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El. knyga: Student's Guide Through the Great Physics Texts: Volume II: Space, Time and Motion

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This book provides a chronological introduction to the science of motion and rest based on the reading and analysis of significant portions of Galileos Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, Pascals Treatise on the Equilibrium of Fluids and the Weight of the Mass of Air, Newtons Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, and Einsteins Relativity.





Each chapter begins with a short introduction followed by a reading selection. Carefully crafted study questions draw out key points in the text and focus the readers attention on the authors methods, analysis, and conclusions. Numerical and laboratory exercises at the end of each chapter test the readers ability to understand and apply key concepts from the text.





Space, Time and Motion is the second of four volumes in A Students Guide through the Great Physics Texts. This book grew out of a four-semester undergraduate physics curriculum designed to encourage a critical and circumspect approach to natural science, while at the same time preparing students for advanced coursework in physics.





This book is particularly suitable as a college-level textbook for students of the natural sciences, history or philosophy. It also serves as a textbook for advanced high-school students, or as a thematically-organized source-book for scholars and motivated lay-readers. In studying the classic scientific texts included herein, the reader will be drawn toward a lifetime of contemplation.
1 Scaling in Art and Nature
1(12)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Reading
2(9)
1.2.1 First Day
2(9)
1.3 Study Questions
11(1)
1.4 Exercises
11(1)
1.5 Vocabulary Words
12(1)
2 The Coherence of Substances
13(16)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Reading
13(12)
2.2.1 First Day, Continued
13(12)
2.3 Study Questions
25(1)
2.4 Exercises
26(1)
2.5 Vocabulary
27(2)
3 Archimedes' Principle and Falling Bodies
29(16)
3.1 Introduction
29(1)
3.2 Reading
30(12)
3.2.1 First Day, Continued
30(12)
3.3 Study Questions
42(1)
3.4 Exercises
43(1)
3.5 Vocabulary
44(1)
4 Falling Bodies and Pendular Motion
45(14)
4.1 Introduction
45(1)
4.2 Reading
46(9)
4.2.1 First Day, Continued
46(9)
4.3 Study Questions
55(2)
4.4 Exercises
57(1)
4.5 Vocabulary
58(1)
5 Pendular Motion and Harmony
59(12)
5.1 Introduction
59(1)
5.2 Reading
60(8)
5.2.1 First Day, Continued
60(8)
5.3 Study Questions
68(1)
5.4 Exercises
68(2)
5.5 Vocabulary
70(1)
6 The Law of the Lever
71(20)
6.1 Introduction
71(1)
6.2 Reading
72(13)
6.2.1 Second Day
72(13)
6.3 Study Questions
85(1)
6.4 Exercises
86(3)
6.5 Vocabulary
89(2)
7 Beams, Bones and Giants
91(14)
7.1 Introduction
91(1)
7.2 Reading
91(11)
7.2.1 Second Day, Continued
92(10)
7.3 Study Questions
102(1)
7.4 Exercises
102(2)
7.5 Vocabulary
104(1)
8 Naturally Accelerated Motion
105(14)
8.1 Introduction
105(1)
8.2 Reading
105(11)
8.2.1 Third Day
106(10)
8.3 Study Questions
116(1)
8.4 Exercises
117(1)
8.5 Vocabulary
118(1)
9 The Mean Speed Theorem
119(12)
9.1 Introduction
119(1)
9.2 Reading
119(7)
9.2.1 Third Day, Continued
120(6)
9.3 Study Questions
126(2)
9.4 Exercises
128(2)
9.5 Vocabulary
130(1)
10 Equilibrium, Force and Acceleration
131(10)
10.1 Introduction
131(1)
10.2 Reading
132(1)
10.2 Third Day, Continued
133(5)
10.3 Study Questions
138(1)
10.4 Exercises
138(1)
10.5 Vocabulary
139(2)
11 From Conic Sections to Projectile Motion
141(14)
11.1 Introduction
141(1)
11.2 Reading
141(10)
11.2.1 Fourth Day
141(10)
11.3 Study Questions
151(1)
11.4 Exercises
151(3)
11.5 Vocabulary
154(1)
12 The Speed and Force of a Projectile
155(16)
12.1 Introduction
155(1)
12.2 Reading
155(12)
12.2.1 Fourth Day, Continued
155(12)
12.3 Study Questions
167(1)
12.4 Exercises
168(1)
12.5 Vocabulary
169(2)
13 Reason, Authority and Science
171(6)
13.1 Introduction
171(1)
13.2 Reading
172(4)
13.2.1 Preface to the Treatise on the Vacuum
172(4)
13.3 Study Questions
176(1)
13.4 Exercises
176(1)
13.5 Vocabulary
176(1)
14 Pascal's Principle
177(12)
14.1 Introduction
177(1)
14.2 Reading
177(9)
14.2.1
Chapter 1: That Liquids Weigh in Proportion to Their Height
178(2)
14.2.2
Chapter 2: Why Liquids Weigh in Proportion to Their Height
180(3)
14.2.3
Chapter 3: Examples of the Equilibrium of Liquids with Their Explanation
183(2)
14.2.4
Chapter 4: On the Equilibrium of a Liquid with a Solid
185(1)
14.3 Study Questions
186(1)
14.4 Exercises
187(1)
14.5 Vocabulary
188(1)
15 Submerged Bodies
189(10)
15.1 Introduction
189(1)
15.2 Reading
190(7)
15.2.1
Chapter 5
190(2)
15.2.2
Chapter 6
192(2)
15.2.3
Chapter 7
194(3)
15.3 Study Questions
197(1)
15.4 Exercises
197(1)
15.5 Vocabulary
198(1)
16 Syringes, Siphons and Suckling Infants
199(18)
16.1 Introduction
199(1)
16.2 Reading
200(12)
16.2.1
Chapter 1 : That the Mass of the Air has Weight, and That it Presses With its Weight All the Bodies it Surrounds
200(3)
16.2.2
Chapter. 2: That the Weight of the Mass of the Air Produces All the Effects Hitherto Attributed to the Horror of a Vacuum
203(9)
16.3 Study Questions
212(1)
16.4 Exercises
213(3)
16.5 Vocabulary
216(1)
17 Life Under a Sea of Air
217(14)
17.1 Introduction
217(1)
17.2 Reading
217(11)
17.2.1
Chapter 3: That as the Weight of the Mass of the Air Is Limited, so the Effects It Produces Are Limited
218(2)
17.2.2
Chapter 4: That as the Weight of the Mass of the Air Increases when It Is More Laden with Moisture and Diminishes when It Is Less Laden, so the Effects It Produces Increase and Diminish Proportionally
220(1)
17.2.3
Chapter 5: That Since the Weight of the Mass of the Air Is Greater over Low Places than over High Places, so the Effects Produced by It There Are Proportionately Greater
220(2)
17.2.4
Chapter 6: That as the Effects of the Weight of the Mass of the Air Increase or Diminish According as that Weight Increases or Diminishes, they Would Cease Entirely if We Were Above the Air or in a Place Where There Were None
222(2)
17.2.5
Chapter 7: How Far Water Rises in Pumps Everywhere on the Earth
224(2)
17.2.6
Chapter 8: How much Each Place in the World Is Pressed by the Weight of the Mass of the Air
226(1)
17.2.7
Chapter 9: How much the Entire Mass of All the Air in the World Weighs
227(1)
17.3 Study Questions
228(1)
17.4 Exercises
229(1)
17.5 Vocabulary
230(1)
18 Does Nature Abhor a Vacuum?
231(8)
18.1 Introduction
231(1)
18.2 Reading
231(5)
18.2.1 Conclusion of the Two Preceding Treatises
231(5)
18.3 Study Questions
236(1)
18.4 Exercises
236(1)
18.5 Vocabulary
237(2)
19 Mass, Momentum and Force
239(12)
19.1 Introduction
239(1)
19.2 Reading
240(6)
19.2.1 Author's Preface
241(2)
19.2.2 Definitions
243(3)
19.3 Study Questions
246(2)
19.4 Exercises
248(1)
19.5 Vocabulary
249(2)
20 Absolute and Relative Motion
251(10)
20.1 Introduction
251(1)
20.2 Reading
252(5)
20.2.1 Scholium
252(5)
20.3 Study Questions
257(1)
20.4 Exercises
258(2)
20.5 Vocabulary
260(1)
21 Newton's Laws of Motion
261(4)
21.1 Introduction
261(1)
21.2 Reading
261(1)
21.2.1 Axioms
261(1)
21.3 Study Questions
262(1)
21.4 Exercises
263(1)
21.5 Vocabulary
264(1)
22 Conservation of Momentum
265(12)
22.1 Introduction
265(1)
22.2 Reading
266(5)
22.2.1 Corollaries
266(5)
22.3 Study Questions
271(1)
22.4 Exercises
272(3)
22.5 Vocabulary
275(2)
23 The Third Law and the Power of Machines
277(10)
23.1 Introduction
277(1)
23.2 Reading
277(6)
23.2.1 Scholium
277(6)
23.3 Study Questions
283(1)
23.4 Exercises
284(2)
23.5 Vocabulary
286(1)
24 Centripetal Force and Acceleration
287(12)
24.1 Introduction
287(1)
24.2 Reading
287(6)
24.2.1 Section II: Of the Invention of Centripetal Forces
288(5)
24.3 Study Questions
293(3)
24.4 Exercises
296(2)
24.5 Vocabulary
298(1)
25 Newton's Rules of Reasoning
299(6)
25.1 Introduction
299(1)
25.2 Reading
299(3)
25.2.1 Introduction to Book III
299(1)
25.2.2 Rules of Reasoning
300(2)
25.3 Study Questions
302(1)
25.4 Exercises
302(1)
25.5 Vocabulary
303(2)
26 Planetary Motion
305(8)
26.1 Introduction
305(1)
26.2 Reading
306(3)
26.2.1 Phænomena, or Appearances
306(3)
26.3 Study Questions
309(1)
26.4 Exercises
310(2)
26.5 Vocabulary
312(1)
27 Universal Gravitation
313(8)
27.1 Introduction
313(1)
27.2 Reading
313(3)
27.2.1 Propositions
313(3)
27.3 Study Questions
316(1)
27.4 Exercises
317(2)
27.5 Vocabulary
319(2)
28 Hypothesis and Natural Theology
321(6)
28.1 Introduction
321(1)
28.2 Reading
322(3)
28.2.1 General Scholium
322(3)
28.3 Study Questions
325(1)
28.4 Exercises
326(1)
28.5 Vocabulary
326(1)
29 The Principle of Relativity
327(12)
29.1 Introduction
327(1)
29.2 Reading
328(7)
29.2.1 Section I: Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions
328(2)
29.2.2 Section II: The System of Co-ordinates
330(2)
29.2.3 Section III: Space and Time in Classical Mechanics
332(1)
29.2.4 Section IV: The Galileian System of Co-ordinates
333(1)
29.2.5 Section V: The Principle of Relativity (In the Restricted Sense)
333(2)
29.3 Study Questions
335(1)
29.4 Exercises
336(1)
29.5 Vocabulary
337(2)
30 The Absolute Speed of Light
339(12)
30.1 Introduction
339(1)
30.2 Reading
340(6)
30.2.1 Section VI: The Theorem of the Addition of Velocities Employed in Classical Mechanics
340(1)
30.2.2 Section VII: The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity
340(2)
30.2.3 Section VIII: On the Idea of Time in Physics
342(1)
30.2.4 Section IX: The Relativity of Simultaneity
343(2)
30.2.5 Section X: On the Relativity of the Conception of Distance
345(1)
30.3 Study Questions
346(1)
30.4 Exercises
347(3)
30.5 Vocabulary
350(1)
31 Lorentz Transformations
351(12)
31.1 Introduction
351(1)
31.2 Reading
352(6)
31.2.1 Section XI: The Lorentz Transformation
352(2)
31.2.2 Section XII: The Behavior of Measuring-Rods and Clocks in Motion
354(2)
31.2.3 Section XIII: Theorem of the Addition of Velocities. The Experiment of Fizeau
356(2)
31.2.4 Section XIV: The Heuristic Value of the Theory of Relativity
358(1)
31.3 Study Questions
358(2)
31.4 Exercises
360(1)
31.5 Vocabulary
361(2)
32 Relativistic Energy and Minkowski Space
363(12)
32.1 Introduction
363(1)
32.2 Reading
364(6)
32.2.1 Section XV: General Results of the Theory
364(2)
32.2.2 Section XVI: Experience and the Special Theory of Relativity
366(3)
32.2.3 Section XVII: Minkowski's Four-Dimensional Space
369(1)
32.3 Study Questions
370(1)
32.4 Exercises
371(2)
32.5 Vocabulary
373(2)
References 375(2)
Index 377
Kerry Kuehn is Associate Professor in the Department of Physics at Wisconsin Lutheran College. He is a member of the American Physical Society and an Advisory Council member for NASA Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium and Fidelitas (WLC Honors Program).

He has designed and taught courses including "The Heavens and the Earth," "Space, Time and Motion," "Electricity, Magnetism and Light," and "Computerized Instrumentation and Design."
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Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/97814939136642e.html
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