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Taming of Cocaine II: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study of 77 Cocaine and Crack Users [Minkštas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 376 pages, weight: 333 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Jun-2007
  • Leidėjas: VUB University Press
  • ISBN-10: 9054873892
  • ISBN-13: 9789054873891
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taming of Cocaine II: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study of 77 Cocaine and Crack UsersDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 376 pages, weight: 333 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Jun-2007
  • Leidėjas: VUB University Press
  • ISBN-10: 9054873892
  • ISBN-13: 9789054873891
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9789054873891.html
The Taming of Cocaine II is the result of a follow-up study of 77 cocaine and crack users from the original ethnographic study after 6 years. This longitudinal design adds to the value of earlier findings about cocaine use in the life course of individuals. This book offers further detailed information about the rules drug users live by, the development of drug use patterns, and different cohort, age and period effects on behavioural and attitudinal changes. The findings of a longitudinal study such as this also provide a sounder basis for underpinning drug policies and treatments.
Index of tables and figures 13
Acknowledgements 25
Chapter 1 Introduction and background 27
1.1. Introduction
27
1.2. The taming of cocaine: a summary of the original study
27
1.3. Theoretical perspectives on longitudinal studies
31
1.3.1. Different designs
31
1.3.2. Advantages and drawbacks of follow-up research
32
1.4. Longitudinal drug research: an overview
33
1.4.1. A survey of 235 follow-up drug studies
33
1.4.2. Comparable follow-up cocaine studies
46
1.5. Conclusion
49
Chapter 2 Methodological design 53
2.1. Introduction
53
2.2. Methodology of the original study
53
2.3. Methodology of the present study
55
2.3.1. Stage 1: reconstructing the original snowball chains
56
2.3.2. Stage 2: further strategies
57
2.4. Instrument and data collection
59
2.5. Conclusion
60
Chapter 3 The follow-up sample compared with the non-follow-up sample (1997) 63
3.1. Introduction
63
3.2. Searching for correlations between variables
64
3.2.1. Variables concerning cocaine use
64
3.2.1.1. Age at onset
64
3.2.1.2. Level of use in three different periods
65
3.2.1.3. Patterns of cocaine use
66
3.2.1.4. Craving and obsession
67
3.2.1.5. Registered as users
68
3.2.2. Variables concerning the use of other drugs
69
3.2.2.1. Lifetime prevalence of other drugs
69
3.2.2.2. Combining cocaine with other drugs
70
3.2.3. Social, economic and educational variables
70
3.2.3.1. Gender
70
3.2.3.2. Age
71
3.2.3.3. Marital status
71
3.2.3.4. Living situation
72
3.2.3.5. Country of birth
73
3.2.3.6. Work status at the time of the first interview
73
3.2.3.7. Education
75
3.3. Logistic regression: predicting follow-up response
76
3.4. Conclusions
79
Chapter 4 General characteristics of the sample 83
4.1. Introduction
83
4.2. Age, gender and nationality
83
4.2.1. Age
83
4.2.2. Gender
83
4.2.3. Nationality
85
4.3. Education, occupation and income
85
4.3.1. Education
85
4.3.2. Occupation
86
4.3.3. Income
87
4.4. Marital status, living situation, and parenthood
87
4.4.1. Marital status and living situation
87
4.4.2. Parenthood
87
4.5. Leisure activities
88
4.6. Registered versus non-registered respondents
88
4.6.1. Treatment contacts
88
4.6.2. Convictions for felonies
92
4.6.3. Registered versus non-registered respondents
94
4.7. Networks of cocaine users
96
4.8. Characteristics of the 'ex-cocaine users'
97
4.8.1. Demographic variables
97
4.8.2. Cocaine variables
98
4.9. Characteristics of the 'heavy' users
99
4.9.1. Demographic variables
99
4.9.2. Cocaine variables
100
4.10. Conclusion
101
Chapter 5 Levels of use over time 103
5.1. Introduction
103
5.2. Average cocaine dosage over time
103
5.2.1. Operationalising dosage
103
5.2.2. Development of average cocaine dosage over time
106
5.3. Frequency of ingestion
109
5.3.1. Frequency of ingestion in four periods
109
5.4. Level of use
110
5.4.1. Definition
110
5.4.2. Levels of cocaine use over time
111
5.4.3. Levels of use and length of cocaine career
114
5.5. Patterns of use
114
5.6. Partitioning of the week
116
5.7. Speed of use on a typical occasion
116
5.8. Conclusions
117
Chapter 6 Routes of ingestion 119
6.1. Introduction
119
6.2. Prevalence of different routes of ingestion
119
6.2.1. Lifetime prevalence
119
6.2.2. Last month prevalence
121
6.3. Routes of ingestion in two periods of use
121
6.4. Advantages and disadvantages of various routes of ingestion
123
6.4.1. Advantages and disadvantages of snorting
123
6.4.2. Advantages and disadvantages of injecting
126
6.4.3. Advantages and disadvantages of freebasing
129
6.5. Choice of route
131
6.6. Transition between routes
131
6.6.1. Transitions from the first year of regular use to the period of heaviest use
132
6.6.2. Transition from the period of heaviest use to the last year prior to the 2003 interview
132
6.6.3. Transition from the last year prior to the 2003 interview to the last three months prior to the 2003 interview
134
6.7. Conclusions
134
Chapter 7 Crack and freebase 137
7.1. Introduction
137
7.2. User's perceptions of crack and freebasing
137
7.2.1. Crack
138
7.2.2. Freebase
139
7.3. Experiences with freebase cocaine
140
7.3.1. Lifetime prevalence before and after 1997
140
7.3.2. Last month prevalence in 1997 and in 2003
141
7.4. Preparing and using freebase cocaine
141
7.4.1. Who prepared it?
141
7.4.2. How was it made?
142
7.4.3. How was it used?
143
7.5. Conclusions
144
Chapter 8 The combination of cocaine with other drugs 147
8.1. Introduction
147
8.2. Experiences with other drugs
147
8.2.1. Lifetime prevalence
147
8.2.2. Last two weeks prevalence
149
8.3. Combining cocaine with other drugs
151
8.3.1. Frequency of combining cocaine with other drugs
151
8.3.2. Advantages and disadvantages of combining cocaine with other drugs
151
8.4. Level of use and poly drug use
156
8.5. Conclusions
157
Chapter 9 Buying cocaine 159
9.1. Introduction
159
9.2. Prices
159
9.2.1. Last month prices and amount of money spent on cocaine
159
9.2.2. Influences of the price on consumption
161
9.3. Sources and location of purchase
161
9.4. Unorthodox and illegal activities for obtaining cocaine
163
9.5. Conclusions
165
Chapter 10 Quality of cocaine 167
10.1. Introduction
167
10.2. Adulterants
167
10.3. Amphetamine ('speed') in cocaine
171
10.4. Purity of cocaine
174
10.5. Quality control by respondents
177
10.6. Select group of respondents
180
10.7. Conclusions
181
Chapter 11 Advantages, disadvantages and (adverse) effects of cocaine 183
11.1. Introduction
183
11.2. Advantages and disadvantages of cocaine
183
11.2.1. Users' perceptions of advantages of cocaine
183
11.2.2. Users' perceptions of disadvantages of cocaine
187
11.3. (Adverse) effects of cocaine
193
11.4. Conclusions
201
Chapter 12 Abstaining, cutting back and quitting 203
12.1. Introduction
203
12.2. Temporary abstinence
203
12.2.1. Periods of abstinence
203
12.2.2. Reasons for abstaining
205
12.3. Cutting back on cocaine use
208
12.4. Problems with abstaining or cutting back
210
12.5. Quitting cocaine
211
12.6. Techniques for quitting
212
12.7. Life events affecting cocaine consumption
213
12.8. Conclusions
214
Chapter 13 Craving 217
13.1. Introduction
217
13.2. Subjective measurements of desire for the drug
217
13.3. Extra sources of income to spend on cocaine
220
13.4. Conclusions
222
Chapter 14 Rituals and rules for cocaine use 225
14.1. Introduction
225
14.2. Rules for controlling cocaine use
225
14.3. Advice to novice users
228
14.4. Emotional states in which cocaine use occurs
233
14.5. Situations for cocaine use
235
14.6. Persons in whose company cocaine is not used
238
14.7. Financial limits to cocaine purchases
239
14.8. The influence of set and setting factors on (dis-)respect for rules
240
14.8.1. Interfering set and setting factors
241
14.8.2. Supporting set and setting factors
242
14.9. Conclusions
243
Chapter 15 Social context and informal social control 245
15. I. Introduction
245
15.2. Offering cocaine and dissuading from using
245
15.2.1. Offering cocaine
245
15.2.2. Dissuading from using cocaine
247
15.3. Influences of cocaine on the social environment
249
15.4. Informal social control among friends
251
15.4.1. Talking about cocaine
251
15.4.2. Respondents' remarks to friends
253
15.4.3. Friends' remarks to respondents
254
15.4.4. Effectiveness of informal social controls
255
15.5. Conclusions
258
Chapter 16 Views of cocaine and drug policy 261
16.1. Introduction
261
16.2. Information about cocaine
261
16.2.1. Views of cocaine before initiation
261
16.2.2. Views of cocaine after initiation
263
16.2.3. Views of cocaine after quitting
265
16.2.4. False information
265
16.3. Drug policy
267
16.3.1. Preferred cocaine policy among cocaine users
267
16.3.2. Other drug policy studies
271
16.4. Conclusions
272
Chapter 17 Test-retest of the follow-up respondents 275
17.1. Introduction
275
17.2. Initiation into cocaine use
275
17.2.1. Age at initiation
276
17.2.2. Initiation company
277
17.2.3. Location of the first cocaine use
278
17.2.4. First route of ingestion
279
17.2.5. Ways of obtaining the first cocaine
279
17.3. Lifetime prevalence of drug use
280
17.3.1. Deliberately denying drug use
281
17.3.2. Forgetting about drug use
281
17.3.3. Obscure definitions
283
17.4. Effects
283
17.5. Conclusions
284
Chapter 18 Summary and conclusions 287
References 305
Annexe I Questionnaire (long and short version) 309
Annexe II 235 Follow-up studies 359
Tom Decorte is professor of criminology at the departement of penal law and criminology at Ghent University. He has written extensively on private policing and human rights and illegal drug use.

Sarah Slock is a researcher at the Institute for Social Drug Research (ISD) at Ghent University.