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El. knyga: Substance Use and Addiction Research: Methodology, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics

Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Associate Chair for Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Associate Professor and Director of the Perioperative Medicine Fellowship in the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Med)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Feb-2023
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323986274
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  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Feb-2023
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323986274
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Substance Abuse and Addiction Research: Methodology, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics is an up-to-date, comprehensive, practical book on the research methodology for substance abuse and addiction intended for researchers and consumers of research information at all levels. The book is divided into 4 major sections: Introduction; Research Methodology for clinical trials, animal research and retrospective studies; Mechanisms of Abuse and Addiction; and Investigative Therapeutics: Designing and Measuring Outcomes. It serves a source that addresses all aspects of research design, methods and analysis within the context of the field of opioids, alcohol and other substances.

The book discusses in detail the research methods used in designing prevention, screening, pharmacological management and health services needed for substance abuse and addiction of all major illicit and prescribed drugs, foods, alcohol, and tobacco products. Research design and useful tips are provided for researchers and consumers of the literature, describing various biological models, specialist and analytical methods. The background on the development of the discipline in question, its key features and applications, how the methods compare to other methods/analyses and their advantages and limitations.

The book covers what is known in the field of quantitative and qualitative research methods, provide future directions and introduce new models for investigation. It is organized around a translational science framework, and the contents addresses substance use/addiction research in the context of epidemiology, etiology, intervention efficacy and effectiveness, and implementation of evidence-informed interventions. Most chapters will also include specific examples/case studies so that the reader can apply the knowledge to formulating a plan to solve an actual research question.

With a focus on translational science, a discussion of specific drugs that are commonly abused is included, such as opioids, club drugs, cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines, alcohol, and tobacco. The study of both conventional and nonconventional techniques is described, including psychotherapy. The expansion of non-pharmacological therapies such as hypnosis, music therapy, relaxation, hypnosis, and transcutaneous nerve stimulation will also be described.

This practical guide on substance use/addiction research will be of value to experienced researchers as well as those new to the field. It will explore various approaches to study design in animal and human models, participant recruitment and retention, measurement and analysis, and the processes involved in the dissemination, diffusion, and implementation of evidence-informed innovations. Above all, the book has plenty of references and existing technical resources and measurement tools that the reader can utilize in their work.

  • Presents a practical, easy to read text designed to appeal to both experienced and beginner researchers in the field of substance abuse/addiction science
  • Provides a concise, well-organized handbook that is a complete guide to methodologies in conducting substance abuse/addiction research
  • Contains contributions from leading academic institutions
  • Includes ample diagrams, tables and figures to help organize the information for easy reference, along with a list and explanation of existing useful measurement tools, websites, statistical methods and other resources
List of contributors
xvii
Foreword xxv
Part 1 Research methodology for clinical trials, animal research, and retrospective studies
1 Reliability and validity in substance misuse and addiction research
3(8)
Allyson L. Spence
Ndeloh Fontem
Christine Feltman
Introduction
3(1)
Reliability
3(2)
Test--retest reliability
4(1)
Interrater reliability
4(1)
Internal consistency
5(1)
Validity
5(3)
Face validity
6(1)
Content validity
6(1)
Construct validity
7(1)
Criterion validity
7(1)
Predictive validity
7(1)
References
8(3)
2 Animal models
11(12)
Allyson L. Spence
Courtney M. Keller
Maggie Mott
Kevin S. Murnane
Introduction
11(1)
Self-administration
11(2)
Intravenous drug self-administration
12(1)
Oral self-administration
12(1)
Intracranial self-administration
13(1)
Operant vapor self-administration
13(1)
Schedules of reinforcement
13(2)
Ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement
13(1)
Second-order schedules of reinforcement
14(1)
Progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement
14(1)
Conditioned place preference
15(1)
Drug discrimination
16(2)
Apparatus
17(1)
Errorless training
17(1)
Discriminative training
17(1)
Generalization testing
17(1)
Interpretation of drug discrimination
18(1)
Other topics in animal research
18(2)
Choice procedures
18(1)
Complex schedules of reinforcement
19(1)
New animal models
19(1)
References
20(3)
3 Translational research strategies
23(8)
Maria Teresa Gudin
Translational research
24(1)
Neurobiology of substance use disorders and addictions
25(1)
Synaptic plasticity
26(1)
Genetics
26(1)
Epigenetics
27(1)
References
28(3)
4 Experimental designs for addiction research
31(24)
Corey Scher
Rachel Davidov
Elie Geara
Introduction
31(1)
Paper 1
32(7)
Foundations of experimental design
33(1)
Power of a study
34(1)
General sample considerations
35(1)
Number needed to treat
35(3)
Scales for the "measurement" of the severity of addiction
38(1)
Paper 2: observational study
39(6)
Background
40(1)
Sampling
41(1)
Scales and research scales for measurement
42(3)
Conclusion
45(1)
Paper 3: experimental design
45(5)
Goals and hypothesis of the investigation
46(1)
Study design
47(1)
Challenges to the study
48(1)
Clinical outcomes
49(1)
Conclusion
50(1)
References
51(4)
5 Experimental design in clinical trials
55(10)
Alexis L. Angelette
Adrienne M. Murphy
Fatima Iqbal
Cade Bourgeois
Grant Borne
Lauren Rando
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
55(1)
Target population and recruitment
56(1)
Sample size; outcome measures
57(1)
Statistical analyses
58(1)
Scales in addiction
59(3)
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
59(2)
International classification of diseases
61(1)
Modes of data collection (surveys, interviews, etc.)
62(1)
Type of data
62(1)
Method of data collection
62(1)
Conclusion
63(1)
References
64(1)
6 Qualitative and quantitative research methods
65(6)
Nitish Sardana
Sahar Shekoohi
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Theory
65(1)
Introduction
65(1)
Methods
65(1)
Collecting and organizing data
66(3)
Data collection
66(1)
Quantitative data collection methods
66(1)
Qualitative data collection methods
67(1)
Method applicability
67(1)
Mixed methods
68(1)
Conclusion
69(1)
References
69(2)
7 Ethical issues in substance misuse and addiction-related research
71(20)
Peter Clapp
Matthew Karow
Robin C. Wackernah
Brianna K. Sanelli Zerr
Introduction
71(1)
Major ethical frameworks
72(15)
Addiction-specific ethical issues
73(3)
Substance misuse research ethics in other countries
76(6)
Funding for substance-use disorder research
82(5)
Closing remarks
87(1)
References
87(4)
8 Informatics
91(8)
Varsha Allampalli
Olabisi Lane
Kevin K. Lam
Nitish Sardana
Elyse M. Cornett
Charles J. Fox
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
91(1)
Informatics ethics
92(1)
Clinical Research Informatics Applications
93(3)
Conclusion
96(1)
References
97(2)
9 Artificial intelligence and machine learning
99(8)
Ashton Pike
Barlas Benkli
Sayyed Omar Gilani
Salman Hirani
Introduction
99(1)
Natural language processing
100(1)
Applicability to addiction medicine
100(2)
Limitations and considerations
102(1)
Conclusion
103(1)
References
104(3)
10 Methods for data collection and analysis in epidemiology-of-substance-use research
107(12)
Sayyed Omar Gilani
Bright Jebaraj Selvaraj
Barlas Benkli
Salman Hirani
Introduction
107(1)
Large cross-section observational surveys
108(1)
National Survey of Drug Use and Health
108(1)
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
109(1)
Monitoring the Future Study
110(1)
Prospective studies
111(3)
Case-control studies
114(1)
Genetic epidemiology study designs
115(1)
Limitations
116(1)
Conclusions
116(1)
References
117(2)
11 Utility of neuroimaging for substance misuse and addiction research: methodology, mechanisms, and therapeutics
119(14)
Kevin S. Murnane
Alyssa G. Derouen
Daniel A. Provenzano
Keionne M. Green
Brooke C. Williams
Navdeep Samra
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
119(1)
Structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging
120(1)
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
121(2)
The role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in substance misuse
122(1)
Positron emission tomography
123(1)
Single-photon emission computed tomography
124(3)
Conclusion
127(1)
References
128(5)
12 Systematic review and meta-analysis
133(14)
George Thomas
Ajay Chatim
Nakul Ganju
Magid Abdo
Aman Kankaria
Nikash Shankar
John Thomas
Abdelrhman Elnasseh
Joseph Aabye
Kevin Lewis
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
133(1)
Methodology
134(1)
Statistical methods
134(2)
Methodology checklists
136(2)
Examples of meta-analyses studying substance misuse risk factors
138(2)
Examples of meta-analyses studying substance misuse management
140(1)
Conclusion
141(1)
References
142(5)
Part 2 Mechanisms of drug misuse and addiction
13 Misuse and addiction definitions, demographics, and general concepts
147(14)
Grace Chen
John P. Adelman
Introduction
147(3)
Definition of substance-related and addiction disorders
150(1)
Demographics
150(7)
Alcohol-related disorders
151(1)
Amphetamines and amphetamine-related disorders
152(1)
Caffeine-related disorders
152(1)
Cannabis-related disorders
153(1)
Tobacco-related disorders
153(1)
Opioid-related disorders
154(1)
Hallucinogen-related disorders
155(1)
Inhalant-related disorders
155(1)
Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorders
156(1)
Unspecified other (or unknown) substance--related disorder
156(1)
Gambling
156(1)
General concepts and conclusion
157(1)
References
157(4)
14 Assessment of addiction/pain and neurobiology
161(16)
Allyson L. Spence
Bianca B. Calderon
Joanna Stratton
Cassandra Stroup
Introduction
161(1)
Assessing different forms of pain
161(4)
Pain assessment tools
163(2)
Assessing addiction
165(4)
Addiction assessment tools
165(4)
The neurobiology of pain
169(2)
The neurobiology of addiction
171(1)
Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system
171(1)
The hypothalamic--pituitary-adrenal axis
171(1)
References
172(5)
15 Physiological considerations in opioid addiction
177(8)
Amber N. Edinoff
Kevin S. Murnane
Christina A. Rosa
Stephen Giepert
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Kapila Marambage
Introduction
177(1)
Normal physiology and anatomy
178(1)
Pathophysiologic considerations
179(1)
Stages of addiction
179(1)
Neurotransmitters and projections
180(1)
Stress and relapse
181(1)
Motive circuit
182(1)
Conclusion
182(1)
References
183(2)
16 Basic pharmacology of opioid substances
185(24)
Allyson L. Spence
Peter S. Cogan
Bianca B. Calderon
Alan David Kaye
Kailey L. Potthoff
Introduction
185(1)
Pharmacokinetics
186(12)
Absorption
186(6)
Metabolism
192(4)
Distribution
196(2)
Elimination and excretion
198(1)
Pharmacodynamics
198(1)
Drug interactions
199(5)
References
204(5)
17 Basic pharmacology of nonopioid substances
209(24)
Allyson L. Spence
Leticia A. Shea
Madalyn Kuhlenberg
Cassandra Stroup
Stephanie James
LaToya Jones Braun
Introduction
209(1)
Nicotine
209(2)
Cocaine
211(2)
Amphetamines
213(2)
Sedatives and tranquilizers
215(11)
Alcohol
215(1)
Barbiturates
216(4)
Benzodiazepines
220(6)
References
226(7)
18 Types of addiction
233(32)
Michelle A. Carroll Turpin
Kevin Rowland
Charles Anugwom
Marina Arocha
Anthony Carona
Brianna I. Gonzalez
Geina Iskander
Sarah Snyder
Kennedi Wilson
Alan David Kaye
Elyse M. Cornett
Introduction
233(1)
Overview
234(1)
Specific drug addictions
235(13)
Alcohol
235(2)
Tobacco
237(1)
Food
238(2)
Opioids
240(2)
Methamphetamine
242(2)
Amphetamine
244(2)
Benzodiazepines
246(1)
Cocaine
247(1)
Discussion
248(4)
References
252(13)
19 Substance misuse
265(10)
Anamika Kunnumpurath
Aiswarya Kunnumpurath
Sreekumar Kunnumpurath
Introduction
265(1)
Definitions
266(2)
What is a substance?
266(1)
What is substance use, misuse, and disorder?
267(1)
What is addiction?
267(1)
Risk factors and protective factors to substance misuse
268(1)
Diagnosis of substance misuse
269(2)
The DSM-5 criteria
269(1)
Medical understanding and misunderstandings
270(1)
Conclusion
271(1)
References
271(4)
20 Special study populations
275(14)
Aiswarya Kunnumpurath
Anamika Kunnumpurath
Vishnu Madhusoodanan
Sreekumar Kunnumpurath
Introduction
275(1)
Women and pregnant women
276(2)
Problem
277(1)
Etiology
277(1)
Neuroactive gonadal steroid hormones
278(1)
Gender differences in stress reactivity and relapse to substance misuse
278(1)
Effects and complications
278(1)
Pediatrics
278(3)
Problem
279(1)
Behavior, affect, and temperament
279(1)
Peer group
279(1)
Neurobiological factors
280(1)
Sex
280(1)
Family environment
280(1)
Community environment
280(1)
Elderly
281(2)
Problem
281(1)
Alcohol
282(1)
Medications and illicit drugs
283(1)
Improving the quality of life of the geriatric population with substance misuse
283(1)
Conclusion
283(1)
References
284(1)
Further reading
285(4)
Part 3 Investigative therapeutics: designing and measuring outcomes
21 General therapy strategies in opioid addiction
289(20)
Kapha Marambage
Amber N. Edinoff
Thaksin Kongchum
Christina A. Rosa
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Stephen Giepert
Introduction
289(1)
Therapy and groups for treatment of opioid use disorder
290(2)
Recovery groups
290(1)
Mutual help groups and 12-step facilitation
290(1)
Reinforcement-based treatment
291(1)
Nurse-led group therapy
291(1)
Other individual-based therapy
292(4)
Mindfulness and relaxation-based therapy
292(1)
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
293(1)
Motivational enhancement
293(1)
Cognitive behavioral therapy
294(1)
Community reinforcement approach
295(1)
Contingency management
296(1)
Medication-assisted treatment
296(2)
Methadone
296(1)
Buprenorphine
297(1)
Naltrexone
298(1)
Detoxification
298(1)
Opioid sparing drugs
299(3)
Acute pain after surgery
300(1)
Chronic pain in patients with opioid use disorder
301(1)
Conclusion
302(1)
References
303(4)
Further reading
307(2)
22 The role of alternative therapies in a comprehensive addiction treatment
309(14)
Shu-Ming Wang
Introduction
309(1)
Addiction in general
309(1)
Neurobiological evidence of addiction
310(1)
The role of complementary alternative medicine in the treatment of addictions
311(6)
Strategy for implementing acupuncture as part of the rehabilitation program
317(1)
References
318(5)
23 Drug testing and adherence monitoring
323(10)
Sidarth Wakhlu
Mattie Steib
Peyton W. Moore
Warner Moore
Alexis L. Angelette
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
323(1)
Biological specimens that can be drug tested with a focus on urine
324(1)
Drug testing methods
325(1)
Immunoassays
325(1)
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
326(1)
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
326(1)
Metabolism of illicit and prescribed drugs
326(4)
Important clinical findings
327(3)
Conclusion
330(1)
References
331(2)
24 Pharmacogenetics: a comprehensive review of genes, genetics, genomics, and epigenetics
333(16)
Yasmeen Kawji
Hanna Almoaswes
Claire A. Bise
Lena Kawji
Adrienne M. Murphy
Tanner D. Reed
Amber N. Edinoff
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
333(1)
Alcohol use, metabolism, and pharmacogenetics
334(2)
Opioid use, metabolism, and pharmacogenetics
336(2)
Nicotine use, metabolism, and pharmacogenetics
338(1)
Pharmacogenetics and epigenetics studies
339(4)
Genetic polymorphisms, responses to treatment, and risk for conditions
339(1)
Importance of the availability of genetic data to improve patient outcomes
340(1)
Genetic variants linked with perioperative complications
341(1)
Social adversity and socioeconomic status in relation to epigenetic aging
341(2)
Conclusion
343(1)
References
344(5)
25 Medical treatments for opioid use disorder
349(20)
Elizabeth McCord
Charlotte Van Hale
Yi-Lang Tang
Introduction
349(2)
Opioid overdose: detection and intervention
351(1)
Opioid withdrawal symptoms: assessment and treatment
352(4)
Opioid withdrawal: time course and assessment
352(1)
Opioid withdrawal and management (detoxification)
353(3)
Current consensus on the role of opioid withdrawal management (detoxification)
356(1)
Medications for opioid use disorder
356(6)
Overview
356(1)
Buprenorphine naloxone
356(2)
Methadone
358(1)
Naltrexone
359(1)
Treatment considerations in special populations
360(1)
Role of urine drug monitoring in treatment
361(1)
Role of psychosocial interventions in opioid use disorder treatment
362(1)
Summary
362(1)
References
363(6)
26 Principles of vaccine development
369(10)
Alika Z. Shum
Robert A. Walton
Spencer C. Zaheri
Nicholas J. Comardelle
Natalie M. Domingue
Sumitra Miriyala
Introduction
369(1)
Components of a vaccine
370(1)
Antigens
370(1)
Live versus nonlive
370(1)
Types of vaccines
370(1)
Other components
371(1)
Food and Drug Administration recommendations
371(5)
Recommendations for three common study types
372(1)
Clinical efficacy and safety
372(2)
Comparative studies
374(2)
Conclusion
376(1)
References
377(2)
27 Drug policy analysis
379(10)
Jeff Chou
Hormazd D. Minwalla
Michael McDonald
Prithvi Doppalapudi
Caroline Sagrera
Elyse M. Cornett
Charles J. Fox
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
379(1)
Comparative drug policy analysis
380(1)
Drug policies versus laws
381(1)
Drug policy reform
382(1)
Health impact of drug policy based on enforcement of prohibition
383(2)
Criminal networks and interpersonal violence
384(1)
Oppressive policing
384(1)
Increased burden of disease
384(1)
Racial discrimination and incarceration
385(1)
Conclusion
385(1)
References
385(4)
28 Designing and testing population-based prevention programs
389(12)
Jaeyeon Kweon
Natalie M. Bush
Carrie N. Pham
Elyse M. Cornett
Alan David Kaye
Introduction
389(1)
Why do most drug prevention programs fail?
390(1)
School-based prevention programs
391(4)
Advances and future directions for population-based prevention programs
395(1)
Conclusion
396(1)
References
397(4)
29 New vistas in addiction therapy
401(10)
Clifford Gevirtz
Introduction
401(1)
Revised definitions
401(1)
Binge intoxication -
402(1)
Withdrawal syndrome
403(1)
Craving
403(1)
Abstinence
403(1)
Naltrexone implants
404(1)
Buprenorphine implants and depot injections
405(3)
The perverse economics of opiate maintenance programs
408(1)
Conclusion
409(1)
References
409(1)
Further reading
410(1)
Index 411
Alan David Kaye, MD, PhD, is the Professor and Chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology at LSU Health Sciences Center in New Orleans since January 2005. He is Board Certified as a Consultant in Anesthesiology and has a special certificate in Pain Management for the American Board of Anesthesiology. He is also a Diplomate of the American Board of Pain Medicine and the American Board of Interventional Pain Physicians. His PhD is in pharmacology, and he was awarded first place in the National Student Research Forum as a resident. He has authored or co-authored over 150 abstracts and 200 manuscripts and book chapters in the fields of pulmonary vascular pharmacology and anesthesiology. He serves on a number of national committees including as a National Board of Directors of ASIPP and ABIPP. He is editor-in-chief of the journal Pain Physicians and is on the FDA Advisory Board on Anesthetics and Analgesics. Richard D. Urman, MD, MBA, FASA is a staff anesthesiologist at the Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, MA and Associate Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School. He currently serves as Associate Chair for Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, as well as Medical Director of Sedation for Interventional Medicine, Director, Center for Perioperative Research (C.P.R.), and Perioperative Medicine Fellowship Director. He is also the founder of the Incubator for Patient Safety and Outcomes (IPSO). Dr. Urman received his MD from Harvard Medical School and MBA from Harvard Business School, and completed a residency in anesthesia at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. On the national level, Dr. Urman currently serves on various committees of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) including as Chair of the subcommittee on Patient Safety and Practice Management, Foundation of Anesthesia Education and Research (FAER), Society for Preoperative Assessment and Quality Improvement, and Enhanced Recovery After Surgery-USA.