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El. knyga: Taiwan Crisis: a showcase of the global arsenic problem [Taylor & Francis e-book]

, (National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan), , (Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan), (USQ, Toowoomba, Australia & KTH, Stockholm, Sweden), (Department of Earth Sciences, Tainan, Taiwan), (National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan)
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Taiwan Crisis: a showcase of the global arsenic problemDidesnis paveikslėlis
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In the 1950s, the residents of the southwestern coastal areas of Taiwan suffered greatly from Blackfoot disease (BFD) due to the consumption of arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Groundwater with high levels of arsenic in southwestern and northeastern Taiwan received much attention. After arsenic-safe tap water was utilized for drinking instead of groundwater in the 1970s, BFD cases decreased greatly. After 1990, no new BFD cases were reported, and as a consequence, BFD problems disregarded. However, arsenic is still present in the groundwater.
This book will improve the knowledge and understanding of the occurrence and genesis of arsenic-rich groundwaters in Taiwan. It deals with constraints on the mobility of arsenic in groundwater, its uptake from soil and water by plants, arsenic-propagation through the food chain, human health impacts, and arsenic-removal technologies. Taiwan case experiences are described in this book and can be applied worldwide.

This book is a state-of-the-art overview of research on arsenic in Taiwan and is designed to:

  • create interest in regions within Taiwan that are affected by the presence of arseniferous aquifers;
  • draw attention from the international scientific community;
  • increase awareness among researchers, administrators, policy makers, and company executives;
  • improve the international cooperation on arsenic problems worldwide.
About the book series vii
Editorial board ix
Foreword xix
Authors' preface xxi
About the authors xxv
Acknowledgements xxix
1 Taiwan and the global arsenic problem
1(18)
1.1 General introduction to the arsenic problem
1(4)
1.1.1 Origin, release and occurrence of groundwater arsenic
1(1)
1.1.2 Geochemical arsenic mobility controls
2(1)
1.1.3 Other arsenic mobility controls
3(1)
1.1.4 Remediation of arsenic-contaminated sites
3(2)
1.1.5 Human exposure to arsenic and related health effects
5(1)
1.2 Arsenic: From history to Taiwan
5(3)
1.2.1 Arsenic discoveries in groundwater of Argentina
6(1)
1.2.2 Arsenic discoveries in groundwater of Mexico
6(1)
1.2.3 Arsenic discoveries in ground-and surface-water of Chile
7(1)
1.2.4 Arsenic discoveries in groundwater of Taiwan
7(1)
1.3 Arsenic: From Taiwan to the end of the 20th century
8(1)
1.4 Arsenic in the 21st century---Recognizing groundwater arsenic as a global problem
9(5)
1.5 Regulations of arsenic contents in drinking water and its impact on the exposed population
14(2)
1.6 Why was the "Taiwan signal" not immediately recognized worldwide?
16(1)
1.7 Why does arsenic continue to affect people worldwide?
16(1)
1.8 Demands for international cooperation and networking
17(2)
2 Geological controls of arsenic concentrations in ground-and surface-waters---An overview of our worldwide state-of-the-art knowledge
19(30)
2.1 Arsenic in the earth's environments and introduction into ground-and surface-water resources
19(1)
2.2 Geogenic arsenic: Occurence and sources
20(4)
2.2.1 Arsenic in minerals and amorphous phases
20(2)
2.2.2 Arsenic in rocks
22(2)
2.3 Mechanisms of arsenic mobilization into aqueous environments: an overview
24(6)
2.3.1 Arsenic species in natural waters and reaction kinetics
25(1)
2.3.2 Arsenic release and mobility: solid-fluid interfacial processes
26(1)
2.3.3 Additional factors and processes influencing concentrations of dissolved arsenic
27(3)
2.3.4 Arsenic transport in natural water
30(1)
2.4 Sulfide oxidation
30(3)
2.4.1 Mechanism and kinetics of arsenic mobilization through sulfide oxidation
30(2)
2.4.2 Example: Arsenic mobilization by sulfide oxidation in the near-neutral sandstone aquifer of northeastern Wisconsin, USA
32(1)
2.4.3 Example: Franconian Upper Triassic sandstone aquifer, Germany
32(1)
2.5 Arsenic input due to leaching in geothermal reservoirs: the role of geothermal fluids
33(7)
2.5.1 Arsenic input from geothermal waters and other geothermal manifestations
33(4)
2.5.2 Examples of arsenic input from geothermal waters
37(3)
2.6 The role of Fe, Mn, and Al oxides and oxyhydroxides as sources and sinks for dissolved arsenic
40(6)
2.6.1 Arsenic release by dissolution of metal oxyhydroxides
40(2)
2.6.2 Arsenic release/sequestration due to sorption by Fe, Mn and Al oxides and oxyhydroxides
42(1)
2.6.2.1 Influence of redox potential and pH on adsorption capacity
43(1)
2.6.2.2 Influence of competing ions on arsenic adsorption capacity
44(1)
2.6.2.3 Example: Chaco-Pampean plain, Argentina
45(1)
2.6.2.4 Example: Molasse trough sand aquifer, Southern Germany
46(1)
2.7 Adsorption processes and capacity of clay minerals
46(1)
2.8 Precipitation/dissolution and sorption processes of calcite
46(1)
2.9 Interactions between arsenic and humic substances
47(2)
3 History of blackfoot disease
49(12)
3.1 Prologue: A mysterious disease
49(1)
3.2 Clinical characteristics of blackfoot disease
49(7)
3.3 Pathological findings of blackfoot disease
56(1)
3.4 Epidemiological characteristics of blackfoot disease
57(4)
4 Cause of blackfoot disease: Arsenic in artesian well water
61(12)
4.1 Types of wells in blackfoot disease-endemic area
61(1)
4.2 Characteristics of well water in blackfoot disease endemic area
62(2)
4.3 Arsenic levels in well water in Lanyang basin
64(1)
4.4 Association between blackfoot disease and artesian well water
65(1)
4.5 Arsenic in drinking water: The cause of blackfoot disease
66(1)
4.6 Co-morbidity of unique arsenic-induced skin lesions and blackfoot disease
67(2)
4.7 Host and environmental co-factors for blackfoot disease
69(1)
4.8 Arsenic in drinking water and circulatory diseases other than blackfoot disease
69(1)
4.9 Arsenic in drinking water and prevalence of diabetes and hypertension
70(1)
4.10 Reduction in mortality of arsenic-induced diseases after implementation of public water supply system in the endemic area of blackfoot disease
71(2)
5 Non-vascular health effects of arsenic in drinking water in Taiwan
73(12)
5.1 Introduction
73(1)
5.2 Skin cancer
73(4)
5.3 Internal cancers
77(5)
5.4 Eye diseases
82(1)
5.5 Other health outcomes
82(1)
5.6 Summary and conclusions
83(2)
6 Arsenic sources, occurrences and mobility in surface water, groundwater and sediments
85(30)
6.1 Introduction
85(1)
6.2 Hydrogeology and sedimentology of arsenic in aquifers
85(7)
6.2.1 Chianan plain
85(3)
6.2.2 Lanyang plain (Yilan plain)
88(3)
6.2.3 Guandu plain
91(1)
6.3 Potential arsenic sources
92(9)
6.3.1 Geogenic sources
92(1)
6.3.1.1 Chianan plain
93(3)
6.3.1.2 Lanyang (or Yilan) plain
96(3)
6.3.2 Anthropogenic sources
99(1)
6.3.2.1 Mining activity
99(1)
6.3.2.2 Industrial activity
99(1)
6.3.2.3 Agricultural activity
99(2)
6.4 Arsenic distributions and mobility controls
101(8)
6.4.1 Water chemistry in the Chianan and Lanyang plains
101(3)
6.4.2 Arsenic in sediments
104(3)
6.4.3 Mobilization and transport of arsenic
107(1)
6.4.3.1 Arsenic speciation
107(1)
6.4.3.2 Redox-mediated mobilization and transport of arsenic
107(2)
6.4.3.3 Microbe-mediated mobilization and transport of arsenic
109(1)
6.5 Arsenic in mud volcanoes and hot springs
109(4)
6.6 Concluding remarks
113(2)
7 Arsenic in soils and plants: accumulation and bioavailability
115(8)
7.1 Accumulation and behavior of arsenic in soil
115(4)
7.2 Bioaccumulation of arsenic in plants and crops
119(4)
8 Potential threat of the use of arsenic-contaminated water in aquaculture
123(12)
8.1 Introduction
123(2)
8.2 Arsenic in aquacultural organisms
125(6)
8.2.1 Tilapia
125(2)
8.2.2 Milkfish
127(1)
8.2.3 Mullet
128(1)
8.2.4 Clam
128(1)
8.2.5 Oyster
129(1)
8.2.6 Arsenic levels in groundwater and farmed fish/shrimp in Lanyang plain
130(1)
8.3 Arsenic methylation capability
131(1)
8.4 Health risk assessment
132(3)
9 Current solutions to arsenic-contaminated water
135(10)
9.1 Introduction
135(1)
9.2 Change of water source
135(1)
9.3 Water treatment processes for centralized systems
136(126)
9.3.1 Precipitation methods
136(1)
9.3.2 Adsorption and ion exchange methods
137(1)
9.3.3 Membrane technology
138(1)
9.4 Point-of-use and point-of-entry devices
139(2)
9.5 Case study in southwestern Taiwan
141(2)
9.6 Recommendations
143(2)
10 Future areas of study and tasks for the Taiwan arsenic problem
145(6)
10.1 Sources of arsenic and mobilization in groundwater
145(2)
10.2 Human impact through the food chain
147(1)
10.3 Health effects of arsenic in drinking water, treatment, risk assessment and prevention
148(1)
10.4 Future treatment demands, including nanotechnology
149(2)
References 151(34)
Subject index 185(12)
Locality index 197(6)
Book series page 203
Jiin-Shuh Jean (1952, Taiwan) finished his PhD degree in Hydrogeology, specializing in groundwater modeling, from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. He is a full professor of Hydrogeology at the Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan City, Taiwan. His current research interest is in arsenic mobilization and removal. He is now an associate editor of the Journal of Hydrology, Elsevier and a local chief organizer of the 3rd International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment, which will be held on 17-21 May 2010 at NCKU, Taiwan.

Jochen Bundschuh (1960, Germany) has been working in international academic and technical co-operation programs in different fields of water and renewable energy resources for more than 17 years for the German government. He was a long-term professor for the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) in Argentina and an expert of the German Agency of Technical Cooperation (GTZ) (1993-1998). From 2001 to 2008 he worked within the Integrated Expert Program of CIM (GTZ/BA) as an advisor to Costa Rica at the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). Since June 2009 he has been teaching as a professor in the field of renewable energies, in particular geothermics, at the University of Applied Sciences in Karlsruhe (Germany) and is also a researcher at the Institute of Applied Research at the same university, where he works in geothermics and the groundwater arsenic issue.

Chien-Jen CHEN (1951, Taiwan) graduated from Johns Hopkins University with a Sc.D. in epidemiology and became a professor at the National Taiwan University. He has been appointed as the Director of the Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, and Dean of College of Public Health in the National Taiwan University. He has published 505 original, review and editorial articles in refereed journals, which have been cited more than 13,000 times. He has received many accolades and awards for his research achievements, including the Presidential Science Prize, the most prestigious science award in Taiwan.

HOW-RAN Guo (1961, Taiwan) obtained his medical degree in 1988 at the Taipei Medical College (currently the Taipei Medical University), Taipei, Taiwan. He continued his study at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. and earned an M.P.H. (1989), a M.S. in Epidemiology (1990), and a Sc.D. in Environmental Health, with a major in Occupational Medicine (1994). Currently, he serves as the Chair of the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the National Cheng Kung University as well as the Director of the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.

Chen-Wuing LIU (1955, Taiwan), PhD, is a professor in the Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering at the National Taiwan University and since 2007 has been the President of the Taiwanese Soil and Groundwater Environmental Protection (TASGEP). Liu holds a PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in Hydrogeology.

Tsair-Fuh LIN (1963, Taiwan), PhD, is a distinguished professor in the Department of Environmental Engineering (DEnvE) at National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan City, Taiwan. Since 2009, he has served as the Department Chair of DEnvE at NCKU, Secretary-General of the Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineers in Taiwan, and Chair of the Specialist Group in Off Flavours in the Aquatic Environment, International Water Association.

Yen-Hua CHEN (1976, Taiwan) received her B.S. and M.S from the Earth Sciences Department at National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, in 1997 and 1999, respectively. She received a Ph.D. from the Material Sciences and Engineering department of the National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan, in 2006.
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