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El. knyga: Sweeteners: Pharmacology, Biotechnology, and Applications

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This handbook compiles comprehensive reference information on sweeteners for academic researchers and professionals. It discusses both natural as well as synthetic products, considering health-related and economical aspects. Renowned authors mostly from academia, but also from the industry, summarize information about the chemistry, biological and pharmacological aspects, as well as bioavailability and applications of sweeteners.
The book introduces various substance classes of sweeteners, which are mainly plant-derived, including glycosidic and terpenoid sweeteners, peptidic sweeteners, sweet-tasting proteins and protein-derived sweeteners (e.g. stevioside, sucralose, aspartame, thaumatin, brazzein and many more). Chapters address topics such as the isolation and purification of the compounds, their physical, chemical and biological properties, pharmacological activities, and also critically discuss their applications in view of health and ecotoxicological aspects. A special emphasis is on low or no-calorie sweeteners, for which there is an increasing demand and intensified research activities currently.

This reference work hence provides the readers with key information and will serve the needs of graduate students and scholars, researchers and professionals working in the fields of chemistry, botany, biotechnology, or pharmacological or agricultural research, as well as in the
food industry or the marketing of sweeteners.
1 An Introduction to Sweeteners
1(14)
Arpita Das
Runu Chakraborty
Part I Biology and Occurrence
15(136)
2 Brazzein: A Natural Sweetener
17(18)
V. Rajan
J. A. Howard
3 Cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and Associated Challenges
35(52)
Luciana G. Angelini
Andrea Martini
Barbara Passera
Silvia Tavarini
4 Glycyrrhiza glabra: Chemistry and Pharmacological Activity
87(14)
Varsha Sharma
Akshay Katiyar
R. C. Agrawal
5 Steviol Glycosides: Natural Noncaloric Sweeteners
101(28)
Indra Prakash
Venkata Sai Prakash Chaturvedula
6 Xylitol as Sweetener
129(22)
Salim-ur Rehman
Mian Anjum Murtaza
Zarina Mushtaq
Part II Biotechnology and Genetic Modifications
151(72)
7 Biotransformation of Mogrosides
153(14)
Reuben Wang
Chun-Hui Chiu
Ting-Jang Lu
Yi-Chen Lo
8 Mass Production of the Taste-Modifying Protein Miraculin in Transgenic Plants
167(18)
Hiroshi Ezura
Kyoko Hiwasa-Tanase
9 Transgenic Plants as Producers of Supersweet Protein Thaumatin II
185(26)
A. P. Firsov
A. S. Pushin
S. V. Dolgov
10 Transgenics with Monellin
211(12)
Tanushri Kaul
Chinreddy Subramanyam Reddy
Saurabh Pandey
Part III Biological Effects
223(214)
11 The Role of Dietary Sugars and Sweeteners in Metabolic Disorders and Diabetes
225(20)
Motahar Heidari-Beni
Roya Kelishadi
12 The Pharmacological Activities of Glycyrrhizinic Acid ("Glycyrrhizin") and Glycyrrhetinic Acid
245(18)
Cedric Stephan Graebin
13 Beneficial Effects of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and Steviol-Related Compounds on Health
263(22)
Alan Talevi
14 Health Implications of Fructose Consumption in Humans
285(26)
Luc Tappy
15 Potential Carcinogenic Risks of Aspartame
311(38)
Morando Soffritti
Angela Guaragna
Marco Manservigi
16 Stevia Rebaudiana's Antioxidant Properties
349(28)
Cecilia Bender
17 Nonnutritive Sweeteners and Their Role in the Gastrointestinal Tract
377(16)
Allison C. Sylvetsky
Jenna Abdelhadi
Najy Issa
Kristina I. Rother
18 Sweet-Taste Receptor Signaling Network and Low-Calorie Sweeteners
393(16)
Menizibeya O. Welcome
Nikos E. Mastorakis
Vladimir A. Pereverzev
19 Xylitol: One Name, Numerous Benefits
409(28)
Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
Md. Shahidul Islam
Part IV Methods of Analysis
437(88)
20 Analytical Strategies to Determine Artificial Sweeteners by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
439(40)
Rosa A. Lorenzo Ferreira
Maria Asuncion Lage Yusty
Antonia Maria Cairo Diaz
21 Characterization of Artificial Sweeteners Using Raman Spectroscopy
479(14)
Anna Grazia Mignani
Leonardo Ciaccheri
Gabriele Manca
Andrea Azelio Mencaglia
Tom Verschooten
Heidi Ottevaere
Hugo Thienpont
22 Sweet-Tasting Protein Thaumatin: Physical and Chemical Properties
493(32)
Tetsuya Masuda
Part V Industrial Applications
525(118)
23 The Recent Development of a Sweet-Tasting Brazzein and its Potential Industrial Applications
527(20)
Fabrice Neiers
Christian Naumer
Michael Krohn
Loi'c Briand
24 Sugar Alcohols as Sugar Substitutes in Food Industry
547(28)
Malgorzata Grembecka
25 Tagatose Stability Issues in Food Systems
575(16)
Leonard N. Bell
26 Low Calorie Intense Sweeteners: Safety Aspects
591(22)
Qurrat ul-Ain
Madiha Sikander
Sohaib Ahmed Khan
Muhammad Sikander Ghayas Khan
Rabia Ghayas
27 Sweeteners: Regulatory Aspects
613(30)
Jose Manuel Garcia-Almeida
Isabel M. Cornejo-Pareja
Araceli Munoz-Garach
Ana Gomez-Perez
Jorge Garcia-Aleman
Index 643
Professeur Dr. Jean-Michel Merillon is the « Directeur de lEA 3675 (Groupe dEtude des Substances Vegetales ą Activité Biologique + Polyphenols Biotech) », at the Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, in Villenave dOrnon, France. He received his M.Pharma. (1979) and Ph.D. (1984) from the University of Tours in France. He joined the University of Tours as assistant professor in 1981, became associate professor in 1987. In 1993 he moved to the faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bordeaux, France, accepting a position as full professor. He is currently leading the study group on biologically active plant substances at the Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences, which comprises 25 scientists and research students. The group has been working on phenolic compounds from vine and wine for many years, mainly complex stilbenes and their involvement in health. Prof. Mérillon has supervised the doctoral theses of 19 students. He is involvedin developing teaching on plant biology, natural bioactive compounds and biotechnology.  Prof. Mérillon has published more than 145 research papers in internationally recognized journals, resulting in an H index of 35 (documents published between 1996 and 2015). He has co-edited books and reference works on secondary metabolites and biotechnology. Throughout his career, Prof. Mérillon has traveled widely as a senior professor. Scientists from several countries have been and are working in his laboratory, and his research is supported by funding from the Aquitaine Regional Government, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and various private companies. In 2004, he founded the technology transfer unit Polyphenols Biotech, providing support for R&D programs for SMEs and major groups from the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agricultural and health-nutrition sectors. Prof. Dr. Kishan G. Ramawat is Former Professor & Head of the Botany Department, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India, and can look back on longstanding research experience. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Biotechnology in 1978 from the University of Jodhpur, India and afterwards joined the university as a faculty member. In 1991 he moved to the M.L.Sukhadia University in Udaipur as Associate Professor and became Professor in 2001. He served as the Head of the Department of Botany (2001-2004, 2010-2012), was in charge of the Department of Biotechnology (2003-2004), was a member of the task force on medicinal and aromatic plants of the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi (2002-2005) and coordinated UGC-DRS and DST-FIST programmes (2002-2012). Prof. Ramawat had done his postdoctoral studies at the University of Tours, France from 1983-85, and later returned to Tours as visiting professor (1991). He also visited the University of Bordeaux 2, France several times as visiting professor (1995, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2010), and in 2005 Poland in an academic exchange programme (2005). Through these visits in France, Prof. Ramawat and Prof. Mérillon established a strong connection, which has resulted in productive collaborations and several book and reference work publications. Prof. Ramawat has published more than 170 well cited peer reviewed papers and articles, and edited several books and reference works on topics such as the biotechnology of medicinal plants, secondary metabolites, bioactive molecules, herbal drugs, and many other topics. His research was funded by several funding agencies. In his research group, Prof. Ramawat has supervised doctoral thesis of 25 students. He is an active member of several academic bodies, associations and editorial boards of journals.