| Preface |
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xi | |
| About the Authors |
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xv | |
| Introduction |
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xvii | |
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1 The Supreme Court: An Institutional Perspective |
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1 | (2) |
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Table 1-1 Chronology of Important Events in the Supreme Court's History, 1787-2020 |
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3 | (24) |
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Table 1-2 Brief Overview of the Supreme Court 2021 |
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27 | (3) |
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Table 1-3 Table 1-3 Select Congressional Legislation Relating to the Supreme Court |
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30 | (3) |
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Table 1-4 Sections of the United States Code Pertaining to the Organization of the Supreme Court |
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33 | (1) |
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Table 1-5 Sections of the United States Code Pertaining to the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court |
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34 | (2) |
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Table 1-6 Supreme Court Budget Appropriations, 1930-2021 |
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36 | (3) |
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Table 1-7 The Supreme Court's Operational Budget, Fiscal Years 2019-2021 |
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39 | (1) |
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Table 1-8 Salaries of the Justices, 1789-2020 |
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40 | (2) |
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Analyzing the Salaries of the Justices: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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42 | (3) |
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Table 1-9 Retirement and Pension Provisions for the Supreme Court Justices |
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45 | (2) |
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Table 1-10 Outline of the Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States |
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47 | (2) |
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Figure 1-1 The Processing of Supreme Court Cases |
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49 | (1) |
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Table 1-11 The Supreme Court's Calendar |
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50 | (1) |
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Table 1-12 Sections of the United States Code Pertaining to Supreme Court Officers and Employees |
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51 | (3) |
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Table 1-13 Supreme Court Employees: Full-time Permanent Positions, 1930-2021 |
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54 | (3) |
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Table 1-14 Administrative Officers of the Supreme Court, 1790-2021 |
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57 | (2) |
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2 The Supreme Court's Review Process, Caseload, and Cases |
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59 | (4) |
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Table 2-1 Supreme Court Rule 10: Considerations Governing Review on Certiorari |
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63 | (1) |
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Table 2-2 The Supreme Court's Caseload, 1880-2019 Terms |
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64 | (8) |
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Table 2-3 Cases on the Dockets of the Supreme Court, 1935-1969 Terms |
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72 | (2) |
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Table 2-4 Cases on the Dockets of the Supreme Court, 1970-2019 Terms |
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74 | (2) |
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Table 2-5 Petitions Granted Review, 1926-1969 Terms |
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76 | (3) |
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Table 2-6 Petitions Granted Review, 1970-2019 Terms |
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79 | (3) |
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Table 2-7 Guide to Oral Argument at the Supreme Court |
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82 | (4) |
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Table 2-8 Signed Opinions, Cases Disposed of by Signed Opinion, and Cases Disposed of by Per Curiam Opinion, 1926-2019 Terms |
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86 | (3) |
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Table 2-9 Print Reporting Systems |
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89 | (1) |
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Table 2-10 Where to Obtain Supreme Court Opinions |
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90 | (4) |
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Table 2-11 Formally Decided Cases by Chief Justice Era, 1791-2019 Terms |
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94 | (4) |
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Comparing Issues in Cases by Chief Justice Era: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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98 | (2) |
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Table 2-12 Major Decisions of the Supreme Court: The New York Times Measure, 1937-2019 Terms |
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100 | (31) |
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Table 2-13 Cases Incorporating Provisions of the Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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131 | (2) |
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Table 2-14 Supreme Court Decisions Holding Acts of Congress Unconstitutional in Whole or in Part, 1791-2019 Terms |
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133 | (6) |
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Table 2-15 Supreme Court Decisions Holding State Constitutional and Statutory Provisions and Municipal Ordinances Unconstitutional on Their Face or as Administered, 1791-2019 Terms |
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139 | (26) |
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Table 2-16 Supreme Court Decisions Overruled by Subsequent Decisions, 1791-2019 Terms |
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165 | (18) |
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3 The Supreme Court's Opinion, Decision, and Outcome Trends |
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183 | (2) |
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Table 3-1 Unanimous Decisions, 1791-2019 Terms |
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185 | (6) |
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Table 3-2 Dissenting Opinions, 1791-2019 Terms |
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191 | (6) |
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Table 3-3 Dissenting Votes, 1791-2019 Terms |
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197 | (6) |
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Investigating Trends in Dissenting Votes: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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203 | (3) |
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Table 3-4 Concurring Opinions, 1791-2019 Terms |
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206 | (6) |
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Table 3-5 Concurring Votes, 1791-2019 Terms |
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212 | (6) |
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Table 3-6 Cases Decided by a Closely Divided Vote, 1791-2019 Terms |
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218 | (6) |
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Table 3-7 Cases Decided by a Judgment of the Court, 1791-2019 Terms |
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224 | (6) |
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Table 3-8 Disposition of Cases, 1791-2019 Terms |
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230 | (6) |
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Table 3-9 Ideological Direction of Court Decisions, by Issue Area and Chief Justice, 1791-2019 Terms |
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236 | (4) |
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Table 3-10 Ideological Direction of Court Decisions, by Issue Area, 1791-2019 Terms |
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240 | (7) |
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Table 3-11 Means and Medians Based on Votes, 1937-2019 Terms |
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247 | (3) |
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Table 3-12 Means and Medians of Segal-Cover Scores, 1946-2019 Terms |
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250 | (2) |
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Table 3-13 Martin and Quinn's Estimated Locations of the Most Liberal, Median, and Most Conservative Ideal Points, 1937-2019 Terms |
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252 | (3) |
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4 The Justices: Backgrounds, Nominations, and Confirmations |
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255 | (148) |
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Table 4-1 The Justices of the United States Supreme Court |
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259 | (5) |
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Table 4-2 Birth and Childhood Statistics for the Justices |
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264 | (8) |
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Table 4-3 Family Background of the Justices |
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272 | (11) |
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Table 4-4 Education and Legal Training of the Justices |
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283 | (15) |
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Table 4-5 Marriages and Children of the Justices |
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298 | (5) |
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Table 4-6 Private Practice and Law Professorships of the Justices |
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303 | (10) |
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Table 4-7 Military Experience of the Justices |
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313 | (2) |
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Table 4-8 Political Experience of the Justices |
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315 | (16) |
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Table 4-9 Prior Judicial Experience of the Justices |
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331 | (9) |
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Table 4-10 Summary of Background Characteristics of the Justices |
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340 | (2) |
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Table 4-11 Personal Finances of the Justices, 2019 |
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342 | (2) |
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Table 4-12 Supreme Court Nominees |
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344 | (9) |
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Exploring Age at the Time of Nomination: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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353 | (3) |
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Table 4-13 Supreme Court Nominees and the Vacancies to Be Filled |
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356 | (11) |
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Table 4-14 Senate Judiciary Committee Action on Supreme Court Nominees |
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367 | (16) |
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Table 4-15 Senate Action on Supreme Court Nominees |
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383 | (11) |
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Table 4-16 American Bar Association Rating of Supreme Court Nominees since 1956 |
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394 | (2) |
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Table 4-17 Confirmation Factors, 1937-2020 |
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396 | (2) |
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Table 4-18 Public Opinion: Respondents Supporting or Opposing Nominees for the Supreme Court |
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398 | (2) |
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Table 4-19 Appointment Anomalies |
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400 | (3) |
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5 The Justices: Post-Confirmation Activities and Departures from the Court |
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403 | (108) |
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Table 5-1 Length of Service (Ranked) |
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406 | (3) |
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Studying the Justices' Length of Service: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (11) |
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Table 5-3 Circuit Justice Assignments, 1802-1867 |
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422 | (2) |
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Table 5-4 Circuit Justice Assignments, 1867-2021 |
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424 | (5) |
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Table 5-5 Extrajudicial Activities while Sitting on the Court |
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429 | (5) |
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Table 5-6 Impeachment Actions against Supreme Court Justices |
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434 | (1) |
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Table 5-7 Departure from the Court |
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435 | (7) |
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Table 5-8 Justices Rated "Great," Selected Studies |
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442 | (3) |
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Table 5-9 Post-Court Activities |
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445 | (6) |
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Table 5-10 The Deaths of the Justices |
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451 | (12) |
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Table 5-11 Locations of Justices' Personal Papers |
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463 | (10) |
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Table 5-12 Selected Books and Articles Written by the Justices |
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473 | (15) |
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Table 5-13 Published Biographies of the Justices |
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488 | (23) |
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6 The Justices: Oral Arguments, Votes, and Opinions |
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511 | (160) |
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Table 6-1 Ideological Values of the Justices, 1937-2020 |
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514 | (2) |
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Table 6-2 Martin-Quinn Estimates of the Justices' Ideology and the Median Justice, 1937-2019 Terms |
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516 | (11) |
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Table 6-3 Number of Questions Asked, on Average, Per Case, by the Individual Justices during Oral Argument, 2010-2019 Terms |
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527 | (1) |
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Table 6-4 Aggregate Liberal Voting of Justices, 1791-2020 Terms |
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528 | (12) |
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Table 6-5 Liberal Voting of the Justices, by Term, 1800-2019 Terms |
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540 | (51) |
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Table 6-6 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Marshall Court |
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591 | (3) |
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Table 6-7 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Taney Court |
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594 | (7) |
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Table 6-8 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Chase Court |
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601 | (4) |
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Table 6-9 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Waite Court |
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605 | (5) |
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Table 6-10 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Fuller Court |
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610 | (6) |
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Table 6-11 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the White Court |
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616 | (4) |
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Table 6-12 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Taft Court |
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620 | (4) |
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Table 6-13 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Hughes Court |
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624 | (5) |
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Table 6-14 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Stone Court |
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629 | (3) |
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Table 6-15 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Vinson Court |
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632 | (3) |
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Table 6-16 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Warren Court |
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635 | (6) |
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Table 6-17 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Burger Court |
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641 | (4) |
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Table 6-18 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Rehnquist Court |
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645 | (5) |
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Table 6-19 Voting Interagreements among the Justices, the Roberts Court |
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650 | (4) |
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Table 6-20 Proportion of Votes in the Majority in Decisions Declaring Legislation Unconstitutional, 1791-2019 Terms |
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654 | (4) |
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Table 6-21 Proportion of Votes in the Majority in Decisions Formally Altering Precedent, 1791-2019 Terms |
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658 | (3) |
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Table 6-22 Opinions of the Court, Dissenting Opinions, and Concurring Opinions, 1791-2019 Terms |
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661 | (3) |
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Identifying Patterns in the Justices' Opinion Writing: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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664 | (1) |
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Table 6-23 Votes of the Justices, 1791-2019 Terms |
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665 | (3) |
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Table 6-24 Solo Dissents, 1791-2019 Terms |
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668 | (3) |
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7 The Supreme Court: Its Political and Legal Environments |
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671 | (94) |
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Table 7-1 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Overturning Supreme Court Decisions |
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676 | (1) |
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Table 7-2 Most Litigated Federal Laws, by Chief Justice Era, 1801-2019 Terms (Marshall to Roberts) |
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676 | (3) |
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Table 7-3 Most Litigated Constitutional Provisions, by Chief Justice Era, 1801-2019 Terms (Marshall to Roberts) |
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679 | (3) |
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Table 7-4 Chairs of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary |
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682 | (2) |
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Table 7-5 Chairs of the House Committee on the Judiciary |
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684 | (2) |
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Table 7-6 Impeachment of Federal Judges and Justices |
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686 | (3) |
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Figure 7-1 Organizational Chart of the Department of Justice |
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689 | (1) |
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Table 7-7 Attorneys General of the United States |
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690 | (4) |
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Figure 7-2 Organizational Chart of the Office of the Solicitor General |
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694 | (1) |
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Table 7-8 Solicitors General of the United States |
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695 | (3) |
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Table 7-9 Success Rate of the United States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, 1791-2019 Terms |
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698 | (3) |
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Table 7-10 Success Rate of the United States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Issue Area and Chief Justice, 1800-2019 Terms (Marshall to Roberts) |
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701 | (3) |
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Analyzing the Success of the U.S. Government in the Supreme Court: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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704 | (3) |
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Table 7-11 Position Taken by the Solicitor General as an Amicus Curiae in Cases before the Supreme Court, 1946-2019 |
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707 | (1) |
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Table 7-12 Success Rate of the Solicitor General as an Amicus Curiae in Cases before the Supreme Court, 1946-2019 Terms |
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708 | (2) |
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Table 7-13 Success Rate of Federal Agencies as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, 1860-2019 Terms |
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710 | (4) |
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Table 7-14 Success Rate of Federal Agencies as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Issue Area, 1860-2019 Terms |
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714 | (1) |
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Table 7-15 Success Rate of Federal Agencies as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Agency, 1860-2019 Terms |
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715 | (3) |
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Table 7-16 Success Rate of States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, 1850-2019 Terms |
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718 | (4) |
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Table 7-17 Success Rate of States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by Issue Area and Chief Justice, 1837-2019 Terms (Taney to Roberts) |
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722 | (3) |
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Table 7-18 Success Rates of States as a Party to a Case before the Supreme Court, by State, 1791-2019 Terms |
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725 | (2) |
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Table 7-19 Supreme Court Rule 37: Brief for Amicus Curiae |
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727 | (2) |
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Table 7-20 Supreme Court Cases Containing At Least One Amicus Curiae Brief, 1946-2019 Terms |
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729 | (1) |
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Figure 7-3 The American Court System |
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730 | (1) |
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Figure 7-4 The Federal Court System: United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts |
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731 | (1) |
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Table 7-21 The Development of the U.S. Courts of Appeals |
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732 | (9) |
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Table 7-22 U.S. Court of Appeals Decisions Reversed by the Supreme Court, 1891-2019 Terms |
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741 | (7) |
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Table 7-23 Article I Special Jurisdiction Courts |
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748 | (5) |
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Table 7-24 Article III Special Jurisdiction Courts |
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753 | (5) |
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Table 7-25 Specialized Court Decisions Reversed, 1791-2019 |
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758 | (1) |
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Table 7-26 State and Territorial Court Decisions Reversed by Chief Justice Era, 1801-2019 Terms (Marshall to Roberts) |
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759 | (6) |
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8 The Supreme Court and Public Opinion |
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765 | (4) |
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Table 8-1 Respondents Allowing Atheists to Perform Specified Activity (Percentage) |
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769 | (1) |
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Table 8-2 Respondents Allowing Racists to Perform Specified Activity (Percentage) |
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770 | (1) |
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Table 8-3 Respondents Allowing Gays to Perform Specified Activity (Percentage) |
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771 | (1) |
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Table 8-4 Respondents Allowing Communists to Perform Specified Activity (Percentage) |
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772 | (1) |
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Table 8-5 Respondents Allowing Militarists to Perform Specified Activity (Percentage) |
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773 | (1) |
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Table 8-6 Respondents Favoring Capital Punishment, Various Polls (Percentage) |
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774 | (2) |
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Table 8-7 Respondents Believing Courts Not Harsh Enough with Criminals (Percentage) |
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776 | (1) |
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Table 8-8 Respondents Approving of Brown v. Board of Education |
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777 | (1) |
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Table 8-9 Respondents Disapproving of Racial Intermarriage and Approving of Segregated Neighborhoods (Percentage) |
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778 | (2) |
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Table 8-10 Respondents Approving of Busing, Various Polls (Percentage) |
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780 | (1) |
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Table 8-11 Respondents Favoring or Opposing Affirmative Action (Percentage) |
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781 | (1) |
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Table 8-12 Respondents Believing a Woman's Job Is to Take Care of the Home |
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782 | (1) |
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Table 8-13 Respondents Believing Information on Birth Control Should Be Legally Available, Select Polls (Percentage) |
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783 | (1) |
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Table 8-14 Respondents Believing Birth Control Should Be Available to Minors |
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784 | (1) |
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Table 8-15 Respondents Supporting Roe v. Wade, Select Polls (Percentage) |
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785 | (2) |
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Table 8-16 Respondents Believing Abortion Should Be Legal Under Any Circumstances, Legal Only in Certain Circumstances, or Illegal in All Circumstances (Percentage) |
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787 | (2) |
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Table 8-17 Respondents Supporting Legal Abortion under Special Circumstances (Percentage) |
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789 | (1) |
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Table 8-18 Respondents Believing Gay Sex Is Wrong |
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790 | (1) |
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Table 8-19 Respondents' Views on Same-Sex Marriage (Percentage) |
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791 | (1) |
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Table 8-20 Respondents Approving of Supreme Court Decisions Preventing Organized Prayer or Bible Readings in Schools, Select Polls (Percentage) |
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792 | (1) |
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Table 8-21 Respondents Believing Gun Laws Should be More Strict, Less Strict, or Kept As They are Now (Percentage) |
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793 | (1) |
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Table 8-22 Respondents Supporting an Individual's Right to Die, Various Polls (Percentage) |
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794 | (1) |
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Table 8-23 Respondents Having a Great Deal of Confidence in the Supreme Court, Congress, and the Executive Branch of the Federal Government (Percentage) |
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795 | (1) |
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Table 8-24 Respondents Having a Great Deal or Quite A Lot of Confidence in the Supreme Court, Congress, and the Presidency (Percentage) |
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796 | (2) |
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Exploring Public Confidence in the Supreme Court: A Data Literacy Lesson |
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798 | (3) |
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Table 8-25 Respondents Believing the Supreme Court Is Too Liberal, Too Conservative, or About Right (Percentage) |
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801 | (1) |
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Table 8-26 Respondents' Impressions of the Justices 2019(Percentage) |
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802 | (1) |
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Table 8-27 Public Reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's Plan to Enlarge the Supreme Court (Percentage) |
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803 | (1) |
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Table 8-28 Members of State, District, and Territorial Bars Favoring Franklin D. Roosevelt's Plan to Enlarge the Supreme Court (1937) |
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804 | (2) |
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Table 8-29 Respondents Believing That the Supreme Court's Decision in Bush v. Gore Mainly Reflected the Political Views or Partisan Politics of the Justices (Percentage) |
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806 | (1) |
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Table 8-30 Respondents Approving of or Agreeing with the Supreme Court's Decision in Bush v. Gore (Percentage) |
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807 | (2) |
| Index |
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809 | |
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