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"While aviation fatalities have thankfully fallen dramatically in recent years, the phenomena of complexity and cognitive bias have been shown to be factors in many accidents. An understanding of these phenomena promises to bring the fatality rate even lower, and a deeper understanding of commercial aircraft in the context of systems engineering will contribute to that trend. This book describes commercial aircraft from an advanced systems point of view, addressing complexity, cybersecurity, and systems architecting. In addition, it provides an explanation of systems engineering, describes how systems engineering forms a framework for commercial aircraft, covers how systems engineering and systems architecting relate to commercial aircraft, addresses complexity and shows how humans fit into systems engineering and the importance for commercial aircraft. It goes onto present how cybersecurity plays an important role in the mix and how human interface fits in. The readership includes designers of aircraft,manufacturers, researchers, systems engineers, and students"--

While aviation fatalities have thankfully fallen dramatically in recent years, the phenomena of complexity and cognitive bias have been shown to be factors in many accidents. An understanding of these phenomena promises to bring the fatality rate even lower, and a deeper understanding of commercial aircraft in the context of systems engineering will contribute to that trend.

Systems Approach to the Design of Commercial Aircraft

describes commercial aircraft from an advanced systems point of view, addressing complexity, cybersecurity, and systems architecting. In addition, it provides an explanation of systems engineering, describes how systems engineering forms a framework for commercial aircraft, covers how systems engineering and systems architecting relate to commercial aircraft, addresses complexity and shows how humans fit into systems engineering and the importance for commercial aircraft. It goes onto present how cybersecurity plays an important role in the mix and how human interface fits in.

The readership includes designers of aircraft, manufacturers, researchers, systems engineers, and students.

Scott Jackson is a fellow of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) and the author of Systems Engineering for Commercial Aircraft (1997 and 2015) in both English and Chinese.

Ricardo Moraes dos Santos is a senior systems engineer at EMBRAER S/A and an INCOSE Brazil chapter director. He works with Architecting process (Corporate) and is head of Cybersecurity and Safety (STPA Applications) at EMBRAER S/A.

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
About the Authors xiii
Chapter 1 Vision
1(2)
Chapter 2 Systems
3(10)
Types of Systems
3(1)
The Systems View
4(2)
Cohesion
4(1)
Emergence
4(1)
Holism
5(1)
Hierarchy
5(1)
Boundary
5(1)
Typical Systems in the Aviation Domain
6(2)
Other Properties of Systems
8(1)
Properties Associated with Some Systems
8(1)
The Hierarchy of Systems Theory
9(1)
Systems Engineering
10(1)
Systems in the Broader View
10(1)
Systems Architecting
10(1)
Systems of Systems (SoS) Engineering
11(1)
References
11(2)
Chapter 3 Systems Theory
13(2)
References
14(1)
Chapter 4 Worldviews
15(4)
A View of an Aircraft Across Worldviews
17(1)
References
17(2)
Chapter 5 Commercial Aircraft in the Context of Systems Theory
19(8)
Summary of the Expanded View of Systems Engineering
20(1)
Systems Engineering: The Broader View
21(1)
The Systems Engineering Context
21(1)
Seven Thought-Provoking Ideas About Systems Engineering
22(3)
References
25(2)
Chapter 6 The Engineering of Systems in a Systems Theory Context
27(6)
The Vee Model
27(1)
The Procurement Specification
28(2)
Recommendations
30(1)
Other Systems Aspects
30(1)
References
31(2)
Chapter 7 The Systems Approach
33(4)
Related Disciplines
34(1)
References
35(2)
Chapter 8 Systems Architecting
37(8)
Systems Architecting and Systems Engineering
39(1)
Systems Architecting in the Aircraft Life Cycle
40(1)
An Architecting Tool: The Rich Picture
41(1)
Architecting: An Overview
42(1)
References
42(3)
Chapter 9 Complexity in a Systems Theory Context
45(4)
Complexity and Architecting
46(1)
References
47(2)
Chapter 10 Humans in the System
49(4)
Humans in an Aircraft Resilience Context
49(1)
Humans in Aviation Automation Context
50(2)
The Billings Rules
51(1)
References
52(1)
Chapter 11 Risk
53(4)
Basic Risk Theory
53(1)
Risk Handling
53(1)
Some Final Comments on Risk
54(1)
Recommended Actions
55(1)
Reference
55(2)
Chapter 12 Cybersecurity
57(4)
Airworthiness Certification Process Overview
58(1)
Aircraft Evolution and Connectivity Aspects
58(1)
References
59(2)
Chapter 13 Safety
61(18)
Safety as an Emergent Property of Systems
61(2)
Safety and Decisions
63(2)
Organizational Biases
65(1)
Example Organizational Biases
66(1)
Mitigation Approaches
67(1)
Self-Mitigation
67(1)
Automated Mitigation
67(1)
Group Methods
68(1)
Summary of Cognitive Bias Conclusions
69(1)
Summary of Emotion and Cognitive Bias on Flawed Decisions and Safety
69(2)
Safety and Accidents
71(1)
Decision Errors by Life Cycle Phases
71(4)
Component Failures
75(1)
References
76(3)
Chapter 14 The Supply Chain
79(2)
What is the Supply Chain?
79(1)
Supply Chain Risks
79(1)
Summary of Supply Chain Risks
80(1)
Reference
80(1)
Chapter 15 Aircraft Systems with Feedback Loops
81(4)
How a Feedback System Works?
81(1)
Feedback Loops With Balancing Loops
82(1)
Feedback Loops With Reinforcing Loops
83(1)
Reference
83(2)
Chapter 16 A Final Word
85(2)
References
85(2)
Systems Approach Glossary with Aviation Examples 87(8)
Index 95
Scott Jackson is a Fellow of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) and the author of Systems Engineering for Commercial Aircraft (1997 and 2015) in both English and Chinese.

Ricardo Moraes dos Santos is a Senior Systems Engineer ate EMBRAER S/A and an INCOSE Brazil Chapter Director, He works with Architecting process (Corporate) and he is head of Cybersecurity and Safety (STPA Applications) at EMBRAER S/A.