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xv | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
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1 | (34) |
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1 Global warming, greenhouse gases, renewable energy, and storing energy |
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3 | (10) |
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3 | (1) |
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2 Global warming and greenhouse gases |
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3 | (2) |
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3 Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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5 Our present energy situation |
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7 | (3) |
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6 The urgent need for storing energy |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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2 Energy storage options to balance renewable electricity systems |
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13 | (22) |
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13 | (1) |
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2 The need for new types of storage |
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14 | (4) |
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18 | (4) |
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4 Comparing storage systems |
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22 | (1) |
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5 Challenges for energy storage |
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23 | (7) |
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30 | (5) |
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31 | (4) |
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Section B Gravitational/thermomechanical storage techniques |
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35 | (228) |
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3 Pumped hydro storage (PHS) |
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37 | (30) |
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37 | (5) |
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2 Storage cycles duration |
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42 | (3) |
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3 Conventional arrangement types |
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45 | (2) |
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4 Services provided by PHS plants |
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47 | (3) |
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5 New arrangements for PHS |
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50 | (4) |
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54 | (4) |
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7 World potential for PHS |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (8) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (6) |
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4 Novel hydroelectric storage concepts |
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67 | (24) |
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67 | (2) |
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2 High-density fluid PHES |
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69 | (3) |
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3 Piston-in-cylinder electrical energy storage |
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72 | (17) |
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89 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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5 Gravity energy storage systems |
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91 | (26) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (7) |
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4 The Gravitricity system |
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102 | (5) |
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5 Technical characteristics |
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107 | (4) |
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6 Levelized cost and comparison with other technologies |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (2) |
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8 Gravitricity technology development |
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115 | (2) |
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115 | (2) |
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6 Compressed air energy storage (CAES) |
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117 | (24) |
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117 | (2) |
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2 CAES: modes of operation and basic principles |
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119 | (6) |
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3 Air containments for CAES |
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125 | (6) |
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4 System configurations and plant concepts |
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131 | (4) |
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5 Thermal storage for CAES |
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135 | (2) |
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6 Performance metrics for CAES |
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137 | (1) |
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7 Integrating CAES with generation or consumption |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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7 Compressed air energy storage |
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141 | (16) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (10) |
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154 | (3) |
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8 Underwater compressed air energy storage |
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157 | (22) |
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157 | (1) |
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2 Storage vessels for UWCAES |
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158 | (5) |
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3 Anchorage and installation |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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7 Contrasting UWCAES with pure gravitational storage approaches in deep water |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (4) |
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176 | (3) |
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9 A novel pumped hydro combined with compressed air energy storage system |
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179 | (12) |
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179 | (1) |
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2 Basic principles of PHCA system |
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180 | (1) |
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3 Characteristics of PHCA system |
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181 | (1) |
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4 A novel constant-pressure PHCA system |
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182 | (1) |
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5 Storage density analysis |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (5) |
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189 | (2) |
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10 Liquid air energy storage |
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191 | (16) |
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191 | (1) |
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2 Energy and exergy densities of liquid air |
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192 | (2) |
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3 Liquid air as both a storage medium and an efficient working fluid |
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194 | (2) |
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4 Applications of LAES through integration |
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196 | (7) |
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5 Technical and economical comparison, of LAES with other energy storage technologies |
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203 | (4) |
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205 | (2) |
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11 Flywheel energy storage |
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207 | (36) |
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207 | (2) |
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2 Principles of operation |
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209 | (8) |
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3 High-performance electric flywheel storage systems |
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217 | (10) |
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4 Performance attributes in comparison with other electrical storage technologies |
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227 | (5) |
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5 Current and future applications |
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232 | (8) |
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240 | (3) |
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240 | (3) |
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12 Rechargeable lithium-ion battery systems |
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243 | (20) |
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243 | (1) |
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2 Physical fundamentals of lithium-ion batteries |
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244 | (1) |
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3 Development of lithium-ion battery storage systems |
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244 | (15) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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Section C Electrochemical and electrical energy storage techniques |
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263 | (180) |
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13 The road to potassium-ion batteries |
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265 | (44) |
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265 | (1) |
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2 The evolution of modem batteries |
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265 | (1) |
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3 Mechanisms of lithium-ion battery operations |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (8) |
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277 | (11) |
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288 | (6) |
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7 Beyond cation intercalation chemistries |
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294 | (4) |
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298 | (11) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (9) |
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14 Lithium--sulfur battery: Generation 5 of battery energy storage systems |
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309 | (20) |
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309 | (1) |
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2 Anatomy of Li--S battery, challenges, and latest developments |
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310 | (10) |
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3 Potential applications of lightweight Li--S battery: existing, emerging, and new avenues |
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320 | (3) |
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4 Conclusion and outlook: custom-designed Li--S battery is on its way |
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323 | (6) |
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324 | (5) |
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15 Sodium--sulfur batteries |
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329 | (14) |
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329 | (1) |
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2 Principles of Na--S batteries |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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8 Conclusions and perspectives |
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340 | (3) |
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340 | (3) |
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16 All-solid-state batteries |
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343 | (20) |
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343 | (1) |
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2 Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) |
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343 | (10) |
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3 Interface in ASS-L/SIBs |
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353 | (4) |
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357 | (6) |
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358 | (5) |
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17 Vanadium redox flow batteries |
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363 | (20) |
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1 Introduction and historic development |
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363 | (1) |
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2 The function of the VRFB |
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364 | (5) |
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369 | (1) |
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4 VRFB versus other battery types |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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6 Recycling, environment, safety, and availability |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (9) |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (3) |
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383 | (36) |
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383 | (1) |
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2 Basics of charge storage |
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384 | (2) |
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3 Historical evolution from capacitors to electrical double-layer capacitors |
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386 | (3) |
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4 Models to explain electrical double layers |
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389 | (5) |
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5 Evolution of electrode materials for supercapacitors |
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394 | (2) |
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6 State-of-the-art energy storage technologies |
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396 | (1) |
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7 Pseudocapacitive energy storage |
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397 | (3) |
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8 Material requirements for achieving simultaneous high energy density at high power density |
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400 | (1) |
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9 Electrochemical characterization techniques for supercapacitors |
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401 | (5) |
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10 Energy storage devices |
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406 | (5) |
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11 Applications of supercapacitors |
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411 | (2) |
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12 Conclusions and challenges |
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413 | (6) |
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414 | (5) |
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19 Sensible thermal energy storage: diurnal and seasonal |
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419 | (24) |
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419 | (1) |
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2 Design of the thermal storage and thermal stratification |
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420 | (2) |
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3 Modeling of sensible heat storage |
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422 | (4) |
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4 Second law analysis of thermal energy storage |
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426 | (1) |
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5 Solar thermal energy storage systems |
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427 | (1) |
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6 Thermal storage integrated with heat pumps |
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428 | (1) |
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7 Cold thermal energy storage |
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429 | (3) |
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432 | (6) |
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438 | (5) |
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438 | (5) |
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Section D Thermal storage techniques |
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443 | (150) |
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20 Storing energy using molten salts |
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445 | (42) |
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1 Introduction to molten salt thermal energy storage systems |
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445 | (7) |
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2 Molten salt energy storage uses |
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452 | (13) |
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3 Molten salts--a medium for heat transfer and heat storage |
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465 | (6) |
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4 Molten salt thermal storage system |
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471 | (8) |
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5 Reference plant examples |
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479 | (3) |
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6 Conclusions and outlook |
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482 | (5) |
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483 | (4) |
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21 Pumped thermal energy storage |
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487 | (16) |
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487 | (2) |
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489 | (4) |
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493 | (4) |
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4 Transcritical PTES cycle |
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497 | (3) |
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500 | (3) |
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501 | (2) |
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22 Phase change materials |
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503 | (34) |
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503 | (5) |
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2 Heat storage at subambient temperatures |
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508 | (3) |
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3 Heat storage at ambient temperature |
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511 | (3) |
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4 Heat storage at moderate temperatures |
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514 | (4) |
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5 Heat storage at high temperatures |
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518 | (4) |
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6 Heat transfer in PCM-based thermal storage systems |
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522 | (3) |
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525 | (4) |
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529 | (8) |
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530 | (7) |
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537 | (22) |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (9) |
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3 Investment and operational cost |
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547 | (1) |
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4 Applications of solar ponds |
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547 | (12) |
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555 | (4) |
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24 Hydrogen from water electrolysis |
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559 | (34) |
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559 | (3) |
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2 Hydrogen as an energy vector and basic principles of water electrolysis |
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562 | (3) |
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3 Hydrogen production via water electrolysis |
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565 | (6) |
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4 Strategies for storing energy in hydrogen |
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571 | (5) |
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5 Technology demonstrations utilizing hydrogen as an energy storage medium |
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576 | (5) |
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6 Emerging technologies and outlook |
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581 | (6) |
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587 | (6) |
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587 | (6) |
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Section E Chemical storage techniques |
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593 | (136) |
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595 | (18) |
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595 | (3) |
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2 Dynamic electrolyzer operation as a core part of power-to-gas plants |
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598 | (3) |
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3 The methanation processes within power-to-gas |
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601 | (2) |
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4 Multifunctional applications of the power-to-gas system |
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603 | (4) |
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5 Underground gas storage in the context of power-to-gas |
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607 | (6) |
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609 | (4) |
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26 Large-scale hydrogen storage |
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613 | (20) |
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1 Hydrogen economy--from the original idea to the future concept |
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613 | (1) |
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2 Why use hydrogen storage to compensate for fluctuating renewables? |
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614 | (5) |
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3 Hydrogen in the chemical industry |
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619 | (1) |
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4 Options for large-scale underground gas storage |
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620 | (6) |
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5 Underground hydrogen storage in detail |
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626 | (7) |
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631 | (2) |
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27 Traditional bulk energy storage--coal and underground natural gas and oil storage |
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633 | (18) |
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633 | (1) |
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634 | (2) |
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636 | (5) |
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641 | (8) |
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649 | (2) |
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649 | (2) |
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28 Thermochemical energy storage |
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651 | (34) |
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651 | (2) |
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2 Overview of thermochemical sorption energy storage |
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653 | (14) |
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3 Overview of thermochemical energy storage without sorption |
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667 | (5) |
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4 Hybrid thermochemical sorption energy storage |
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672 | (13) |
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676 | (9) |
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29 Energy storage integration |
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685 | (44) |
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685 | (1) |
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2 Energy policy and markets |
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686 | (6) |
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3 Energy storage planning |
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692 | (7) |
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4 Energy storage operation |
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699 | (6) |
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705 | (10) |
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6 Integrated modeling approach |
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715 | (14) |
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724 | (5) |
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729 | (40) |
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30 Off-grid energy storage |
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731 | (22) |
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1 Introduction: The challenges of energy storage |
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731 | (1) |
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2 Why is off-grid energy important? |
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732 | (2) |
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3 Battery technologies and applications |
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734 | (6) |
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4 Dealing with renewable variability |
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740 | (1) |
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5 The emergence of mini- and microgrids |
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741 | (1) |
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6 Energy storage in island contexts |
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742 | (1) |
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7 Bring clean energy to the poor |
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743 | (1) |
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8 The way forward: cost structure evolution |
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744 | (1) |
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745 | (4) |
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749 | (4) |
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749 | (4) |
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31 Energy storage worldwide |
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753 | (16) |
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Giorgio Castagneto Gissey |
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1 Introduction: the global energy storage market |
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753 | (2) |
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2 Barriers to the development and deployment |
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755 | (1) |
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756 | (6) |
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4 Lessons for the development of storage |
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762 | (3) |
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765 | (4) |
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766 | (3) |
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Section G International and marketing issues |
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769 | (62) |
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32 Storing energy in China--an overview |
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771 | (22) |
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771 | (1) |
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2 Imperativeness and applications |
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772 | (1) |
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3 Technical and development status |
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773 | (13) |
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786 | (2) |
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5 Conclusions and remarks |
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788 | (5) |
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789 | (1) |
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789 | (2) |
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791 | (2) |
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33 Legislation, statutory instruments and licenses for storing energy in UK |
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793 | (18) |
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793 | (3) |
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2 Low-carbon policy in the UK for storage |
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796 | (1) |
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3 Electricity markets and storage: legislation, statutory instruments, codes, and licenses |
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797 | (6) |
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4 Standards applicable to storage |
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803 | (1) |
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5 Regulatory, legal, and market constraints that impact storage |
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803 | (4) |
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807 | (4) |
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808 | (3) |
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34 Electricity markets and regulatory developments for storage in Brazil |
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811 | (20) |
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811 | (2) |
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2 Electricity market developments in Brazil: past, present, and future |
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813 | (3) |
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3 Regulation of Brazilian electricity market |
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816 | (1) |
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4 Distributed renewable generation: current state-of-the-art |
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817 | (1) |
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5 Electricity storage in Brazil |
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818 | (9) |
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827 | (1) |
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828 | (3) |
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828 | (3) |
Index |
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831 | |