How to use this book |
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viii | |
Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xii | |
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xiii | |
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1 Structural geology and structural analysis |
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1 | (24) |
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1.1 Approaching structural geology |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Structural geology and tectonics |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (3) |
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1.5 Remote sensing and geodesy |
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8 | (2) |
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1.6 DEM, GIS and Google Earth |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (4) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (34) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.2 Components of deformation |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.4 Deformation: detached from history |
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29 | (1) |
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2.5 Homogeneous and heterogeneous deformation |
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29 | (1) |
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2.6 Mathematical description of deformation |
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30 | (1) |
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2.7 One-dimensional strain |
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30 | (2) |
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2.8 Strain in two dimensions |
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32 | (1) |
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2.9 Three-dimensional strain |
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33 | (1) |
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2.10 The strain ellipsoid |
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34 | (1) |
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2.11 More about the strain ellipsoid |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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2.13 Uniaxial strain (compaction) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.14 Pure shear and coaxial deformations |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.17 Progressive deformation and flow parameters |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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2.21 Steady-state deformation |
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45 | (1) |
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2.22 Incremental deformation |
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45 | (1) |
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2.23 Strain compatibility and boundary conditions |
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45 | (1) |
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2.24 Deformation history from deformed rocks |
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46 | (1) |
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2.25 Coaxiality and progressive simple shear |
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47 | (2) |
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2.26 Progressive pure shear |
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49 | (1) |
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2.27 Progressive subsimple shear |
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50 | (1) |
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2.28 Simple and pure shear and their scale dependence |
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51 | (1) |
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2.29 General three-dimensional deformation |
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51 | (1) |
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2.30 Stress versus strain |
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52 | (7) |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (14) |
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3.1 Why perform strain analysis? |
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60 | (1) |
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3.2 Strain in one dimension |
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60 | (1) |
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3.3 Strain in two dimensions |
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60 | (7) |
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3.4 Strain in three dimensions |
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67 | (6) |
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70 | (3) |
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73 | (10) |
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4.1 Definitions, magnitudes and units |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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4.5 The stress tensor (matrix) |
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77 | (1) |
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4.6 Deviatoric stress and mean stress |
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78 | (1) |
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4.7 Mohr circle and diagram |
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79 | (4) |
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80 | (3) |
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5 Stress in the lithosphere |
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83 | (18) |
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5.1 Importance of stress measurements |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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5.3 Reference states of stress |
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87 | (4) |
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5.4 The thermal effect on horizontal stress |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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5.7 Global stress patterns |
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94 | (3) |
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5.8 Differential stress, deviatoric stress and some implications |
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97 | (4) |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (22) |
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6.1 Rheology and continuum mechanics |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (4) |
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6.4 Plasticity and flow: permanent deformation |
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107 | (4) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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6.7 The role of temperature, water, etc. |
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114 | (2) |
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6.8 Definition of plastic, ductile and brittle deformation |
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116 | (1) |
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6.9 Rheology of the lithosphere |
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117 | (6) |
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119 | (4) |
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7 Fracture and brittle deformation |
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123 | (30) |
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7.1 Brittle deformation mechanisms |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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7.3 Failure and fracture criteria |
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129 | (5) |
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7.4 Microdefects and failure |
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134 | (4) |
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7.5 Fracture termination and interaction |
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138 | (2) |
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7.6 Reactivation and frictional sliding |
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140 | (1) |
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7.7 Fluid pressure, effective stress and poroelasticity |
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141 | (2) |
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7.8 Deformation bands and fractures in porous rocks |
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143 | (10) |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (24) |
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8.1 Definition and characteristics |
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154 | (2) |
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8.2 Kinematics and stress |
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156 | (1) |
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8.3 How, why and where joints form |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (3) |
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8.5 Growth and morphology of joints |
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164 | (2) |
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8.6 Joint interaction and relative age |
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166 | (1) |
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8.7 Joints, permeability and fluid flow |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (9) |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (44) |
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178 | (5) |
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183 | (4) |
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9.3 Displacement distribution |
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187 | (1) |
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9.4 Identifying faults in an oil field setting |
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188 | (5) |
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9.5 The birth and growth of faults |
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193 | (11) |
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9.6 Growth of fault populations |
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204 | (6) |
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9.7 Faults, communication and sealing properties |
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210 | (11) |
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216 | (5) |
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10 Kinematics and paleostress in the brittle regime |
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221 | (14) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (3) |
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10.3 A kinematic approach to fault slip data |
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227 | (3) |
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10.4 Contractional and extensional structures |
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230 | (5) |
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231 | (4) |
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11 Deformation at the microscale |
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235 | (22) |
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11.1 Deformation mechanisms and microstructures |
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236 | (1) |
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11.2 Brittle versus plastic deformation mechanisms |
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236 | (1) |
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11.3 Brittle deformation mechanisms |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (6) |
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11.6 From the atomic scale to microstructures |
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245 | (12) |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (26) |
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12.1 Geometric description |
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258 | (7) |
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12.2 Folding: mechanisms and processes |
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265 | (9) |
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12.3 Fold interference patterns and refolded folds |
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274 | (2) |
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12.4 Folds in shear zones |
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276 | (1) |
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12.5 Folding at shallow crustal depths |
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277 | (6) |
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278 | (5) |
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13 Foliation and cleavage |
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283 | (18) |
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284 | (2) |
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13.2 Relative age terminology |
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286 | (1) |
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13.3 Cleavage development |
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286 | (5) |
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13.4 Cleavage, folds and strain |
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291 | (4) |
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13.5 Foliations in quartzites, gneisses and mylonite zones |
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295 | (6) |
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297 | (4) |
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301 | (14) |
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302 | (1) |
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14.2 Lineations related to plastic deformation |
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302 | (4) |
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14.3 Lineations in the brittle regime |
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306 | (2) |
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14.4 Lineations and kinematics |
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308 | (7) |
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311 | (4) |
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315 | (14) |
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15.1 Boudinage and pinch -and-swell structures |
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316 | (1) |
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15.2 Geometry, viscosity and strain |
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316 | (3) |
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15.3 Asymmetric boudinage and rotation |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (2) |
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15.5 Boudinage and the strain ellipse |
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322 | (1) |
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15.6 Large-scale boudinage |
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323 | (6) |
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325 | (4) |
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16 Shear zones and mylonites |
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329 | (26) |
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16.1 What is a shear zone? |
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330 | (3) |
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16.2 The ideal plastic shear zone |
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333 | (4) |
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16.3 Adding pure shear to a simple shear zone |
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337 | (3) |
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16.4 Non-plane strain shear zones |
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340 | (1) |
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16.5 Mylonites and kinematic indicators |
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341 | (8) |
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16.6 Growth of shear zones |
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349 | (6) |
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351 | (4) |
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355 | (22) |
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17.1 Contractional faults |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (5) |
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17.3 Ramps, thrusts and folds |
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362 | (11) |
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17.4 Orogenic wedges 368 Summary |
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373 | (4) |
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377 | (13) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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18.3 Low-angle faults and core complexes |
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381 | (5) |
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18.4 Ramp-flat-ramp geometries |
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386 | (1) |
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18.5 Footwall versus hanging-wall collapse |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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18.7 Half-grabens and accommodation zones |
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389 | (1) |
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18.8 Pure and simple shear models |
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389 | (1) |
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18.9 Stretching estimates, fractals and power-law relations |
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390 | (11) |
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18.10 Passive margins and oceanic rifts |
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392 | (1) |
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18.11 Orogenic extension and orogenic collapse |
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393 | (2) |
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18.12 Postorogenic extension |
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395 | (6) |
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396 | (5) |
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19 Strike-slip, transpression and transtension |
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401 | (16) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (1) |
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19.4 Development and anatomy of strike-slip faults |
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405 | (5) |
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19.5 Transpression and transtension |
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410 | (3) |
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413 | (4) |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (24) |
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20.1 Salt tectonics and halokinesis |
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418 | (1) |
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20.2 Salt properties and rheology |
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418 | (2) |
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20.3 Salt diapirism, salt geometry and the flow of salt |
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420 | (9) |
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20.4 Rising diapirs: processes |
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429 | (1) |
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20.5 Salt diapirism in the extensional regime |
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430 | (2) |
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20.6 Diapirism in the contractional regime |
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432 | (3) |
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20.7 Diapirism in strike-slip settings |
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435 | (1) |
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20.8 Salt collapse by karstification |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (5) |
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438 | (3) |
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21 Balancing and restoration |
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441 | (14) |
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21.1 Basic concepts and definitions |
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442 | (1) |
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21.2 Restoration of geologic sections |
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442 | (5) |
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21.3 Restoration in map view |
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447 | (3) |
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21.4 Geomechanically based restoration |
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450 | (1) |
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21.5 Restoration in three dimensions |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (4) |
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452 | (3) |
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22 A glimpse of a larger picture |
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455 | (9) |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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22.3 Progressive deformation |
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457 | (1) |
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22.4 Metamorphic textures |
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457 | (3) |
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22.5 Radiometric dating and P-T-t paths |
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460 | (1) |
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22.6 Tectonics and sedimentation |
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461 | (3) |
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462 | (2) |
Appendix A More about the deformation matrix |
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464 | (4) |
Appendix B Spherical projections |
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468 | (6) |
Glossary |
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474 | (21) |
References |
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495 | (6) |
Cover and chapter image captions |
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501 | (2) |
Index |
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503 | |