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El. knyga: Symmetry: A Mathematical Exploration

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This textbook invites readers to explore the properties of objects that we effortlessly recognize as symmetrical. From the human body, to elaborate artworks and abstract networks, symmetry is ubiquitous in the world around us; it is essential to function and beauty across the built and natural world. By developing mathematical language to describe symmetry, this textbook equips readers to explore symmetries with precision, illuminating commonalities across art and science.





Beginning with an exploration of intuitive notions of symmetry, the author introduces the algebraic structure of groups by examining rotations and reflections. Topics that follow include the classification of two-dimensional patterns, the Platonic solids, and a study of real and prime numbers. This second edition features numerous new examples and exercises, Elements of Mathematics sections that more closely examine mathematical tools, and optional content that offers opportunities for extension. Figures are woven into the presentation throughout, with many illustrations now offered in motion as integrated video content.











Symmetry suits a wide audience, demanding no mathematical training past high school basics, yet stretching the imagination of math and non-math majors alike. Its engaging yet rigorous style offers a window into mathematicians ways of thinking. By developing mathematical reasoning skills in a spatial context, this text is ideal for a course that meets quantitative requirements for non-STEM majors. Instructors will appreciate the authors comprehensive online resources, which include a full set of animated lecture slides; all readers will delight in watching the books content come alive using the multimedia app.

Recenzijos

This book has much to recommend it. The material is presented clearly and enthusiastically . there are a lot of well-chosen exercises, ranging from very easy to more challenging. this is a well-written book, covering interesting material, that can serve a number of possible audiences. many math majors will never have seen many of the topics discussed in this book technical details by the instructor, serve as a useful text for a capstone course for majors. (Mark Hunacek MAA Reviews, November 14, 2021)

1 Introduction to Symmetry
1(28)
1A Counting Symmetries
1(3)
1B Objects
4(5)
1C Rigid Motions
9(5)
1D Bounded and Unbounded Objects (Revisited)
14(3)
1E Elements of Mathematics: The Contrapositive
17(12)
Exercises
19(10)
2 The Algebra of Symmetry
29(26)
2A Composition
29(2)
2B Cayley Tables
31(3)
2C Groups
34(3)
2D Symmetry Groups
37(2)
2E One Reflection Is Enough
39(2)
2F An Improved Classification of Rigid Motions
41(4)
2G Elements of Mathematics: The Counterexample
45(10)
Exercises
47(8)
3 The Classification Theorems
55(24)
3A Rigid Equivalence
56(1)
3B Bounded Objects
57(3)
3C Border Patterns
60(3)
3D Wallpaper Patterns (optional)
63(4)
3E Elements of Mathematics: Equivalence (optional)
67(12)
Exercises
70(9)
4 Isomorphic Groups
79(16)
4A The Definition of an Isomorphism
80(4)
4B Isomorphism Examples
84(3)
4C A Better Notation for Cyclic Groups
87(2)
4D Elements of Mathematics: The Converse
89(6)
Exercises
90(5)
5 Subgroups and Product Groups
95(16)
5A Subgroups
95(4)
5B Generated Subgroups (optional)
99(2)
5C Product Groups (optional)
101(5)
5D Elements of Mathematics: Sets versus Lists
106(5)
Exercises
107(4)
6 Permutation Groups
111(24)
6A Counting Permutations
111(3)
6B Cycle Notation and Composition
114(3)
6C Even and Odd Permutations
117(5)
6D Symmetries and Permutations
122(2)
6E Elements of Mathematics: Well-Defined
124(3)
6F Elements of Mathematics: The Inductive Proof (optional)
127(8)
Exercises
129(6)
7 Symmetries of 3D Objects
135(36)
7A Basics of 3D
135(5)
7B Essentially Two-Dimensional Objects
140(3)
7C A Trick for Counting Symmetries
143(2)
7D The Tetrahedron
145(2)
7E The Cube
147(2)
7F The Dodecahedron
149(1)
7G The Classification Theorem
150(3)
7H Chirality
153(3)
7I The Full Story (optional)
156(7)
Exercises
163(8)
8 The Five Platonic Solids
171(20)
8A The Classification of Platonic Solids
171(5)
8B Counting Their Parts
176(1)
8C Duality
177(3)
8D Euler's Formula
180(4)
8E The Euler Characteristic
184(1)
8F The Platonic Solids Through the Ages
185(6)
Exercises
187(4)
9 Symmetry and Optimization
191(10)
9A Minimal Surfaces
191(2)
9B The Circle Wins
193(4)
9C Elements of Mathematics: Proof by Contradiction
197(4)
Exercises
198(3)
10 What Is a Number?
201(16)
10A Natural Numbers
202(1)
10B Integers and Rational Numbers
203(1)
10C Irrational Numbers
203(2)
10D Real Numbers
205(2)
10E Which Real Numbers Are Rational?
207(2)
10F Real Numbers and Symmetry
209(2)
10G Elements of Mathematics: Construction of Rational and Real Numbers
211(6)
Exercises
213(4)
11 Excursions in Numbers
217(14)
11A How Many Prime Numbers Are There?
217(3)
11B The Meaning of "Same Size"
220(4)
11C Are the Rational Numbers Countable?
224(1)
11D Cantor's Theorem
225(6)
Exercises
228(3)
12 Rigid Motions as Functions
231(12)
12A Measuring Distance in Euclidean Space
231(3)
12B Naming the Points on the Unit Circle
234(2)
12C The Dot Product and Perpendicularity
236(2)
12D Using the Dot Product to Find a Friend
238(1)
12E Rigid Motions Are Functions
239(4)
Exercises
241(2)
13 Rigid Motions as Matrices
243(10)
13A Matrix Computations
243(3)
13B Representing Rigid Motions as Matrices
246(3)
13C Orthogonal Matrices
249(1)
13D Concluding Remarks
250(3)
Exercises
251(2)
Image Credits 253(4)
Index 257
Kristopher Tapp is Professor of Mathematics at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia. The recipient of numerous teaching awards, he is particularly interested in communicating ideas from mathematics to students in other fields. His research extends from differential geometry to the mathematical study of gerrymandering. Previous books include Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, which appears in Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics.