Foreword |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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xix | |
Lessons Derived from the First Research Program |
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xx | |
Influence of the First WWF Program on This Second Study |
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xxii | |
Structure of This Study |
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xxiv | |
Part One |
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1 | (46) |
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1 An Instrument of Global Economic Policy |
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3 | (22) |
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The Evolving Debate on Adjustment |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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And What about Long-term Impacts? |
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5 | (1) |
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The Adjustment Imperative |
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6 | (6) |
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The End of the Golden Age |
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6 | (2) |
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The Legacy of Supply-side Economics |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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The Push Toward Privatization |
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11 | (1) |
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A New Generation of Criticisms |
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12 | (6) |
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Increasing Vulnerability to External Shocks and Pressures |
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13 | (1) |
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Impacts on Industrial Policy |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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"Deregulating" Labor Markets |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Environmental Impacts of Liberalized Trade Regimes |
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16 | (1) |
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Environmental Costs of Expanding Nontraditional Agricultural Exports |
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17 | (1) |
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Restructuring the World Economy |
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18 | (7) |
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An Instrument of Global Economic Policy |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (5) |
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2 Sustainable Development |
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25 | (22) |
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The Political Foundations of Sustainable Development |
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25 | (7) |
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25 | (2) |
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Sharpening Global Environmental Tensions |
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27 | (2) |
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First Articulations of Sustainable Development |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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An Operational Approach to Sustainable Development |
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32 | (8) |
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Toward an Operational Definition |
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32 | (2) |
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Reforming National Development Strategies |
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34 | (3) |
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Changing International Development Patterns |
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37 | (3) |
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Adjustment Policy in the Context of Sustainable Development |
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40 | (7) |
Part Two |
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47 | (250) |
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49 | (4) |
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Organization of the Research Program |
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49 | (2) |
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Common Methodological Challenges |
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51 | (2) |
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3 Case Study for Cameroon |
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53 | (30) |
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53 | (4) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (6) |
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57 | (1) |
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Major Environmental Problems and Their Causes |
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57 | (2) |
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The Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies |
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59 | (1) |
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Environmental Policies and Sustainability |
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60 | (2) |
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Long-term Environmental Trends |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (13) |
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Economic Performance and Structural Adjustment since 1985 |
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63 | (1) |
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Economic and Social Impacts of Recent and Current Adjustment |
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64 | (2) |
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Environmental Impacts of Recent and Current Adjustment |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (6) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (7) |
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76 | (2) |
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Requisites for Sustainable Development |
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78 | (1) |
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Implications for Adjustment and Development Program Design |
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79 | (1) |
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Prospects for Adoption of Sustainable Development Policies |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (24) |
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85 | (5) |
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85 | (1) |
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Major Environmental Problems and Their Causes |
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86 | (1) |
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Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Long-term Environmental Trends |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (12) |
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90 | (1) |
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Economic Performance and Structural Adjustment |
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91 | (1) |
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Economic and Social Impacts of Adjustment |
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92 | (1) |
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Environmental Impacts of Adjustment |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (5) |
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Conclusions on Adjustment-environment Linkages |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (5) |
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102 | (1) |
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Requisites for Sustainable Development |
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103 | (1) |
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Implications for Adjustment and Development Program Design |
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104 | (1) |
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Prospects for Sustainable Development Policies |
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105 | (2) |
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5 Case Study for Tanzania |
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107 | (22) |
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109 | (5) |
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State of the Economy and the Environment |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Adjustment-environment Linkages: Analysis |
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114 | (6) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (3) |
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The Influence of Structural Adjustment |
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120 | (1) |
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Sustainable Development: Future Scenarios |
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120 | (4) |
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If Current Adjustment Programs Continue |
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121 | (1) |
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Under Alternative Policies |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (5) |
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Activities That Could Be Integrated into Existing Structural Adjustment Programs |
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124 | (1) |
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Changing the Objectives of Future Structural Adjustment Programs |
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124 | (1) |
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Sequencing of Structural Adjustment |
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125 | (1) |
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Policies to Pursue in Parallel with Structural Adjustment |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (20) |
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129 | (5) |
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State of the Economy and the Environment |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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Adjustment-environment Linkages |
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134 | (8) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (3) |
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Poverty and the Environment |
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141 | (1) |
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Distribution of Costs and Benefits |
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141 | (1) |
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Sustainable Development: Future Scenarios |
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142 | (4) |
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If Current Adjustment Programs Continue |
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142 | (2) |
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If Current Sectoral Policies Continue |
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144 | (1) |
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Under Alternative Policies |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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Reorienting Current Structural Adjustment Programs |
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146 | (1) |
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Developing Alternative Structural Adjustment Policies |
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146 | (1) |
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Policies to Pursue in Parallel with Structural Adjustment |
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146 | (3) |
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7 Case Study for El Salvador |
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149 | (30) |
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150 | (4) |
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Population and the Environment |
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150 | (1) |
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Current Dynamics of Environmental Degradation |
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151 | (3) |
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The Unsustainability of Past Development |
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154 | (4) |
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The Early Role of Agroexport Production |
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154 | (1) |
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Economic Diversification in the Fifties and Sixties |
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155 | (1) |
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Failed Attempts at Agrarian Transformation and Economic Diversification during the Seventies |
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156 | (1) |
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Reforms under the Civil War, the Eighties and Early Nineties |
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157 | (1) |
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Economic Reform: Context and Overall Performance |
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158 | (5) |
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Economic Decline During the Early Eighties |
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158 | (1) |
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The Role of U.S. Economic Aid and Remittances |
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158 | (1) |
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The First Stage of Economic Reform |
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159 | (2) |
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The Structural Adjustment Stage of Economic Reform |
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161 | (2) |
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Economic Growth, the Breakdown of Rural Livelihoods, and the Environment |
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163 | (6) |
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Private Consumption-led Growth under Structural Adjustment |
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163 | (1) |
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Economic Growth, Urbanization, and Environmental Degradation |
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164 | (2) |
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Poverty and Environmental Degradation in the Rural Economy |
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166 | (3) |
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Economic Reform and the Environment: The Institutional Dimension |
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169 | (5) |
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The Demise of the National Institutional Capacity During the First Stage |
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169 | (1) |
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The Roles of USAID, the World Bank, and the IDB |
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170 | (4) |
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Comments and Recommendations |
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174 | (5) |
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179 | (22) |
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Past Economic Reforms and Structural Adjustment Policies |
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180 | (4) |
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Population Concentrations and Human Settlements |
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184 | (5) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Environmental Impacts of Past Development Policies and Practices |
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187 | (2) |
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Case Studies of Economy-environment Links |
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189 | (5) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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Environmental Institutions |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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Impacts of Current and Planned Adjustment Programs |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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9 Case Study for Venezuela |
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201 | (24) |
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Economic Policy and Structural Adjustment |
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201 | (4) |
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Social Impacts on the Labor Markets and the Urban Environment |
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205 | (4) |
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Poverty and Social Policies |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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The Environment and Structural Adjustment |
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209 | (5) |
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Effects of Structural Adjustment Policies on the Environment |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Institutions, the Environment, and Structural Adjustment Effects |
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211 | (3) |
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Exploring Future Impacts: Scenarios for the Economy and the Environment |
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214 | (9) |
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Macroeconomic Performance Modeled |
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214 | (2) |
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The Environment and Structural Adjustment Scenarios |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Sociopolitical Feasibility Analysis |
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217 | (6) |
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223 | (2) |
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10 Case Study for Pakistan |
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225 | (38) |
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225 | (11) |
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227 | (4) |
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The Environment and Natural Resources |
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231 | (4) |
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Social and Environmental Elements in Structural Adjustment Programs |
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235 | (1) |
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The Environmental and Social Impacts of Reforms |
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236 | (20) |
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237 | (6) |
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243 | (7) |
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Analysis of the Distributional Impacts |
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250 | (1) |
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Waterlogging and Salinization in Irrigated Agriculture |
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251 | (5) |
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256 | (7) |
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11 Case Study for Vietnam |
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263 | (34) |
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The Economic Context of Reform |
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266 | (2) |
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Constraints to Sustainable Growth |
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268 | (2) |
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Major Environmental Issues Facing Vietnam |
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270 | (9) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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Air and Atmospheric Pollution |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Integrating Development Policies and the Environment |
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279 | (6) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Modeling the Vietnamese Economy: Paths Toward Integration |
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285 | (6) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (5) |
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Conclusions and Recommendations |
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291 | (8) |
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Preconditions for Integration |
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291 | (1) |
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The Capital-theoretic Basis for Recommendations |
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292 | (5) |
Part Three |
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297 | (70) |
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12 Conclusions: Short-term Environmental Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs |
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299 | (36) |
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Direct Environmental Effects of Price Corrections |
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302 | (17) |
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302 | (12) |
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314 | (5) |
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Indirect Environmental Impacts of Economic Reforms |
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319 | (7) |
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319 | (5) |
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324 | (2) |
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Summary of the Indirect Environmental Impacts of Economic Reforms |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (9) |
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13 Conclusions: Impacts of Structural Adjustment on the Sustainability of Developing Countries |
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335 | (20) |
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The Economic Dimension of Sustainable Development |
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337 | (6) |
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Sound Macroeconomic Management |
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337 | (1) |
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Poverty-alleviating Growth |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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The Social Dimension of Sustainable Development |
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343 | (3) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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The Environmental Dimension of Sustainable Development |
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346 | (4) |
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Consumption of Renewable Natural Resources |
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347 | (1) |
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Consumption of Nonrenewable Resources |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (5) |
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355 | (12) |
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Integrating Environmental Issues into Macroeconomic Reforms |
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356 | (3) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (2) |
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National Institutional Reforms |
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362 | (1) |
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The Role of Civil Society |
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362 | (1) |
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Reform of International Financial Institutions |
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363 | (1) |
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Reform of International Institutions |
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364 | (3) |
Bibliography |
|
367 | (7) |
Acronyms and Abbreviations |
|
374 | (3) |
Index |
|
377 | |