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El. knyga: Sustainable Water Resources in the Built Environment

  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Apr-2010
  • Leidėjas: IWA Publishing
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781780401454
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Sustainable Water Resources in the Built EnvironmentDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Apr-2010
  • Leidėjas: IWA Publishing
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781780401454
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Sustainable Water Resources in the Built Environment covers elements of water engineering and policy making in the sustainable construction of buildings with a focus on case studies from Panama and Kenya. It provides comprehensive information based on case studies, experimental data, interviews, and in-depth research. The book focuses on the water aspects of sustainable construction in less economically developed environments. It covers the importance of sustainable construction in developing country contexts with particular reference to what is meant by the water and wastewater aspects of sustainable buildings, the layout, climate, and culture of sites, the water quality tests performed and results obtained, the design of rainwater harvesting systems and policy considerations.

The book is a useful resource for practitioners in the field working on the water aspects of sustainable construction (international aid agencies, engineering firms working in developing contexts, intergovernmental organizations and NGOs). It is also useful as a text for water and sanitation practices in developing countries.

Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/SustainabilityinWaterSupply


Acknowledgments xiii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
Units xvii
Executive Summary xix
1 Introduction: Sustainable Construction
1(12)
1.1 Introduction: Sustainable Construction in the Developing World
1(4)
1.1.1 Sustainable construction
1(1)
1.1.2 Benefits of sustainable construction
2(1)
1.1.3 Water aspects of sustainable construction
2(2)
1.1.4 Critical situation in developing countries
4(1)
1.2 Objective and Scope
5(2)
1.2.1 Objectives
5(1)
1.2.2 Overview of approach
6(1)
1.2.3 Case Studies in Kenya and Panama
6(1)
1.3 Current State of Water Resources
7(1)
1.4 Water Resources and Climate Change
7(3)
1.5 Roadmap
10(3)
2 Background: Water Aspects of Sustainable Buildings
13(14)
2.1 Introduction: Water Aspects of Sustainable Buildings
13(1)
2.2 Water Quality Indicators
14(3)
2.2.1 Description of indicators
14(1)
2.2.2 Water quality standards
15(2)
2.3 Rainwater Harvesting in Developing Countries
17(9)
2.3.1 Biological contamination
20(1)
2.3.1.1 Insect vector breeding
20(1)
2.3.1.2 Microbiological contamination
21(1)
2.3.1.3 Chemical contamination
22(1)
2.3.2 Reducing contamination
22(2)
2.3.3 Examples
24(1)
2.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of RWH
24(1)
2.3.5 Structural and economic aspects
25(1)
2.4 Summary
26(1)
3 Background: Wastewater Aspects of Sustainable Buildings
27(16)
3.1 Introduction: Wastewater Aspects of Sustainable Buildings
27(1)
3.2 Wastewater Systems Presented in Panama Case Study
28(7)
3.2.1 Septic tank systems
28(2)
3.2.2 Wastewater stabilization ponds
30(2)
3.2.3 Phytoremediation
32(1)
3.2.4 Constructed wetlands
32(3)
3.3 Wastewater Systems Presented in Kenya Case Study
35(7)
3.3.1 Ecological sanitation (EcoSan)
35(1)
3.3.1.1 Greywater and blackwater
36(1)
3.3.1.2 Composting
37(1)
3.3.1.3 Vermicomposting
37(1)
3.3.2 Eco-toilets
38(1)
3.3.2.1 Dry, double-vault urine-diversion toilet
38(1)
3.3.2.2 Example: Urine diversion system in South Africa
39(1)
3.3.2.3 Fossa Alterna (FA-type) and Arbour Loo (AL-type)
39(1)
3.3.2.4 Example from Mozambique
39(1)
3.3.2.5 Example from Zimbabwe
40(2)
3.4 Summary
42(1)
4 Panama Site and Water Management Practices: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Sustainable Building in Bocas Del Toro
43(34)
4.1 Introduction: Panama Site and Water Management Practices
43(1)
4.2 Description of Study Area and Stri Building
44(3)
4.3 Potable Water and Wastewater in Bocas Del Toro
47(3)
4.3.1 Municipal potable water in Bocas del Toro
47(1)
4.3.2 Municipal wastewater treatment in Bocas del Toro
48(2)
4.4 Water Management at Stri
50(25)
4.4.1 Rainwater collection
50(1)
4.4.1.1 Situation before January 2006
50(3)
4.4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting system
53(8)
4.4.2 Potable water treatment
61(6)
4.4.3 Wastewater treatment
67(1)
4.4.3.1 Current situation
67(1)
4.4.3.2 Wastewater stabilization pond/constructed wetland plan
67(7)
4.4.4 Water conservation methods
74(1)
4.5 Conclusion
75(2)
5 Water Quality Testing at Panama Site: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Sustainable Building in Bocas Del Toro
77(14)
5.1 Introduction: Water Quality Testing at Panama Site
77(8)
5.1.1 Rainwater harvesting water quality experiment
77(1)
5.1.2 Sampling sites and sample collection
78(2)
5.1.3 Materials
80(1)
5.1.4 Methods
81(1)
5.1.4.1 pH
81(1)
5.1.4.2 Total suspended solids (TSS)
81(1)
5.1.4.3 Total and fecal coliform test
81(1)
5.1.5 Hach methods (Hach DR/890 Colorimeter)
82(1)
5.1.5.1 Precision and detection limit
82(1)
5.1.5.2 Color, true and apparent
83(1)
5.1.5.3 Nitrate
84(1)
5.1.5.4 Nitrite
84(1)
5.1.5.5 Sulfate
84(1)
5.1.5.6 Turbidity
84(1)
5.2 Rainwater Harvesting Experiment Results
85(4)
5.2.1 Coliform results
85(2)
5.2.2 Results for all other parameters
87(2)
5.3 Summary
89(2)
6 Kenya Site and Water Management Practices: The Village Homes Near the Mpala Research Centre Laikipia, Kenya
91(30)
6.1 Introduction: Kenya Site and Water Management Practices
91(1)
6.2 Description of Kenyan Climate and Water Resources
92(4)
6.3 Description of Study Area
96(2)
6.4 Water Management in Laikipia Near the Mpala Research Centre
98(20)
6.4.1 Mpala Research Centre (MRC)
98(1)
6.4.1.1 Water at MRC
98(4)
6.4.1.2 Wastewater at MRC
102(2)
6.4.2 Permanent village near MRC
104(3)
6.4.3 Il Motiok
107(4)
6.4.4 Lekiji
111(7)
6.5 Conclusion
118(3)
7 Water Quality Testing at Kenya Site: The Village Homes Near the Mpala Research Centre Laikipia, Kenya
121(10)
7.1 Introduction: Water Quality Testing at Kenya Site
121(1)
7.2 Rainwater Harvesting Water Quality Experiment
122(4)
7.2.1 Sampling sites and sample collection
122(3)
7.2.2 Materials
125(1)
7.2.3 Methods
125(1)
7.3 Rainwater Harvesting Experiment Results
126(4)
7.3.1 Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources of Kenya study
126(1)
7.3.2 Coliform results
126(2)
7.3.3 Results for all other parameters
128(2)
7.4 Summary
130(1)
8 Rainwater Harvesting Design: The Village Homes Near the Mpala Research Centre Lalkipia, Kenya
131(24)
8.1 Introduction: Rainwater Harvesting Design
131(1)
8.2 Designing a Rainwater Harvesting System
132(20)
8.2.1 Classification
132(1)
8.2.2 Roof catchments
133(1)
8.2.3 Storage tank volume
134(1)
8.2.3.1 Rainwater supply from buildings averaged over a year
134(2)
8.2.3.2 Designing storage tank size
136(6)
8.2.4 Building materials for storage tank and gutter
142(1)
8.2.5 Designing the gutter
143(1)
8.2.5.1 Water flow
143(2)
8.2.5.2 Interception
145(1)
8.2.5.3 Mounting
146(1)
8.2.5.4 Pipes for gutter connection to storage tank
146(1)
8.2.6 Technology to prevent and treat the contamination of rainwater
147(1)
8.2.6.1 Filters
148(1)
8.2.6.2 First-flush devices
148(1)
8.2.6.3 Fine-filtering
148(1)
8.2.6.4 Bacteria in tank
149(1)
8.2.6.5 Boiling, chlorination, and solar treatment
150(2)
8.2.7 Efficiency
152(1)
8.3 Summary
152(3)
9 Policy Considerations and Conclusions
155(18)
9.1 Introduction: Policy Considerations and Conclusions
155(1)
9.2 Similarities and Differences Between Case Studies
156(1)
9.2.1 Wastewater
156(1)
9.2.2 Potable water
157(1)
9.3 Region-Specific Considerations
157(4)
9.3.1 Issues for dry climates
157(4)
9.3.2 Issues for wet climates
161(1)
9.4 Feasible Low Cost Technologies
161(1)
9.5 Policies That Encourage Sustainable Building Water Practices
161(12)
9.5.1 Panama
162(4)
9.5.2 Kenya
166(1)
9.5.2.1 Ecotourism
167(1)
9.5.3 Policy recommendations
168(5)
10 References
173(8)
11 Appendix
181(38)
Subject Index 219
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