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Stonehenge for the Ancestors: Part 2: Synthesis [Kietas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Hardback, 380 pages, aukštis x plotis: 280x203 mm, 70fc/70bw
  • Serija: The Stonehenge Riverside Project 2
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: Sidestone Press
  • ISBN-10: 9088907064
  • ISBN-13: 9789088907067
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Stonehenge for the Ancestors: Part 2: SynthesisDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 380 pages, aukštis x plotis: 280x203 mm, 70fc/70bw
  • Serija: The Stonehenge Riverside Project 2
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-Sep-2022
  • Leidėjas: Sidestone Press
  • ISBN-10: 9088907064
  • ISBN-13: 9789088907067
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9789088907067.html
Raktažodžiai:
For many centuries, scholars and enthusiasts have been fascinated by Stonehenge, the world&;s most famous stone circle. In 2003 a team of archaeologists commenced a long-term fieldwork project for the first time in decades. The Stonehenge Riverside Project (2003-2009) aimed to investigate the purpose of this unique prehistoric monument by considering it within its wider archaeological context.

This is the second of four volumes which present the results of that campaign. It includes studies of the lithics from excavations, both from topsoil sampling and from excavated features, as well as of the petrography of the famous bluestones, as identified from chippings recovered during excavations. Other specialist syntheses are those of the land mollusca. The volume provides an overview of Stonehenge in its landscape over millennia from before the monument was built to the last of its five constructional stages. It concludes with a chapter placing Stonehenge in its full context within Britain and western Europe during the third millennium BC.

With contributions by:
Umberto Albarella, Michael Allen, Richard Bevins, Benjamin Chan, Robert Ixer, Claudia Minniti, Doug Mitcham and Sarah Viner-Daniels

This is the second of four volumes which present the results of The Stonehenge Riverside Project, a long-term fieldwork project at Stonehenge for the first time in decades.
Preface 13(4)
Acknowledgements 17(2)
1 Before Stonehenge: the Mesolithic and earlier Neolithic
19(28)
1.1 Introduction
19(1)
1.2 Mesolithic activity at and around Stonehenge c. 8000-4000 BC
19(6)
1.2.1 Early Mesolithic pits 200m from Stonehenge
19(5)
1.2.2 Mesolithic settlement and activity
24(1)
1.3 The Early Neolithic c. 3800-3400 BC
25(13)
1.3.1 Feasting: the Coneybury pit
26(2)
1.3.2 Monuments: causewayed enclosures, long barrows and cursuses
28(7)
1.3.3 Settlement activity
35(2)
1.3.4 Overview
37(1)
1.4 The Middle Neolithic c. 3400-3000 BC
38(9)
1.4.1 Small henges, causewayed ring-ditches, pit circles and other penannular enclosures
39(2)
1.4.2 Long mortuary enclosures
41(1)
1.4.3 Human remains
42(1)
1.4.4 Settlement activity
42(2)
1.4.5 The Wilsford Shaft
44(1)
1.4.6 Overview
44(3)
2 Stonehenge Stage 1: the Late Neolithic
47(30)
2.1 Introduction
47(1)
2.2 The Late Neolithic: Stonehenge Stage 1 (c. 3000-2620 cal BC)
48(14)
2.2.1 The enclosure ditch
48(2)
2.2.2 The cremation burials and unburnt human remains
50(4)
2.2.3 The Aubrey Holes
54(6)
2.2.4 Interior features
60(1)
2.2.5 Features in the northeast entrance
61(1)
2.2.6 Features beyond the northeast entrance
62(1)
2.3 The Late Neolithic in the environs of Stonehenge in Stage 1
62(10)
2.3.1 Coneybury timber `circle' and internal setting
63(2)
2.3.2 Bluestonehenge at West Amesbury
65(1)
2.3.3 The Cuckoo Stone
65(2)
2.3.4 Circular enclosures and human remains in the Stonehenge landscape
67(1)
2.3.5 Late Neolithic pits at Woodlands and Ratfyn
67(1)
2.3.6 Bulford Late Neolithic pits
67(3)
2.3.7 The chalk plaque pit east of Stonehenge
70(1)
2.3.8 Durrington flint mines
70(1)
2.3.9 The re-cutting of the Greater Cursus' south ditch
71(1)
2.4 Overview
72(5)
3 Stonehenge Stage 2: the end of the Late Neolithic
77(30)
3.1 Introduction
77(1)
3.2 Stonehenge Stage 2 (c. 2620-2480 cal BC)
77(14)
3.2.1 The sarsen trilithons
80(2)
3.2.2 The bluestones in the Q and R Holes
82(1)
3.2.3 The sarsen circle
83(4)
3.2.4 The Station Stones
87(1)
3.2.5 The Slaughter Stone and its two associated stoneholes
88(1)
3.2.6 Possible modifications to the enclosure ditch and earthworks in the northeast entrance
88(1)
3.2.7 The Heel Stone and its ditch
89(1)
3.2.8 Bringing the sarsen stones to Stonehenge
89(1)
3.2.9 The sarsen-dressing area north of Stonehenge
89(2)
3.3 The final Late Neolithic in the environs of Stonehenge in Stage 2
91(13)
3.3.1 A domain of the living around the Durrington Walls settlement? Post rows and a cremation burial at the former MoD Headquarters, Durrington
93(2)
3.3.2 Bulford western henge and associated activity
95(1)
3.3.3 Other human remains in the Stonehenge landscape in Stage 2
95(2)
3.3.4 Durrington Walls settlement and avenue
97(5)
3.3.5 Woodhenge and timber monuments south of Woodhenge
102(1)
3.3.6 Boscombe Down pit circle and pits
103(1)
3.3.7 Larkhill Late Neolithic ring-ditches
103(1)
3.4 Overview
104(3)
4 Stonehenge Stage 3: the Chalcolithic
107(24)
4.1 Introduction
107(1)
4.2 Stonehenge Stage 3, the Avenue and West Amesbury henge (c. 2480-2280 cal BC)
108(9)
4.2.1 An inner bluestone circle or arc
109(1)
4.2.2 The large pit against the base of the Great Trilithon
109(2)
4.2.3 The Altar Stone
111(1)
4.2.4 Re-cutting of the enclosure ditch
112(1)
4.2.5 The Stonehenge Archer's burial
113(1)
4.2.6 The Stonehenge Avenue
114(2)
4.2.7 West Amesbury henge
116(1)
4.3 The Chalcolithic: beyond Stonehenge in Stage 3 (c. 2400-2100 cal BC)
117(12)
4.3.1 Durrington Walls and Woodhenge
119(3)
4.3.2 A ring of pits enclosing the domain around Durrington Walls
122(1)
4.3.3 A post alignment at Larkhill causewayed enclosure
123(1)
4.3.4 The Amesbury Archer and the early Beaker burials
123(6)
4.4 Overview
129(2)
5 Stonehenge Stage 4: the Early Bronze Age
131(16)
5.1 Introduction
131(1)
5.2 Stonehenge Stage 4 (c. 2280-2020 cal BC)
131(5)
5.2.1 The inner Bluestone Horseshoe: reviewing the Bluestone Oval
132(3)
5.2.2 The outer Bluestone Circle
135(1)
5.2.3 Beaker pottery within Stonehenge
135(1)
5.2.4 Re-cutting of the Stonehenge Avenue's ditches
136(1)
5.3 Beyond Stonehenge in Stage 4
136(7)
5.3.1 Beaker burials and round barrows in the landscape
138(4)
5.3.2 Beaker settlement in the Stonehenge landscape
142(1)
5.4 Overview
143(4)
6 Stonehenge Stage 5: the Early-Middle Bronze Age
147(22)
6.1 Introduction
147(1)
6.2 Activity at Stonehenge in Stage 5 (c. 2020-1520 cal BC)
148(7)
6.2.1 The Y and Z Holes
148(2)
6.2.2 Bronze Age pottery within Stonehenge
150(1)
6.2.3 Carvings on the sarsen monoliths
151(3)
6.2.4 Working-down of the bluestone monoliths
154(1)
6.2.5 Did the Great Trilithon fall in Stage 5?
155(1)
6.3 Beyond Stonehenge in Stage 5
155(12)
6.3.1 Wessex I burials
158(1)
6.3.2 Cremation burials
159(3)
6.3.3 Wessex II burials
162(1)
6.3.4 Bronze Age settlement in the Stonehenge landscape
163(1)
6.3.5 Field systems
163(1)
6.3.6 The North Kite `enclosure'
163(1)
6.3.7 The Stonehenge Palisade Ditch
163(4)
6.4 Overview
167(2)
7 Stonehenge in its context: monuments and society in Britain and western Europe
169(36)
7.1 Introduction
169(1)
7.2 The earliest monuments and megaliths in western Europe
170(3)
7.3 The earliest megaliths in Britain and Ireland
173(1)
7.4 Regionalism in Early Neolithic Britain and Ireland
174(1)
7.5 Causewayed enclosures: gathering places of the Early Neolithic in Britain
175(2)
7.6 Cursuses and indigenous developments at the end of the Early Neolithic
177(1)
7.7 The Middle Neolithic: a climate of decline?
178(3)
7.8 Passage tombs of Bru na Boinne, Anglesey and Orkney
181(2)
7.9 The earliest stone circles: architectural antecedents for Stonehenge Stage 1
183(3)
7.10 Formative henges and circular cremation enclosures: influences on Stonehenge Stage 1
186(1)
7.11 Stonehenge's bluestones: catalysts and motivations for building Stonehenge Stage 1
187(1)
7.12 Houses, henges and Grooved Ware: influences on Stonehenge Stage 2
188(4)
7.13 First among equals? Durrington Walls, Avebury, Marden and the other great Wessex henges
192(2)
7.14 Developments around 2500 BC: building boom and incipient culture clash
194(1)
7.15 First contact and culture clash: motivations for building Stonehenge Stage 2
195(1)
7.16 Circles, squares, horseshoes and lintels: designing Stonehenge Stage 2
196(3)
7.17 Beaker-users established in Britain and the destabilising of the Great Trilithon in Stage 3
199(2)
7.18 Stonehenge's Stage 4
201(1)
7.19 Conclusion
202(3)
8 Lithic scatters from the ploughsoil in the Stonehenge landscape
205(38)
8.1 Introduction: investigating the ploughsoil around Stonehenge
205(2)
8.2 Methods of recording and analysis
207(1)
8.3 The ploughsoil lithic assemblages
208(11)
8.3.1 Western end of the Greater Cursus
208(1)
8.3.2 Eastern end of the Greater Cursus
208(1)
8.3.3 Fargo Plantation
209(1)
8.3.4 West Amesbury
210(1)
8.3.5 The Cuckoo Stone
210(1)
8.3.6 The Stonehenge Avenue's `northern branch'
210(1)
8.3.7 Durrington Walls southern entrance
210(1)
8.3.8 South of Woodhenge
211(2)
8.3.9 The Palisade Field and Stonehenge Down Palisade
213(6)
8.4 Spatial analysis of test-pit data
219(11)
8.4.1 The Palisade Field and Stonehenge Down Palisade: test-pit GIS plots
219(6)
8.4.2 West Amesbury: test-pit GIS plots
225(5)
8.5 Discussion: understanding the activity represented by the lithics from the ploughsoil
230(11)
8.5.1 Mesolithic and earlier Neolithic activity
230(6)
8.5.2 Late Neolithic and Bronze Age activity
236(5)
8.6 Conclusion: reflections and evaluation
241(2)
9 Investigating traditions of stone-working and inhabitation in the Stonehenge landscape: the lithic assemblages of the Stonehenge Riverside Project
243(30)
9.1 Introduction
243(2)
9.2 Recording methodology
245(3)
9.2.1 A note on the presence/absence of chips and the presentation of frequencies
247(1)
9.3 The flint assemblage and its chronological and contextual distribution
248(1)
9.4 Comparative analysis of the SRP assemblages
248(10)
9.4.1 The analysis of flint-working technology from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age
248(8)
9.4.2 Discussion
256(2)
9.5 The analysis of assemblage composition: flint-working and inhabitation of the Stonehenge landscape the
258(10)
9.5.1 Understanding activity in the Durrington Zone
264(2)
9.5.2 Understanding activity in the Stonehenge Zone
266(2)
9.6 Understanding the relationship between monuments and surface assemblages
268(1)
9.7 Discussion: time and tradition in the Stonehenge landscape
269(2)
9.8 Conclusions
271(2)
10 The petrography of bluestones and other lithics
273(62)
10.1 Introduction
273(1)
10.2 Methodology
273(3)
10.3 Aubrey Hole 7, Stonehenge
276(4)
10.3.1 Results
276(4)
10.4 Greater Cursus: east end
280(1)
10.4.1 Results
281(1)
10.5 Greater Cursus: west end (collected by Stone in 1947)
281(2)
10.5.1 Results
282(1)
10.6 Fargo Plantation test pits
283(3)
10.6.1 Methodology
283(1)
10.6.2 Results: Stonehenge-related orthostat lithologies/bluestones
283(1)
10.6.3 Results: possible Stonehenge-related, non-orthostat lithologies
284(1)
10.6.4 Results: non-Stonehenge-related material including modern bulk aggregates
285(1)
10.7 West Amesbury henge and Bluestonehenge
286(2)
10.7.1 Methodology
286(1)
10.7.2 Results: fine-grained gabbro
287(1)
10.7.3 Results: sandstones
287(1)
10.7.4 Results: lithic tuff axehead
288(1)
10.8 Sarsen-dressing area north of Stonehenge
288(2)
10.8.1 Results
288(2)
10.9 Stonehenge Avenue
290(2)
10.9.1 Results
290(2)
10.10 Stonehenge Avenue Bend
292(1)
10.11 Durrington Walls south entrance
292(1)
10.12 Woodhenge
292(1)
10.13 Stonehenge Palisade Field
292(2)
10.13.1 Trench 52
292(1)
10.13.2 Trench 53
292(1)
10.13.3 Trench 54
293(1)
10.14 Archive of detailed macroscopical and microscopical description of the lithics
294(41)
10.14.1 Aubrey Hole 7, Stonehenge
294(8)
10.14.2 Greater Cursus: east end (thin-section sample only)
302(1)
10.14.3 Greater Cursus: west end
302(5)
10.14.4 Fargo Plantation test pits
307(11)
10.14.5 West Amesbury henge and Bluestonehenge
318(4)
10.14.6 Sarsen-dressing area north of Stonehenge (Trench 44)
322(2)
10.14.7 Stonehenge Avenue (Trench 45)
324(9)
10.14.8 Stonehenge Avenue Bend (Trenches 46 and 48)
333(1)
10.14.9 Durrington Walls south entrance (Trench 25)
333(1)
10.14.10 Woodhenge
333(1)
10.14.11 Stonehenge palisade (Trenches 52-54)
334(1)
11 The micromorphology of buried soils and associated sediments in the Stonehenge environs
335(8)
11.1 Introduction
335(1)
11.2 Environs interpretative discussion
335(3)
11.3 Greater Cursus: detailed soil micromorphological descriptions
338(1)
11.3.1 Standstill horizon in western terminal ditch
338(1)
11.3.2 Loessic fill of southern side ditch
338(1)
11.4 Amesbury 42 long barrow
338(1)
11.4.1 Column 1, Samples 1 and 2
338(1)
11.4.2 Column 2, Samples 1 and 2
338(1)
11.5 Aubrey Hole 7, Stonehenge: detailed soil micromorphological description
339(1)
11.6 Stonehenge Avenue: detailed soil micromorphological descriptions
339(1)
11.6.1 Profile 50
339(1)
11.6.2 Profile 51
339(1)
11.6.3 Profile 52
340(1)
11.7 Woodhenge: detailed soil micromorphological descriptions
340(1)
11.7.1 Profile 23
340(1)
11.8 South of Woodhenge: detailed soil micromorphological descriptions
340(1)
11.8.1 Trench 21, context 47: 75-85cm
340(1)
11.8.2 Trench 22, context 316: 40-52cm
341(1)
11.8.3 Trench 22, context 329: 60-72cm
341(1)
11.9 River Avon floodplain: detailed soil micromorphological descriptions
341(1)
11.9.1 Test Pit 2
341(1)
11.10 West Amesbury Riverside: detailed soil micromorphological descriptions
341(2)
11.10.1 Profile 53, old land surface adjacent to henge ditch
341(1)
11.10.2 Stonehole E. context 206
341(2)
Bibliography 343(24)
List of figures 367(4)
List of tables 371(2)
Contributors 373(2)
Index 375
Mike Parker Pearson is Professor of British Later Prehistory at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. A distinguished prehistorian, he has been involved with many major projects, including leading the recent Stonehenge Riverside Project. Joshua Pollard is a Professor of Archaeology at the University of Southampton. He has wide-ranging research interests in the Neolithic period and has directed and co-directed major fieldwork projects in the Avebury and Stonehenge landscapes. Colin Richards is Professor of World Prehistory in the Deaprtment of Archaeology at the University of Manchester where he mainly specialises in Neolithic archaeology, architecture and monumentality and ethnoarchaeology, with specific interests in Orkney and Easter Island. Julian Thomas is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Manchester. He is a leading expert on Neolithic Britain, and has directed excavations in many parts of Britain from Scotland to southern England. His books include Understanding the Neolithic, Time, Culture and Identity, and The Birth of Neolithic Britain. Kate Welham is Professor of Archaeological Science at Bournemouth University. She has worked on projects in Britain, Kenya, Spain and Easter Island, and is a leading expert in geophysical survey as well as in archaeological materials. She is chair of the UK committee of archaeological heads of departments. She is co-author of Stonehenge: making sense of a prehistoric mystery.