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El. knyga: Surviving in Violent Conflicts: Chinese Interpreters in the Second Sino-Japanese War 1931-1945

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This book examines the relatively little-known history of interpreting in the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-45). Chapters within explore how Chinese interpreters were trained and deployed as an important military and political asset by competing domestic and international powers, including the Chinese Nationalist Government (Kuomingtang), the Chinese Communist Party and Japanese forces. Drawing from a wide range of sources, including archives in mainland China and Taiwan, memoirs and interviews with former military interpreters, it discusses how the interpreting profession was affected by shifts of foreign policy and how interpreters’ professional habitus was formed through their training and interaction with other social agents and institutions. By investigating individual interpreters’ career development and border-crossing strategies, it questions the assumption of interpreting as an exclusive profession and highlights interpreters’ active position-taking as a strategy of self-protection, a route to power, or just a chance of a better life.
1 Introduction
1(22)
1.1 Interpreters' Role and Agency in Wars
4(4)
1.2 Loyalty and Identity: Hanjian Interpreters in the War
8(3)
1.3 Interpreter Training in Wars
11(3)
1.4 A Bourdieusian Approach to Studies of Wartime Interpreters
14(9)
2 Responsibility and Accountability: Military Interpreters and the Chinese Kuomintang Government
23(50)
2.1 Interpreters and the Changing Field
24(4)
2.1.1 Chinese/Japanese Interpreters
25(3)
2.2 The KMT's Military Interpreters during the War
28(31)
2.2.1 Chinese/German Interpreters and Sino-German Cooperation in the 1930s
28(8)
2.2.2 Chinese/Russian Interpreters
36(3)
2.2.3 Chinese/English Military Interpreters
39(20)
2.3 A Case Study of University Students as Military Interpreters
59(12)
2.4 Conclusions
71(2)
3 Political Beliefs or Practical Gains?: Interpreting for the Chinese Communist Party
73(30)
3.1 Chinese/Russian Interpreters
76(18)
3.1.1 Comintern Agents and the Students Returned from Russia
76(13)
3.1.2 A Speculative Stake: Training Chinese/Russian Interpreters in the 1940s
89(5)
3.2 An Unexpected Stake in the Field
94(6)
3.2.1 The Visit of Western Journalists and the US Dixie Mission
94(2)
3.2.2 From Interpreters to Diplomats
96(4)
3.3 Conclusions
100(3)
4 Interpreting for the Enemy: Collaborating Interpreters and the Japanese Forces
103(36)
4.1 Hanjian: Collaborating Interpreters
105(3)
4.2 Japanese Recruitment of Chinese Interpreters
108(15)
4.2.1 The Japanese-Returned Interpreters
109(8)
4.2.2 Locally Trained Interpreters: Forced Japanese Language Education and Linguistic Habitus
117(6)
4.3 Interpreter Embodiment
123(13)
4.3.1 Fake Interpreters
125(6)
4.3.2 Interpreters' Border-crossing Strategies
131(5)
4.4 Conclusions
136(3)
5 A Case Study of Two Interpreters: Xia Wenyun and Yan Jiarui
139(30)
5.1 Xia Wenyun: Interpreter as a Double Agent
141(17)
5.1.1 A Brief Biography of Xia Wenyun
141(10)
5.1.2 Xia's Social Capital and Stake in the Field
151(7)
5.2 Yan Jiarui: A Trained KMT Military Interpreter
158(9)
5.3 Conclusions
167(2)
6 Conclusion
169(6)
Appendix: Chronology of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931--45) 175(2)
List of References 177(18)
Index 195
Ting Guo is Lecturer in the Department of Modern Languages, University of Exeter, UK. A specialist in translation history, she has written widely on the roles of Chinese translators and interpreters in twentieth century China. She has published articles in journals such as Literature Compass, Translation Studies, and Translation Quarterly.
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