Activity During the Season
286(1)
8.4.2 Activity During the Day
287(4)
8.5 Foraging Range and Trip Duration
291(4)
8.6 Competition and Resource Partitioning
295(6)
8.6.1 Competition Among Stingless Bees
295(3)
8.6.2 Competition with Honey Bees
298(3)
8.6.3 Competition with Other Animals
301(1)
8.7 Learning During Foraging
301(6)
8.7.1 Associative Learning
302(3)
8.7.2 Site Fidelity
305(1)
8.7.3 Flower Constancy
306(1)
References
307(16)
9 Importance for Pollination
323(18)
9.1 Pollination of Crops
330(5)
References
335(6)
10 Recruitment and Communication in Foraging
341(32)
10.1 Nest-Based Recruitment Communication
343(7)
10.1.1 Zigzag or Jostling Runs
343(2)
10.1.2 Thoracic Vibrations
345(3)
10.1.3 Social Learning of Food Odours
348(1)
10.1.4 Reactivation of Experienced Foragers
349(1)
10.2 Location-Specific Recruitment
350(12)
10.2.1 Pheromone Trails
354(5)
10.2.2 Chemicals Deposited on Food Sources
359(2)
10.2.3 Guidance Flights (Piloting)
361(1)
10.3 Eavesdropping
362(1)
10.4 Local and Stimulus Enhancement
363(1)
10.5 Evolution of Recruitment Communication
364(2)
References
366(7)
Index 373
Dr Christoph Grüter is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, UK. He completed his PhD at the University of Bern, Switzerland, and the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, before taking on postdoctoral positions at the University of Sussex, UK, and the University of Sćo Paulo, Brazil. Before moving to Bristol in 2020, he held a group leader position at the University of Mainz, Germany. His work investigates the behaviour, ecology and evolution of social insects, with a focus on social bees and ants.
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