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El. knyga: Structural Geology: A Quantitative Introduction

(Stanford University, California), (University of Hawaii, Manoa)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108661454
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108661454

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Tackling structural geology problems today requires a quantitative understanding of the underlying physical principles, and the ability to apply mathematical models to deformation processes within the Earth. Accessible yet rigorous, this unique textbook demonstrates how to approach structural geology quantitatively using calculus and mechanics, and prepares students to interface with professional geophysicists and engineers who appreciate and utilize the same tools and computational methods to solve multidisciplinary problems. Clearly explained methods are used throughout the book to quantify field data, set up mathematical models for the formation of structures, and compare model results to field observations. An extensive online package of coordinated laboratory exercises enables students to consolidate their learning and put it into practice by analyzing structural data and building insightful models. Designed for single-semester undergraduate courses, this pioneering text prepares students for graduates studies and careers as professional geoscientists.

A pioneering textbook that balances descriptive classification and quantitative analysis of geological structures using tools from calculus and mechanics. Coordinated laboratory exercises available online help students to consolidate learning and put it into practice, preparing them for graduate studies and careers as professional geoscientists.

Recenzijos

'This textbook is an excellent introduction to quantitative structural geology, showing the formation of structures using both calculus and mechanics. The book bridges the gap between descriptive structural geology books and more advanced textbooks requiring a continuum mechanics background, and will be a 'must' for all geoscientists who wish to learn how to interpret geological structures based on fundamental physical principles.' Bernhard Grasemann, University of Vienna 'Pollard and Martel have written the 'Turcotte and Schubert' of structural geology. Their treatment, focusing on quantitative analysis of canonical examples, is unique, and their respect for structural geology is demonstrated by copious use of maps and field examples. The text is suitable for upper-level undergraduates with a strong math or engineering background, and is essential for all graduate students and professors of structural geology.' Richard Allmendinger, Cornell University 'This textbook tackles head-on the difficult task of quantifying the deformation processes operating in the Earth's crust in a manner that can be understood by readers without a strong mathematical background. Clearly written and beautifully illustrated with a plethora of useful and interesting diagrams and photographs - the authors are to be congratulated on producing a book that will become one of the standard structural texts for the next decade.' John Cosgrove, Imperial College London

Daugiau informacijos

A pioneering single-semester undergraduate textbook that balances descriptive and quantitative analysis of geological structures.
List of Boxes
ix
List of Symbols
x
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xviii
PART I
1 Scope Of Structural Geology
3(22)
1.1 Deformation of Earth's Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
4(5)
1.2 Styles of Deformation
9(1)
1.3 Geologic Structures
10(3)
1.4 Methodology of Structural Geology
13(6)
1.5 Applications and Careers
19(1)
Recapitulation
20(1)
Review Questions
20(1)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 1: A Tutorial
21(1)
Further Reading
21(4)
PART II
2 Mathematical Tools
25(45)
2.1 Characteristics of Scalar, Vector, and Tensor Quantities
25(5)
2.2 Algebraic Representation of Vectors
30(4)
2.3 Mapping Geologic Structures with Vectors
34(6)
2.4 Geologic Structures Represented by Vector Functions
40(3)
2.5 Vector Quantities
43(10)
2.6 Tensor Quantities
53(9)
2.7 Coordinate Rotation for Points, Vectors, and Tensors
62(3)
Recapitulation
65(1)
Review Questions
66(1)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 2: Mathematical Tools
67(1)
Further Reading
67(3)
3 Physical Concepts
70(35)
3.1 Units of Measure
70(3)
3.2 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
73(1)
3.3 Dimensional Analysis
74(5)
3.4 Material Continuum
79(6)
3.5 Conservation of Mass
85(4)
3.6 Conservation of Linear Momentum
89(4)
3.7 Conservation of Angular Momentum
93(2)
3.8 Conservation of Energy
95(2)
Recapitulation
97(1)
Review Questions
98(1)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 3: Physical Concepts
99(1)
Further Reading
99(6)
PART III
4 Elastic-Brittle Deformation
105(39)
4.1 Hookean Elastic Solid
105(2)
4.2 Elastic Deformation of Earth's Lithosphere
107(1)
4.3 Brittle Deformation at the Outcrop and Grain Scales
107(2)
4.4 Elastic-Brittle Deformation in the Laboratory
109(5)
4.5 Field Estimates of Rock Stiffness at the Kilometer Scale
114(2)
4.6 Three-Dimensional Stress States
116(2)
4.7 Elastic-Brittle Deformation under Axisymmetric Loading
118(6)
4.8 The State of Stress During Opening and Shear Fracture
124(4)
4.9 Displacement and Strain Fields During Brittle Deformation
128(6)
4.10 Constitutive Equations for the Linear Elastic Solid
134(1)
4.11 Equations of Motion for the Elastic Solid
135(4)
Recapitulation
139(1)
Review Questions
140(2)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 4: Elastic Brittle Deformation
142(1)
Further Reading
142(2)
5 Elastic-Ductile Deformation
144(40)
5.1 Idealized Plastic Solids
144(2)
5.2 Elastic-Ductile Deformation at the Outcrop Scale
146(1)
5.3 Elastic-Ductile Deformation at the Crustal Scale
146(2)
5.4 Elastic-Ductile Deformation in the Laboratory
148(6)
5.5 Deformation and Strain for the Ductile Solid
154(9)
5.6 Mechanisms of Ductile Deformation
163(9)
5.7 Constitutive Equations for Elastic-Ductile Deformation
172(3)
5.8 Equations of Motion for Rigid Plastic Deformation
175(4)
Recapitulation
179(1)
Review Questions
180(1)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 5: Elastic Ductile Deformation
181(1)
Further Reading
181(3)
6 Elastic-Viscous Deformation
184(39)
6.1 Viscous and Viscoelastic Liquids
184(3)
6.2 Viscous Deformation at the Outcrop Scale
187(1)
6.3 Viscous Deformation at the Crustal Scale
188(2)
6.4 Viscous Deformation in the Laboratory
190(7)
6.5 Field Estimates of Lava Viscosity
197(1)
6.6 Kinematics of Flow
198(5)
6.7 Constitutive Equations for Linear Viscous Materials
203(3)
6.8 Equations of Motion for Linear Viscous Materials
206(8)
Recapitulation
214(1)
Review Questions
215(2)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 6: Elastic Viscous Deformation
217(1)
Further Reading
217(6)
PART IV
7 Fractures
223(35)
7.1 Descriptions of Joints, Veins, and Dikes
223(7)
7.2 A Canonical Model for Opening Fractures
230(13)
7.3 Fracture Modes and the Near-tip Fields
243(6)
7.4 Fracture Initiation and Propagation
249(4)
Recapitulation
253(1)
Review Questions
254(2)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 7: Fractures
256(1)
Further Reading
256(2)
8 Faults
258(43)
8.1 Fault Terminology
258(2)
8.2 Descriptions of Faults at the Outcrop Scale
260(9)
8.3 Descriptions of Faults at the Crustal Scale
269(10)
8.4 A Canonical Model for Faulting
279(8)
8.5 Kinematics of Faulting and Associated Deformation
287(5)
8.6 Fossil Earthquakes
292(4)
Recapitulation
296(1)
Review Questions
297(1)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 8: Faults
298(1)
Further Reading
299(2)
9 Folds
301(45)
9.1 Fold Terminology
301(3)
9.2 Descriptions of Folds at the Outcrop Scale
304(3)
9.3 Quantifying Fold Profiles using Curvature
307(3)
9.4 Descriptions of Folds in Three Dimensions at the Crustal Scale
310(3)
9.5 Quantifying Folds in Three Dimensions using Curvature
313(9)
9.6 A Canonical Model for Bending
322(9)
9.7 A Canonical Model for Buckling
331(8)
9.8 Fault-Cored Anticlines
339(2)
Recapitulation
341(1)
Review Questions
342(2)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 9: Folds
344(1)
Further Reading
344(2)
10 Fabrics
346(33)
10.1 Descriptions of Rock Fabrics from Outcrop to Thin Section
346(3)
10.2 Descriptions of Rock Fabrics in Sedimentary and Igneous Rock
349(12)
10.3 Kinematics of Ductile Deformation
361(4)
10.4 A Canonical Model for a Viscous Shear Zone
365(2)
10.5 Relating Fabric to Plastic Deformation at Fault Steps
367(6)
Recapitulation
373(2)
Review Questions
375(1)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 10: Fabrics
376(1)
Further Reading
376(3)
11 Intrusions
379(42)
11.1 Dikes
379(15)
11.2 Sills
394(6)
11.3 Laccoliths
400(3)
11.4 Stocks
403(5)
11.5 Salt Diapirs
408(2)
11.6 A Canonical Model for a Rising Diapir
410(5)
Recapitulation
415(2)
Review Questions
417(1)
MATLAB Exercises for
Chapter 11: Intrusions
418(1)
Further Reading
418(3)
References 421(7)
Index 428
David D. Pollard is a Professor Emeritus in Geology at Stanford University. He holds a Ph.D. in Geology from Stanford University and a Diploma of Imperial College (University of London). He has been on the faculty at Stanford since 1983, where he taught an undergraduate course in structural geology, from which this textbook emerged. He co-authored Fundamentals of Structural Geology, published by Cambridge University Press in 2005, which won the Best Publication of the Year Award from the Structural Geology and Tectonics Division of the Geological Society of America in 2007. He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and the American Geophysical Union. Stephen J. Martel is a Professor in Geology and Geophysics at the University of Hawaii. He holds a Ph.D. in Applied Earth Sciences from Stanford University. Since joining the faculty in Hawai'I in 1992, he has taught both structural geology and engineering geology. He previously worked at the Bureau of Economic Geology at the University of Texas, and at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Particular research interests of his include landslides, nuclear waste disposal, neotectonics, fault mechanics, rock fracture, detailed geologic mapping, and the influence of topography on stresses in rock masses. He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America.