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El. knyga: Testing ESL Sociopragmatics: Development and Validation of a Web-based Test Battery

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Testing of second language pragmatics has grown as a research area but still suffers from a tension between construct coverage and practicality. In this book, the authors describe the development and validation of a web-based test of second language pragmatics for learners of English. The test has a sociopragmatic orientation and strives for a broad coverage of the construct by assessing learners’ metapragmatic judgments as well as their ability to co-construct discourse. To ensure practicality, the test is delivered online and is scored partially automatically and partially by human raters. We used the argument-based approach to validation, which showed that the test can support low-stakes decisions about learners’ knowledge of sociopragmatics in English.

This book describes the development and argument-based validation of a web-based test of second language pragmatics for learners of English. The test has a sociopragmatic orientation and strives for broad coverage of the construct by assessing metapragmatic judgment as well as the ability to co-construct discourse.

Applied linguists describe the development and validation of a pragmatics test designed for second language learners of Australian English. They created a web-based testing instrument assessing test takers' ability to judge the politeness and conventionality of utterances, recognize conventional discourse structure, produce conventionally appropriate language, and participate in extended conversations. They validated the test using language learners in Australia and some in Chile, as well as native speakers of Australian English. The test can serve as a low-stakes screening and feedback instrument, they say, showing gaps in the pragmatic knowledge of learners such as international students and migrants. Annotation ©2014 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)
Figures
Tables
1 Introduction
15(4)
2 Pragmatics: The lay of the land
19(10)
2.1 The content of pragmatics: Speech acts et al
20(2)
2.2 Context in pragmatics
22(2)
2.3 What language users know: Sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic knowledge
24(2)
2.4 Applied pragmatics: Cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics
26(3)
3 Interlanguage pragmatics and pragmatic development
29(16)
3.1 Research designs and instruments
29(6)
3.1.1 Receptive research instruments
30(3)
3.1.2 Productive research instruments
33(2)
3.2 Developmental trajectories
35(4)
3.2.1 Speech acts
35(2)
3.2.2 Implicature, routine formulae and Indexicals
37(1)
3.2.3 Extended discourse
38(1)
3.3 Individual differences and development of L2 pragmatics
39(6)
4 Testing second language pragmatics
45(14)
4.1 The ancestors: Early functional orientation
45(1)
4.2 The first generation: Speech acts
46(3)
4.3 The second generation: Broadening the construct
49(2)
4.4 Third generation: Interaction
51(1)
4.5 Testing for research purposes
52(1)
4.6 Issues in testing L2 pragmatics
53(6)
4.6.1 Inferences, practicality, context
53(2)
4.6.2 The native speaker standard, or: benchmarking in the age of lingua franca
55(4)
5 Validity and Validation
59(12)
5.1 The argument-based approach to validity
60(3)
5.2 Validity and validation in tests of L2 pragmatics
63(2)
5.3 A validity argument for a test of ESL sociopragmatic knowledge
65(6)
5.3.1 From target domain to observation: Domain Description
66(1)
5.3.2 From observation to observed score: Evaluation (Scoring)
67(1)
5.3.3 From observed score to universe score: Generalization
68(1)
5.3.4 From universe score to construct: Explanation
68(1)
5.3.5 From construct to target score: Extrapolation
69(1)
5.3.6 From target score to test use: Utilization
69(2)
6 This study
71(2)
7 Methodology
73(36)
7.1 Instrument types
73(4)
7.2 Online development
77(1)
7.3 Pre-pilot testing
78(1)
7.4 Pilot test
79(13)
7.4.1 Instruments
79(4)
7.4.2 Participants
83(2)
7.4.3 Test administration
85(1)
7.4.4 Scoring
86(1)
7.4.5 Data analysis
87(1)
7.4.6 Pilot results
88(4)
7.5 Revising the test
92(3)
7.6 Final test
95(14)
7.6.1 Items
95(6)
7.6.2 Interlanguage pragmatics test
101(2)
7.6.3 Test administration
103(1)
7.6.4 Participants
104(2)
7.6.5 Scoring
106(1)
7.6.6 Data analysis
107(2)
8 Results
109(34)
8.1 Overview
109(5)
8.2 Validity argument
114(2)
8.3 Domain Description
116(1)
8.4 Evaluation
117(4)
8.5 Generalization
121(1)
8.6 Explanation
122(17)
8.6.1 Group comparisons
123(1)
8.6.1.1 Native speakers and non-native speakers
123(2)
8.6.1.2 Effect of proficiency and exposure
125(6)
8.6.2 Test-internal analyses
131(1)
8.6.2.1 Section correlations
131(1)
8.6.2.2 Factor analysis
132(5)
8.6.3 Criterion measures
137(1)
8.6.4 Qualitative validation: Dialog Choice
137(2)
8.7 Extrapolation
139(1)
8.8 Utilization
140(3)
9 Discussion
143(22)
9.1 The validity argument
143(17)
9.1.1 Utilization
143(2)
9.1.2 Extrapolation
145(1)
9.1.3 Explanation
146(7)
9.1.4 Generalization
153(2)
9.1.5 Evaluation
155(3)
9.1.6 Domain Description
158(1)
9.1.7 Overall evaluation of the test
159(1)
9.2 The validity argument: structure or straitjacket?
160(1)
9.3 Proficiency, sociopragmatics and pragmalinguistics
161(4)
10 Conclusion and outlook
165(2)
11 References
167(14)
12 Appendices
181
12.1 Appendix 1: Scoring Guide for the pilot test
181(1)
12.2 Appendix 2: Scoring guide for the main test
182
Carsten Roever is Senior Lecturer in Applied Linguistics at the University of Melbourne. Catriona Fraser holds a PhD in Applied Linguistics from the University of Melbourne. Catherine Elder is the former director of the Language Testing Research Centre at the University of Melbourne.