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xiv | |
| About the Authors |
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xxi | |
| Preface |
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xxiii | |
| Chapter Overview |
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xxiv | |
| Working your way through this book |
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xxv | |
| Examples of Review Challenges and How This Book Can Help |
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xxix | |
| `I have a general review topic in mind, but I don't know where to focus' |
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xxix | |
| `I have no idea how much literature exists on my review topic' |
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xxix | |
| `I am confident I can find and select studies for my review; however, I am not sure how to assess the quality of the evidence base' |
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xxx | |
| `I am not sure how to select an appropriate method of synthesis for my review' |
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xxx | |
| `I realise that I will need to clearly report my methodology when I write up my review. Should I make notes as I go along to aid with this?' |
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xxx | |
| Summary |
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xxx | |
| Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
|
xxx | |
| FAQ 0.1 Is this book for me? |
|
xxx | |
| FAQ 0.2 I may not want to undertake a full systematic review but I want to make my review more systematic. How can I do this? |
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xxxi | |
| FAQ 0.3 How do I find out the meaning of unfamiliar terms used in the book? |
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xxxi | |
| FAQ 0.4 How can I view images used in this book? |
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xxxi | |
| FAQ 0.5 I've completed one of the exercises in the book. Where can I find the answers? |
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xxxi | |
| Suggestions for Further Information |
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xxxi | |
| Online Resources |
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xxxii | |
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1 Meeting the Review Family: An Overview |
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1 | (21) |
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In a Nutshell - Meeting the Review Family |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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What is a Literature Review? |
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2 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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What does it mean for a review to be systematic? |
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3 | (2) |
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When Do I Do a Literature Review? |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (9) |
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Traditional review family |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Qualitative review family |
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11 | (1) |
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Mixed methods review family |
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12 | (1) |
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Purpose-specific review family |
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13 | (2) |
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Why Not a Literature Review? |
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15 | (1) |
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What is not a Literature Review? |
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15 | (1) |
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How Do I Prepare to Do a Literature Review? |
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16 | (2) |
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Practical step 1 Choose your topic |
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16 | (1) |
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Practical step 2 Think about your intended purpose |
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17 | (1) |
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Practical step 3 Think about your intended audience |
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17 | (1) |
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Practical step 4 Where will the literature be found? |
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17 | (1) |
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Practical step 5 What will the literature, and the data, look like? |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Toolbox - Published Guidelines/Guidance for Different Review Types |
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19 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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20 | (1) |
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FAQ 1.1 What if I haven't Identified a review topic yet? |
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20 | (1) |
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FAQ 1.2 What if I don't know which type of review is most appropriate for my topic? |
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20 | (1) |
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FAQ 1.3 Where can I find additional resources? |
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20 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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20 | (2) |
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2 Getting Started on Your Literature Review |
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22 | (46) |
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In a Nutshell - Getting Started on Your Literature Review |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Why is the Literature Review so Important? |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Where Does the Literature Review Fit Within the Context of Research? |
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25 | (2) |
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What types of research question are suitable for the literature review? |
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26 | (1) |
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Why Review the Literature? |
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27 | (2) |
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Is my review really necessary? |
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28 | (1) |
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A Brief History of Research Synthesis |
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29 | (1) |
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What is the Place of Theory in the literature review? |
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30 | (4) |
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The traditional narrative review, the systematic review and `systematic approaches' |
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32 | (2) |
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Clarification of Terminology |
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34 | (2) |
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Introducing the SALSA Framework |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (4) |
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How Do I Plan and Conduct My Literature Review? |
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40 | (3) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Managing Your Literature Review |
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43 | (3) |
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Project management challenges |
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46 | (1) |
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Updates to Existing Reviews |
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46 | (4) |
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At a glance - review update |
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48 | (2) |
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Converting Your Review to a Different Format |
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50 | (14) |
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50 | (1) |
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Study skills and techniques |
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51 | (1) |
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What generic skills will I require for my review? |
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51 | (1) |
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How do I gain needed skills in systematic approaches? |
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52 | (3) |
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Stages of the literature review |
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55 | (7) |
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Tools to support the review process |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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65 | (2) |
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FAQ 2.1 Should I always aim to be `systematic' when conducting my literature review? |
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65 | (1) |
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FAQ 2.2 If all reviews are `systematic' should I call my review a `systematic review'? |
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65 | (1) |
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FAQ 2.3 Do I need a minimum amount of literature to conduct a literature review? |
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65 | (1) |
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FAQ 2.4 Must I only include high-quality literature or particular study types within my literature review? |
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65 | (1) |
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FAQ 2.5 Should I update an existing review? |
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66 | (1) |
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FAQ 2.6 Will updating a review be cheaper than the original review? |
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66 | (1) |
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FAQ 2.7 What are the main things that could go wrong when conducting a review? |
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66 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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67 | (1) |
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3 Choosing Your Review Methods |
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68 | (25) |
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In a Nutshell - How to Choose Your Review Methods |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Acknowledging Your Review Constraints |
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70 | (4) |
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A Generic Process for Planning Your Review |
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74 | (1) |
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Our `Survival Kit' of Review Options |
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75 | (7) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Review of reviews (overview) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (6) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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89 | (2) |
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FAQ 3.1 How can I use other people's reviews in my own research? |
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89 | (1) |
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FAQ 3.2 Is a scoping review or mapping review automatically a rapid review? |
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89 | (1) |
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FAQ 3.3 What if scoping reveals studies are poor in quality? |
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89 | (1) |
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FAQ 3.4 What if eligible studies lack detail? |
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90 | (1) |
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FAQ 3.5 What if I am short of time? |
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90 | (1) |
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FAQ 3.6 Should I perform a rapid review? |
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91 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (31) |
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In a Nutshell - How to Define Your Review Scope |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (10) |
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Why is defining your scope important? |
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94 | (3) |
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Defining your scope with your audience in mind |
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97 | (1) |
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Frameworks for defining your scope |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (4) |
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104 | (1) |
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Further Defining Your Scope |
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104 | (8) |
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106 | (3) |
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Data mining and automation |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (3) |
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Toolbox - Defining Your Scope |
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112 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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Tools for concept mapping |
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113 | (1) |
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Defining Your Scope: Challenges and Pitfalls |
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114 | (2) |
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How wide do I go? (Sampling approaches) |
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114 | (2) |
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How narrow can I stay? (Scope creep) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (4) |
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Examples of review protocols |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Frequently asked questions (FAQs) |
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121 | (1) |
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FAQ 4.1 None of the frameworks fit my question. How can I formulate my research idea? |
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121 | (1) |
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FAQ 4.2 With so much literature in my review topic, how can I review it systematically? |
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121 | (1) |
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FAQ 4.3 My research question is actually four or five questions, is this a problem? |
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121 | (1) |
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FAQ 4.4 I had identified a defined question but my scoping search identified nothing on this topic, what shall I do? |
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122 | (1) |
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FAQ 4.5 Is it really necessary to formally complete the review protocol? |
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122 | (1) |
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FAQ 4.6 When is it appropriate to change my review scope? |
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122 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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122 | (2) |
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5 Searching the Literature |
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124 | (70) |
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In a Nutshell - How to Conduct a Literature Search |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Stages in the Literature Searching Process |
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126 | (20) |
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1 Who should conduct the literature search? |
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127 | (1) |
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2 Aims and purpose of literature searching |
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128 | (1) |
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3 How to prepare for your review (the scoping search) |
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129 | (4) |
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4 How to construct your search strategy |
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133 | (2) |
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5 How to search bibliographic databases |
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135 | (4) |
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6 How to use supplementary searching |
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139 | (1) |
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7 How to manage your references |
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140 | (1) |
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8 How to report the search process |
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141 | (5) |
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Types of literature reviews |
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146 | (1) |
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Translating your review question into a search strategy |
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146 | (6) |
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Toolbox - Searching the Literature |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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154 | (2) |
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FAQ 5.1 How do I identify synonyms for my research topic concepts? |
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154 | (1) |
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FAQ 5.2 How do I know when to stop searching? |
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154 | (1) |
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FAQ 5.3 Is it sensible to use NOT in a search strategy? |
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154 | (1) |
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FAQ 5.4 I have completed my searching, but have now discovered an additional search term that might be useful, what should I do? |
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155 | (1) |
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FAQ 5.5 Should I use abbreviations in my search terms? |
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155 | (1) |
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FAQ 5.6 I have noticed substantial duplication between the databases I have searched, how do I handle this? |
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155 | (1) |
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FAQ 5.7 Do I need to use a search filter? |
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155 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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156 | (2) |
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6 Assessing the Evidence Base |
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158 | (1) |
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In a Nutshell - Selecting Studies to Include in Your Review and Assessing Their Quality |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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How to Assess the Relevance of Studies to Your Review Question |
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160 | (3) |
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Steps in the study selection process |
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161 | (1) |
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Using software for study selection |
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162 | (1) |
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Assessing Your Included Studies - First Steps |
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163 | (3) |
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Assessing the Evidence Base in Detail |
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166 | (15) |
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Assessing the quality of included studies - what is it and why do we do it? |
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166 | (1) |
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Study designs -- is there a hierarchy of evidence? |
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167 | (6) |
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Quality assessment: validity, reliability and applicability |
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173 | (2) |
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Carrying out quality assessment |
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175 | (6) |
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Toolbox - Quality Assessment Checklists |
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181 | (10) |
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Case study - drafting a checklist |
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181 | (5) |
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Quality assessment of qualitative research |
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186 | (2) |
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Quality assessment for mixed methods reviews |
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188 | (1) |
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Applying quality assessment |
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189 | (1) |
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Issues and challenges in quality assessment |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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191 | (2) |
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FAQ 6.11 Am unsure whether to include a study in my review, what can I do? |
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191 | (1) |
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FAQ 6.2 Do I need to record a reason for all the studies I exclude? |
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192 | (1) |
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FAQ 6.3 How do I keep track of what I have included and excluded and at what stage? |
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192 | (1) |
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FAQ 6.4 I am unsure how much effort I will need to spend on quality assessment and how I should approach it for my review? |
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192 | (1) |
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FAQ 6.5 I am critically appraising a systematic review and I want to assess the issue of heterogeneity, whereabouts in the review should I look for this? |
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192 | (1) |
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FAQ 6.6 Can I combine my data extraction with my quality assessment, so I don't need to read each study twice? |
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192 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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193 | (1) |
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7 Synthesising and Analysing Quantitative Studies |
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194 | (41) |
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In a Nutshell - How to Synthesise and Analyse Quantitative Studies |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Synthesis-Analysis, Analysis-Synthesis? |
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196 | (25) |
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Overview of approaches to synthesis |
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196 | (1) |
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Extracting quantitative data for your review |
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197 | (2) |
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Planning your synthesis strategy |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (8) |
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Analysis of quantitative research |
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218 | (1) |
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Use of validity assessment |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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Revisiting the Review Question(s) |
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221 | (10) |
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Discussing the limitations of the evidence |
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222 | (4) |
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226 | (3) |
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Selective outcome reporting bias |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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232 | (2) |
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FAQ 7.1 Do I need to be skilled in statistics to conduct a systematic review? |
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232 | (1) |
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FAQ 7.2 How do I decide which method of meta-analysis to use? |
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232 | (1) |
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FAQ 7.3 Are there any software that will help with data extraction? |
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233 | (1) |
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FAQ 7.4 What software is available for performing a meta-analysis? |
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233 | (1) |
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FAQ 7.5 What if the studies in my meta-analysis are of variable quality? |
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234 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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234 | (1) |
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8 Synthesising and Analysing Qualitative Studies |
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235 | (39) |
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In a Nutshell - How to synthesise and analyse qualitative studies |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Synthesis-analysis: an iterative process |
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237 | (1) |
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Overview of Approaches to Qualitative Synthesis |
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237 | (2) |
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Aggregative, configurative or integrative? |
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238 | (1) |
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A Step-by-Step Guide to Qualitative Synthesis |
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239 | (5) |
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Step 1 Formulating the question |
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239 | (1) |
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Steps 2and 3 - Searching and screening the literature |
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240 | (1) |
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Step 4 Extracting qualitative data for your review |
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241 | (1) |
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Step 5 Quality assessment (appraisal) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Step 7 Analysis and interpretation |
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243 | (1) |
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Getting Started in Qualitative Synthesis |
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244 | (5) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Best fit framework synthesis |
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247 | (2) |
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Progressing to Advanced Forms of Synthesis |
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249 | (14) |
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249 | (4) |
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Qualitative data analysis |
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253 | (5) |
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Where to next? Advanced forms of analysis |
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258 | (5) |
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Writing Up and Presenting Review Findings |
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263 | (7) |
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Using tables to present your data |
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263 | (1) |
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Using numbers to present your data |
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264 | (1) |
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Using graphics to present your data |
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264 | (4) |
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268 | (1) |
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Mega-ethnography and mega-aggregation (review of reviews) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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271 | (2) |
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FAQ 8.1 How do I choose an appropriate method for qualitative synthesis? |
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271 | (1) |
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FAQ 8.2 Which methods of qualitative evidence synthesis are most suitable for a novice reviewer? |
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271 | (1) |
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FAQ 8.3 Once I have identified all my included papers where should I start? |
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271 | (1) |
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FAQ 8.4 How many studies do I need for my qualitative synthesis? |
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272 | (1) |
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FAQ 8.5 What guidance is available for reporting qualitative synthesis? |
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272 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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273 | (1) |
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9 Synthesising and Analysing Mixed Methods Data |
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274 | (35) |
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In a Nutshell - How to Synthesise and Analyse Mixed Methods Data |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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Undertaking a Mixed Methods Review |
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277 | (1) |
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A Step-by-Step Guide to Mixed Methods Synthesis |
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278 | (17) |
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Step 1 Constructing statement of overall goal/research problem |
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282 | (1) |
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Step 2 Scoping the review |
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283 | (1) |
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Step 3 Formulating the review question(s) |
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283 | (3) |
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Step 4 Deciding on the review design |
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286 | (1) |
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Step 5 Determining initial criteria for inclusion/exclusion |
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286 | (1) |
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Step 6 Conducting an extensive literature search |
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287 | (1) |
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Step 7 Selecting final articles for inclusion |
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287 | (1) |
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Step 8 Assessing study quality |
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288 | (1) |
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Step 9 Extracting the data |
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288 | (1) |
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Step 10 Synthesising and integrating the studies |
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289 | (1) |
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Step 11 Interpreting the evidence |
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290 | (1) |
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Step 12 Presenting the results |
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290 | (5) |
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Points of Integration for Quantitative and Qualitative evidence |
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295 | (8) |
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295 | (1) |
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Integration within the review process |
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295 | (1) |
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Integrating at the review level |
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296 | (1) |
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Integration via the review process |
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296 | (5) |
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Integrating using a common structure, framework or model |
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301 | (1) |
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Integrating through `translation' of the data |
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302 | (1) |
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On the Role of the Narrative Review |
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303 | (2) |
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The usefulness of mixed methods reviews |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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306 | (2) |
|
FAQ 9.1 Should I perform a rapid mixed methods review? |
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306 | (1) |
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FAQ 9.2 Which methods of integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence are most suitable for a novice reviewer? |
|
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306 | (1) |
|
FAQ 9.3 Should I publish my mixed methods review as one publication or two? |
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306 | (1) |
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FAQ 9.4 Why should I consider conducting a mixed methods review? |
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307 | (1) |
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FAQ 9.5 I can't decide between conducting two separate reviews of quantitative and qualitative evidence and undertaking a single mixed methods synthesis. What particular issues should I bear in mind? |
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307 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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308 | (1) |
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10 Writing Up, Presenting and Disseminating Your Review |
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309 | (32) |
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In a Nutshell - How to Write Up, Present and Share Your Review Findings |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (3) |
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Identifying recommendations for action |
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310 | (1) |
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Highlighting recommendations for future research |
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311 | (2) |
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Considering Your Audience |
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313 | (7) |
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314 | (2) |
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Writing for research hinders |
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316 | (1) |
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Writing for policy-makers |
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316 | (1) |
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Writing for practitioners |
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317 | (1) |
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Writing for the research community |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Reflexivity and acknowledging potential bias |
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319 | (1) |
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A Sample Review Structure |
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320 | (13) |
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Reviews and reporting guidelines |
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326 | (3) |
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Use of tables and figures |
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329 | (1) |
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Use of appendices and other supporting features |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Structuring other types of review (scoping/mapping reviews) |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (1) |
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Toolbox for Presenting Your Findings |
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334 | (3) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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The EPICOT+ format for reporting research recommendations |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |
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338 | (2) |
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FAQ 10.1 How do I identify reporting guidelines that relate to my systematic review? |
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338 | (1) |
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FAQ 10.2 Is it mandatory to use reporting guidelines where available? |
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338 | (1) |
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FAQ 10.3 What should I report if I produce an empty review? |
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338 | (1) |
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FAQ 10.4 What outputs can I use to disseminate my review? |
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339 | (1) |
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FAQ 10.5 How can I promote outputs from my review? |
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339 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Information |
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|
340 | (1) |
| References |
|
341 | (35) |
| Index |
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376 | |
