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El. knyga: Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer

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The goal of this volume is to comprehensively cover a highly readable overview on our present knowledge of positive and negative effects of UV-exposure, with a focus on vitamin D and skin cancer. Topics that are discussed in-depth by leading researchers and clinicians range from the newest findings in endocrinology, epidemiology, histology, photobiology, immunology, cytogenetics and molecular pathology to new concepts for prophylaxis and treatment. Experts in the field as well as health care professionals not intimately involved in these specialized areas are provided with the most significant and timely information related to these topics. It is the aim of this book to summarize essential up-to-date information for every clinician or scientist interested in how to balance between positive and negative effects of UV-exposure to minimize the risks of developing vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer.UV-exposure represents the most important risk factor for the development of non-melanoma skin cancer. Additionally, assessment of sun exposure parameters has consistently shown an association between the development of malignant melanoma and short-term intense UV-exposure, particularly burning in childhood. As a consequence, protection of the skin from UV-exposure is an integral part of skin cancer prevention programs. However, more chronic less intense UV-exposure has not been found to be a risk factor for melanoma and in fact has been found in some studies to be protective. Moreover, 90% of all requisite vitamin D is formed within the skin through the action of the sun--a serious problem--for a connection between vitamin D deficiency and various types of cancer (e.g., colon-, prostate- and breast cancer) has been demonstrated in a large number of studies. Hence, the association between vitamin D deficiency and various internal malignancies has now opened a debate among dermatologists and other clinicians how to balance between positive and negative effects of solar and artificial UV-exposure.

Recenzijos

From the reviews:









"Small print, information dense and richly referenced volume of the current knowledge on this controversial topic. The text covers history, epidemiology, biochemistry, histology, immunology, and molecular biology. Lactation consultants depend on advice from public health officials to counsel their clients as well as to care for their own families. They can confidently use the content of this book to pressure officials to formulate recommendations that are more in line with the needs of the general population, including breastfeeding babies." (Nicole J Bernshaw, International Lactation Consultant Association Print and Multimedia Reviews, August, 2008)

Sunlight, UV-Radiation, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer: How Much Sunlight Do We Need?
1(15)
Michael F. Holick
Abstract
1(1)
Prehistorical and Historic Perspectives
1(1)
Photoproduction of Vitamin D3
2(1)
Factors Controlling Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis
2(2)
Sources and Metabolism of Vitamin D
4(1)
Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases
5(2)
Vitamin D Deficiency Pandemic
7(1)
Sunlight, Vitamin D and the Skin Cancer Conundrum
7(3)
Conclusion
10(6)
Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance and Cancer Incidence and Mortality
16(15)
William B. Grant
Introduction
16(1)
Cancer
16(9)
Other Diseases for Which Solar UVB and Vitamin D Are Beneficial/Protective
25(1)
Summary and Conclusion
25(6)
Vitamin D Status and Cancer Incidence and Mortality
31(12)
Edward Giovannucci
Introduction
31(1)
Ecologic Studies of Sun Exposure
32(1)
Case-Control and Cohort Studies of Sun Exposure
32(1)
Prospective Studies of Circulating 25(OH)vitamin D and Cancer Risk
33(2)
Studies of Vitamin D Intake
35(1)
Randomized Trial of Vitamin D Intake and Colorectal Cancer
36(1)
Solar Radiation, Vitamin D and Survival Rate of Colon Cancer
36(1)
Vitamin D and Cancer Rates in United States Black Men
37(1)
Synthesis of Evidence Regarding Sun Exposure, Vitamin D and Cancer Incidence and Mortality
38(1)
Implications for Future Research
39(4)
Sun Exposure and Cancer Survival in Norway: Changes in the Risk of Death with Season of Diagnosis and Latitude
43(12)
Alina Carmen Porojnicu
Arne Dahlback
Johan Moan
Abstract
43(1)
Introduction
43(1)
Materials and Methods
44(2)
Dependency of Survival on Season of Diagnosis
46(1)
Dependency of Survival on Residential Region
47(2)
Discussion
49(2)
Conclusions
51(4)
Optimal Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels for Multiple Health Outcomes
55(17)
Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari
Abstract
55(1)
Introduction
55(1)
25(OH)D Levels and Bone Health
55(2)
25(OH)D and Lower Extremity Function
57(3)
25(OH)D and Dental Health
60(1)
25(OH)D and Cancer Incidence and Mortality
61(2)
Vitamin D Intake Needed to Achieve Optimal 25(OH)D Levels
63(1)
Adding Calcium to Vitamin D
64(1)
Discussion
64(8)
Ultraviolet Exposure Scenarios: Risks of Erythema from Recommendations on Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis
72(14)
Ann R. Webb
Ola Engelsen
Abstract
72(1)
Introduction
72(1)
Differences between Vitamin D Synthesis and Erythema
73(2)
Implications for UV Exposure
75(1)
Assessing the Erythema Risks of Exposures for Vitamin D Synthesis
76(7)
Public Health and Personal Choice
83(3)
At What Time Should One Go Out in the Sun?
86(3)
Johan Moan
Arne Dahlback
Alina Carmen Porojnicu
Abstract
86(1)
Introduction
86(1)
Methods
86(2)
Results and Discussion
88(1)
Epidemiology of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer---the Role of Sunlight
89(15)
Ulrike Leiter
Claus Garbe
Abstract
89(1)
Introduction
89(1)
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
90(2)
Sun Exposure and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
92(2)
Melanoma
94(3)
Sun Exposure and Melanoma
97(7)
Ultraviolet Radiation and Malignant Melanoma
104(13)
Johan Moan
Alina Carmen Porojnicu
Arne Dahlback
Abstract
104(1)
Introduction
104(1)
Does UV Radiation Induce CMM?
105(1)
Materials and Methods
106(1)
Results and Discussion
106(11)
Solar UV Exposure and Mortality from skin Tumors
117(8)
Marianne Berwick
Anne Lachiewicz
Claire Pestak
Nancy Thomas
Abstract
117(1)
Introduction
117(1)
Observed Relationships for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
118(1)
Observed Relationships for Cutaneous Melanoma
119(3)
Potential Mechanisms
122(1)
Conclusions
123(2)
Health Initiatives for the Prevention of Skin Cancer
125(12)
Rudiger Greinert
Eckhard W. Breitbart
Peter Mohr
Beate Volkmer
Introduction
125(1)
Prevention of Skin Cancer
126(6)
Balanced Messages (Concerning Vitamin D)
132(2)
Conclusion
134(3)
Sunscreens
137(25)
Guido Bens
Ultraviolet Radiation
137(1)
Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation in Human Skin
137(4)
Topical Photoprotection Agents
141(1)
Regulations and Marketing
142(1)
Measuring Photoprotection
142(5)
Organic UV Filters
147(5)
Inorganic UV Filters
152(1)
Efficacy of Sunscreens
153(3)
Sunscreens and Vitamin D3 Synthesis
156(1)
Alternative Photoprotective Agents
157(1)
Discussion and Conclusion
157(5)
UV Damage and DNA Repair in Malignant Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
162(17)
Knuth Rass
Jorg Reichrath
Abstract
162(1)
Introduction
163(1)
UV Damage and DNA Repair
163(4)
UV-Induced Carcinogenesis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
167(2)
UV-Induced Carcinogenesis in Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
169(2)
Role of DNA Repair for UV-Induced Carcinogenesis in Malignant Melanoma (MM)
171(3)
Conclusions
174(5)
Role of Viruses in the Development of Squamous Cell Cancer and Melanoma
179(8)
Ulrich R. Hengge
Abstract
179(1)
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
179(1)
Role of the Immune System in HPV Carriers
179(1)
Problems in Detection of HPV in Lesional and Normal Skin
180(1)
Detection of HPV in SCC and Its Precursor Lesions
180(1)
NMSC in Organ Transplant Recipients
181(1)
Detection of HPV-Specific Antibodies
181(1)
Potential Mechanisms of HPV in Skin Carcinogenesis
181(1)
Future Studies
182(1)
Role of Retroviruses in Melanomagenesis
182(1)
Random Insertion of Retroviruses
183(1)
Characterization of Melanoma-Associated Retrovirus (MelARV)
183(1)
Human Melanoma also Contains Retroviral DNA Sequences
183(4)
Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers and the Immune System
187(16)
Diana Santo Domingo
Elma D. Baron
Introduction
187(1)
Epidemiology
187(1)
UV Light and Immune Suppression
188(1)
Role of the Immune System
189(1)
Inflammation
190(1)
Cells of Innate Immunity
190(2)
Tumor Antigens
192(1)
Cytokines
192(2)
Adaptive Immunity
194(1)
Other Factors that Interact with the Immune Mechanisms in Tumorigenesis and Tumor Invasion
195(1)
Therapies and Future Work
196(1)
Conclusion
197(6)
Solar UV-Radiation, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer Surveillance in Organ Transplant Recipients (OTRS)
203(12)
Jorg Reichrath
Bernd Nurnberg
Introduction
203(1)
The First Challenge: Increased Incidence and Prevalence of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
203(1)
The Second Challenge: The Aggressive Behavior of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Transplant Recipients
204(1)
Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Transplant Recipients
204(1)
Organ Allograft Recipients Are at Increased Risk for Malignant Melanoma
205(1)
Increased Incidence and Prevalence of Other Types of Skin Cancer in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
205(1)
Immunosuppressive Treatment: A Double-Edged Sword
205(1)
Vitamin D Deficiency in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: An Underrecognized Risk Factor for a Broad Variety of Severe Diseases
206(1)
A Paradigm Shift in the Diagnosis and Management of Skin Malignancies in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
207(1)
Sun Protection
208(1)
Types of Skin Lesions
208(3)
Summary
211(4)
Histology of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
215(12)
Cornelia S.L. Mueller
Jorg Reichrath
Squamous Cell Cancer, In Situ Carcinomas, Actinic Keratosis (AK)
215(1)
Bowen's Disease
215(1)
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
216(2)
Keratoakanthoma (KA)
218(1)
Basal Cell Carcinoma
218(1)
Melanoma Skin Cancer
219(1)
In Situ Melanoma (Syn Lentigo Maligna)
219(1)
Invasive Melanoma
220(5)
Childhood Melanoma
225(2)
Cytogenetics of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
227(14)
Melanie A. Carless
Lyn R. Griffiths
Abstract
227(1)
Introduction
227(2)
Melanocytic Derived Skin Cancers and Their Precursors
229(1)
Keratinocytic Derived Skin Cancers and Their Precursors
230(3)
Rare Cancers of the Skin
233(1)
Implications of Cytogenetic Findings
234(7)
Molecular Biology of Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas
241(11)
Jingwu Xie
Abstract
241(1)
Introduction
241(1)
Activation of the Hedgehog Pathway in BCCs
241(3)
Crosstalk between the Hedgehog Pathway and Other Pathways
244(1)
Major Molecular Alterations in SCCs
245(3)
Therapeutic Implications of Human SCCs
248(1)
Summary
248(4)
Molecular Biology of Malignant Melanoma
252(13)
Mar Pons
Pablo Mancheno-Corvo
Pilar Martin-Duque
Miguel Quintanilla
Abstract
252(1)
Introduction
252(1)
Genetic Predisposition to Malignant Melanoma
253(2)
Sporadic Melanoma
255(3)
Genetic Models of Melanoma
258(7)
p53 Protein and Pathogenesis of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
265(18)
Cara L. Benjamin
Vladislava O. Melnikova
Honnavara N. Ananthaswamy
Abstract
265(1)
Introduction
265(1)
p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene
266(2)
Induction of p53 by UV and Biologic Consequences
268(1)
Evidence for p53 Involvement in NMSC
268(5)
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
273(1)
Different Mechanisms for Different Tumor Types
274(1)
Melanoma
274(2)
Summary
276(7)
Apoptosis and Pathogenesis of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
283(13)
Peter Erb
Jingmin Ji
Erwin Kump
Ainhoa Mielgo
Marion Werali
Abstract
283(1)
Introduction
283(1)
Pathogenesis of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
284(3)
Pathogenesis of Melanoma
287(1)
Apoptosis Resistance of Skin Cancer
288(2)
Skin Cancers May Use Death Ligands for Their Protection
290(1)
Attempts to Break the Apoptosis-Inducing and -Resisting Properties of Skin Cancers
291(1)
Conclusions
292(4)
Treatment of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
296(23)
Knuth Rass
Wolfgang Tilgen
Abstract
296(1)
Melanoma
296(1)
Introduction
296(1)
Surgical Procedures
297(1)
Adjuvant Therapy
298(3)
Palliative Treatment
301(5)
Experimental Approaches
306(5)
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
311(2)
Concluding Remarks
313(6)
Index 319


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