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El. knyga: Structural Adjustment, the Environment and Sustainable Development [Taylor & Francis e-book]

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Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
This is a pioneering study which should serve as a model for future research and will to a wide audience' Dharam Ghai, Director United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Structural Adjustment and the Environment (Earthscan, 1992) was the first book to fully examine the effects of 'structural adjustment programmes the economic reform policies required by the World Bank and IMF as part of their lending operations with borrowing countries. To widespread Critical acclaim it exposed the damaging environmental and social effects of structural adjustment policies, and called for a thorough revision of the then-current development policy.

This new work; Structural Adjustment, the Environment and sustainable Development is a major step forward in the study of structural adjustment policies. It looks in detail at new research and analysis into their effects, and incorporates recent studies by a wide range of academics and policy-makers, leading experts and institutes. Focusing on nine in-depth case studies, the book examines the complex links between macroeconomic policies, social impacts and environmental outcomes, and takes a forward-looking perspective in outlining the alternatives to current structural adjustment policies.

Review quotes for Structural Adjustment and the Environment 'Should be essential reading for all students of development' Third World Planning Review 'Breaks new ground in the debate on structural adjustment generally. and in the environment/development debate' International Affairs 'The most substantial contribution to date to what is undoubtedly an important area' Development and Change

David Reed is director of the Macroeconomics for Sustainable Development Programme of WWF International, and editor of Structural Adjustment and the Environment (Earthscan, 1992).

Originally published in 1996
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Introduction xix
Lessons Derived from the First Research Program xx
Influence of the First WWF Program on This Second Study xxii
Structure of This Study xxiv
Part One 1(46)
1 An Instrument of Global Economic Policy
3(22)
The Evolving Debate on Adjustment
3(3)
Attribution of Cause
3(1)
But in Whose Interests?
4(1)
And What about Long-term Impacts?
5(1)
The Adjustment Imperative
6(6)
The End of the Golden Age
6(2)
The Legacy of Supply-side Economics
8(1)
World Bank Intervention
9(2)
The Push Toward Privatization
11(1)
A New Generation of Criticisms
12(6)
Increasing Vulnerability to External Shocks and Pressures
13(1)
Impacts on Industrial Policy
14(1)
Distributional Equity
14(1)
"Deregulating" Labor Markets
15(1)
Gender Equity
16(1)
Environmental Impacts of Liberalized Trade Regimes
16(1)
Environmental Costs of Expanding Nontraditional Agricultural Exports
17(1)
Restructuring the World Economy
18(7)
An Instrument of Global Economic Policy
19(1)
Adjustment's Resilience
20(5)
2 Sustainable Development
25(22)
The Political Foundations of Sustainable Development
25(7)
The Stockholm Conference
25(2)
Sharpening Global Environmental Tensions
27(2)
First Articulations of Sustainable Development
29(1)
The Rio Conference
30(2)
An Operational Approach to Sustainable Development
32(8)
Toward an Operational Definition
32(2)
Reforming National Development Strategies
34(3)
Changing International Development Patterns
37(3)
Adjustment Policy in the Context of Sustainable Development
40(7)
Part Two 47(250)
Introduction
49(4)
Organization of the Research Program
49(2)
Common Methodological Challenges
51(2)
3 Case Study for Cameroon
53(30)
Background
53(4)
The Setting
53(2)
Methodology
55(2)
The Environment
57(6)
Salient Features
57(1)
Major Environmental Problems and Their Causes
57(2)
The Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies
59(1)
Environmental Policies and Sustainability
60(2)
Long-term Environmental Trends
62(1)
The Economy
63(13)
Economic Performance and Structural Adjustment since 1985
63(1)
Economic and Social Impacts of Recent and Current Adjustment
64(2)
Environmental Impacts of Recent and Current Adjustment
66(3)
Four Case Studies
69(6)
Conclusions
75(1)
Sustainable Development
76(7)
Development Scenarios
76(2)
Requisites for Sustainable Development
78(1)
Implications for Adjustment and Development Program Design
79(1)
Prospects for Adoption of Sustainable Development Policies
80(3)
4 Case Study for Mali
83(24)
The Environment
85(5)
Salient Features
85(1)
Major Environmental Problems and Their Causes
86(1)
Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies
87(1)
Environmental Policies
88(1)
Long-term Environmental Trends
89(1)
The Economy
90(12)
Development Strategy
90(1)
Economic Performance and Structural Adjustment
91(1)
Economic and Social Impacts of Adjustment
92(1)
Environmental Impacts of Adjustment
93(2)
Three Case Studies
95(5)
Conclusions on Adjustment-environment Linkages
100(2)
Sustainable Development
102(5)
Development Scenarios
102(1)
Requisites for Sustainable Development
103(1)
Implications for Adjustment and Development Program Design
104(1)
Prospects for Sustainable Development Policies
105(2)
5 Case Study for Tanzania
107(22)
Background
109(5)
State of the Economy and the Environment
109(3)
Environmental Policy
112(1)
Structural Adjustment
113(1)
Adjustment-environment Linkages: Analysis
114(6)
Deforestation
114(3)
Soil Erosion
117(3)
The Influence of Structural Adjustment
120(1)
Sustainable Development: Future Scenarios
120(4)
If Current Adjustment Programs Continue
121(1)
Under Alternative Policies
122(1)
Trade-offs
122(2)
Recommendations
124(5)
Activities That Could Be Integrated into Existing Structural Adjustment Programs
124(1)
Changing the Objectives of Future Structural Adjustment Programs
124(1)
Sequencing of Structural Adjustment
125(1)
Policies to Pursue in Parallel with Structural Adjustment
125(1)
Limiting Factors
126(3)
6 Case Study for Zambia
129(20)
Background
129(5)
State of the Economy and the Environment
129(2)
Environmental Policy
131(1)
Structural Adjustment
132(2)
Adjustment-environment Linkages
134(8)
Loss of Wildlife
134(2)
Deforestation
136(2)
Urban Water Pollution
138(3)
Poverty and the Environment
141(1)
Distribution of Costs and Benefits
141(1)
Sustainable Development: Future Scenarios
142(4)
If Current Adjustment Programs Continue
142(2)
If Current Sectoral Policies Continue
144(1)
Under Alternative Policies
145(1)
Trade-offs
145(1)
Recommendations
146(3)
Reorienting Current Structural Adjustment Programs
146(1)
Developing Alternative Structural Adjustment Policies
146(1)
Policies to Pursue in Parallel with Structural Adjustment
146(3)
7 Case Study for El Salvador
149(30)
Environmental Overview
150(4)
Population and the Environment
150(1)
Current Dynamics of Environmental Degradation
151(3)
The Unsustainability of Past Development
154(4)
The Early Role of Agroexport Production
154(1)
Economic Diversification in the Fifties and Sixties
155(1)
Failed Attempts at Agrarian Transformation and Economic Diversification during the Seventies
156(1)
Reforms under the Civil War, the Eighties and Early Nineties
157(1)
Economic Reform: Context and Overall Performance
158(5)
Economic Decline During the Early Eighties
158(1)
The Role of U.S. Economic Aid and Remittances
158(1)
The First Stage of Economic Reform
159(2)
The Structural Adjustment Stage of Economic Reform
161(2)
Economic Growth, the Breakdown of Rural Livelihoods, and the Environment
163(6)
Private Consumption-led Growth under Structural Adjustment
163(1)
Economic Growth, Urbanization, and Environmental Degradation
164(2)
Poverty and Environmental Degradation in the Rural Economy
166(3)
Economic Reform and the Environment: The Institutional Dimension
169(5)
The Demise of the National Institutional Capacity During the First Stage
169(1)
The Roles of USAID, the World Bank, and the IDB
170(4)
Comments and Recommendations
174(5)
8 Case Study for Jamaica
179(22)
Past Economic Reforms and Structural Adjustment Policies
180(4)
Population Concentrations and Human Settlements
184(5)
Water Contamination
185(1)
External Migration
186(1)
Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies and Practices
187(2)
Case Studies of Economy-environment Links
189(5)
Bauxite/alumina
189(2)
Coffee
191(1)
Tourism
191(2)
Cement
193(1)
Environmental Institutions
194(1)
Conclusions
195(2)
Recommendations
197(1)
Impacts of Current and Planned Adjustment Programs
198(1)
Development Choices
198(3)
9 Case Study for Venezuela
201(24)
Economic Policy and Structural Adjustment
201(4)
Social Impacts on the Labor Markets and the Urban Environment
205(4)
Poverty and Social Policies
205(2)
Labor Markets
207(1)
The Urban Environment
207(2)
The Environment and Structural Adjustment
209(5)
Effects of Structural Adjustment Policies on the Environment
210(1)
Environmental Indicators
210(1)
Institutions, the Environment, and Structural Adjustment Effects
211(3)
Exploring Future Impacts: Scenarios for the Economy and the Environment
214(9)
Macroeconomic Performance Modeled
214(2)
The Environment and Structural Adjustment Scenarios
216(1)
Sustainable Development
217(1)
Sociopolitical Feasibility Analysis
217(6)
Conclusions
223(2)
10 Case Study for Pakistan
225(38)
Introduction
225(11)
Economic Development
227(4)
The Environment and Natural Resources
231(4)
Social and Environmental Elements in Structural Adjustment Programs
235(1)
The Environmental and Social Impacts of Reforms
236(20)
Long-run Projections
237(6)
Equilibrium Analysis
243(7)
Analysis of the Distributional Impacts
250(1)
Waterlogging and Salinization in Irrigated Agriculture
251(5)
Summary and Conclusions
256(7)
11 Case Study for Vietnam
263(34)
The Economic Context of Reform
266(2)
Constraints to Sustainable Growth
268(2)
Major Environmental Issues Facing Vietnam
270(9)
Land and Soil Resources
270(2)
Forest Resources
272(1)
Water Resources
273(1)
Fishery Resources
274(1)
Biodiversity
274(2)
Water Pollution
276(1)
Air and Atmospheric Pollution
277(1)
Solid Waste
278(1)
Hazardous Waste
278(1)
Integrating Development Policies and the Environment
279(6)
Agricultural Policy
281(2)
Forestry Policy
283(1)
Industrial Policy
283(1)
Energy Policy
284(1)
Modeling the Vietnamese Economy: Paths Toward Integration
285(6)
The Model
285(1)
Policy Experiments
286(5)
Conclusions and Recommendations
291(8)
Preconditions for Integration
291(1)
The Capital-theoretic Basis for Recommendations
292(5)
Part Three 297(70)
12 Conclusions: Short-term Environmental Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs
299(36)
Direct Environmental Effects of Price Corrections
302(17)
External Adjustments
302(12)
Internal Adjustments
314(5)
Indirect Environmental Impacts of Economic Reforms
319(7)
Social Impacts
319(5)
Institutional Impacts
324(2)
Summary of the Indirect Environmental Impacts of Economic Reforms
326(1)
General Summary
326(9)
13 Conclusions: Impacts of Structural Adjustment on the Sustainability of Developing Countries
335(20)
The Economic Dimension of Sustainable Development
337(6)
Sound Macroeconomic Management
337(1)
Poverty-alleviating Growth
338(1)
Agricultural Production
339(1)
The Role of the State
340(2)
Cost Internalization
342(1)
The Social Dimension of Sustainable Development
343(3)
Distributional Equity
343(1)
Social Services
344(1)
Gender Equity
344(1)
Population Stabilization
345(1)
Political Participation
345(1)
The Environmental Dimension of Sustainable Development
346(4)
Consumption of Renewable Natural Resources
347(1)
Consumption of Nonrenewable Resources
347(1)
Sink Functions
348(1)
Natural Capital
348(1)
Precautionary Principle
349(1)
Institutional Framework
349(1)
In Conclusion
350(5)
14 Recommendations
355(12)
Integrating Environmental Issues into Macroeconomic Reforms
356(3)
Poverty
359(1)
The Role of the State
360(2)
National Institutional Reforms
362(1)
The Role of Civil Society
362(1)
Reform of International Financial Institutions
363(1)
Reform of International Institutions
364(3)
Bibliography 367(7)
Acronyms and Abbreviations 374(3)
Index 377