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El. knyga: Sun from Space

  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Oct-2008
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540769538
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Oct-2008
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540769538
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Based on the main findings of nine solar spacecraft missions, this book offers information on key advances in the field. It also provides the scientific objective of those missions and historical perspective on studies of the sun and heliosphere.



The First Edition of The Sun from Space, completed in 1999, focused on the early accomplishments of three solar spacecraft, SOHO, Ulysses, and Yohkoh, primarily during a minimum in the Sun’s 11-year cycle of magnetic activity. The comp- hensive Second Edition includes the main ndings of these three spacecraft over an entire activity cycle, including two minima and a maximum, and discusses the signi cant results of six more solar missions. Four of these, the Hinode, RHESSI, STEREO, and TRACE missions were launched after the First Edition was either nished or nearly so, and the other two, the ACE and Wind spacecraft, extend our investigations from the Sun to its varying input to the Earth. The Second Edition does not contain simple updates or cosmetic patch ups to the material in the First Edition. It instead contains the relevant discoveries of the past decade, integrated into chapters completely rewritten for the purpose. This provides a fresh perspective to the major topics of solar enquiry, written in an enjoyable, easily understood text accessible to all readers, from the interested layperson to the student or professional.
1 Instruments for a Revolution 1
1.1 Solar Mysteries
1
1.2 Yohkoh Detects Unrest on an Awesome Scale
7
1.3 Ulysses Moves into Unexplored Territory
11
1.4 Wind Investigates the Sun's Varying Input to Earth
16
1.5 The Sun Does Not Set for SOHO
20
1.6 ACE Measures the Composition of High-Energy Particles Bombarding Earth
28
1.7 TRACE Focuses on Fine Details of the High-Temperature Gas
30
1.8 High-Energy Solar Outbursts Observed with RHESSI
34
1.9 Hinode Observes How Varying Magnetic Fields Heat the Corona and Power Explosive Outbursts There
37
1.10 STEREO Observes Coronal Mass Ejections in Three Dimensions from the Sun to Earth
44
1.11 Summary Highlights: Modern Solar Space Missions
46
2 Discovering Space 51
2.1 Space Is Not Empty
51
2.1.1 Auroras and Geomagnetic Storms from the Sun
51
2.1.2 The Main Ingredients of the Sun
53
2.1.3 The Hot Solar Atmosphere
55
2.1.4 Discovery of the Solar Wind
61
2.2 Touching the Unseen
64
2.2.1 The First Direct Measurements of the Solar Wind
64
2.2.2 Properties of the Solar Wind at Earth's Orbit
66
2.3 Cosmic Rays
68
2.4 Pervasive Solar Magnetism
72
2.4.1 Magnetic Fields in the Photosphere
72
2.4.2 The 11-Year Magnetic Activity Cycle
75
2.4.3 Magnetic Fields in the Corona
77
2.4.4 Interplanetary Magnetic Fields
80
2.5 X-rays from the Sun
83
2.6 Solar Outbursts Send Energetic Radiation and Particles into Space
89
2.6.1 Solar Flares
89
2.6.2 Erupting Prominences
91
2.6.3 Coronal Mass Ejections
93
2.7 Summary Highlights: Discovery of Space
94
2.8 Key Events in the Discovery of Space
97
3 Exploring Unseen Depths of the Sun 105
3.1 What Makes the Sun Shine?
105
3.1.1 The Sun's Size, Mass, and Temperature
105
3.1.2 Nuclear Reactions in the Sun's Central Regions
106
3.1.3 Solving the Solar Neutrino Problem
110
3.2 How the Energy Gets Out
116
3.3 Taking the Sun's Pulse
122
3.4 Looking Within the Sun
128
3.5 How the Sun Rotates Inside
131
3.6 Waves in the Sun's Core
135
3.7 Internal Flows
137
3.7.1 Early Work and New Methods
137
3.7.2 Poleward Flows
139
3.7.3 Zonal Flow Bands
139
3.7.4 Internal Changes Over the 11-year Cycle of Magnetic Activity
141
3.8 Three-Dimensional Views of Sunspots and Active Regions
142
3.8.1 Looking Beneath Sunspots
142
3.8.2 Swirling Flows Beneath Active Regions
143
3.8.3 Detecting Active Regions on the Far Side of the Sun
144
3.9 The Solar Dynamo
146
3.10 Summary Highlights: Exploring the Inside of the Sun
150
3.11 Key Events in the Understanding of the Internal Constitution of the Sun
152
4 Solving the Sun's Heating Crisis 161
4.1 Mysterious Heat
161
4.2 Wave Heating
164
4.3 Heating Coronal Loops in Active Regions
170
4.4 Heating the "Quiet" Corona
177
4.4.1 Heat from Jets, Bright Points, Blinkers, Explosive Events, and Interacting, Non-Flaring Loops
177
4.4.2 Nanoflares
182
4.4.3 The Magnetic Carpet
183
4.5 How Hot Is a Coronal Hole?
186
4.6 Summary Highlights: The Sun's Heating Crisis
188
4.7 Key Events in Coronal Heating
190
5 Winds Across the Void 197
5.1 The Fullness of Space
197
5.2 The Two Solar Winds
201
5.3 Where Do the Sun's Winds Come From?
205
5.3.1 Source Regions of the Solar Winds Near Solar Activity Minimum
205
5.3.2 Source Regions of the Solar Winds Near Solar Activity Maximum
211
5.3.3 Fast Wind Sources in Coronal Holes
214
5.4 Getting Up to Speed
217
5.5 Riding the Waves
224
5.6 Magnetic Connections
226
5.6.1 Flowing Wide Open
226
5.6.2 Unexpected Behavior
228
5.7 Ingredients of the Sun's Winds
231
5.7.1 Different Sources, Varying Ionization
232
5.7.2 Shocking Times
233
5.7.3 Pick-Ups Near and Far
234
5.7.4 Super-Hot and Undemocratic
236
5.8 Edge of the Solar System
236
5.9 Summary Highlights: The Sun's Expanding Corona
240
5.10 Key Events in Studies of the Solar Wind
243
6 Our Violent Sun 253
6.1 Solar Outbursts of Awesome Power
253
6.2 Flare Ribbons
259
6.3 X-Ray Flares
261
6.3.1 Soft X-Rays and Hard X-Rays from Solar Flares
261
6.3.2 A Model of Flaring X-Ray Emission
267
6.4 White-Light Flares
269
6.5 Gamma Rays from Solar Flares
271
6.6 Solar Radio Bursts
276
6.7 Filaments Lift Off, Prominences Erupt
282
6.8 Coronal Mass Ejections
287
6.8.1 Coronagraph Observations of Coronal Mass Ejections
287
6.8.2 Physical Properties of Coronal Mass Ejections
289
6.9 After the Blast
296
6.9.1 Solar Flares Excite Coronal Loop Oscillations
296
6.9.2 Sunquakes
298
6.9.3 Coronal Dimming After Coronal Mass Ejections
299
6.9.4 Large Flares Excite Global Waves
299
6.10 Explaining Why Solar Outbursts Happen
301
6.10.1 What We Do Not Know About Solar Outbursts
301
6.10.2 Magnetic Reconnection During Solar Flares
303
6.10.3 Extension of Magnetic Reconnection to Coronal Mass Ejections
309
6.10.4 Flares, Avalanches, and Earthquakes
313
6.10.5 All Twisted Up
314
6.11 Summary Highlights: Solar Flares, Erupting Prominences, and Coronal Mass Ejections
320
6.12 Key Events in Understanding Solar Outbursts
324
7 Space Weather 337
7.1 The Space Weather Concept
337
7.2 Forecasting Space Weather
342
7.3 Solar Energetic Particles
345
7.3.1 Energetic Particles Accelerated by Solar Flares or Coronal Mass Ejection Shocks
345
7.3.2 Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections, Interplanetary Shocks, and Magnetic Clouds
349
7.3.3 Observations of Solar Energetic Particles with Contemporary Spacecraft
352
7.3.4 Two Classes of Solar Energetic Particles
353
7.4 Impacting Planet Earth
356
7.4.1 Our Protective Magnetic Cocoon
356
7.4.2 Earth's Magnetic Storms
359
7.4.3 The Auroras – Cosmic Neon Signs
362
7.4.4 High-Flying Humans at Risk
364
7.4.5 Failing to Communicate
365
7.4.6 Satellites in Danger
366
7.4.7 Varying Solar Radiation and Earth's Changing Atmosphere
367
7.5 Sun – Climate
369
7.5.1 An Inconstant Sun
370
7.5.2 Solar Variability and Climate Change Over the Past 1,000 Years
374
7.5.3 The Earth's Rising Fever
377
7.5.4 Climate Change Over Millions and Billions of Years
381
7.6 Summary Highlights: Space Weather
386
7.7 Key Events in the Discovery of Solar-Terrestrial Interactions
391
Appendix 407
I. Solar Space Missions
407
II. Helioseismology
408
III. Space Weather
409
IV. Solar Observatories and Groups
409
V. Virtual Observatories
409
VI. Educational
409
VII. NASA
410
References 411
Author Index 523
Subject Index 533