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UNIT I Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology |
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Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the ``Internal Environment'' |
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3 | (8) |
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Cells as the Living Units of the Body |
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3 | (1) |
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Extracellular Fluid---The ``Internal Environment'' |
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3 | (1) |
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``Homeostatic'' Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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Extracellular Fluid Transport and Mixing System---The Blood Circulatory System |
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4 | (1) |
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Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid |
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5 | (1) |
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Removal of Metabolic End Products |
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5 | (1) |
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Regulation of Body Functions |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Control Systems of the Body |
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6 | (3) |
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Examples of Control Mechanisms |
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6 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Control Systems |
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7 | (2) |
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Summary---Automaticity of the Body |
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9 | (2) |
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The Cell and Its Functions |
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11 | (16) |
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11 | (1) |
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Physical Structure of the Cell |
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12 | (6) |
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Membranous Structures of the Cell |
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12 | (2) |
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Cytoplasm and Its Organelles |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Nucleoli and Formation of Ribosomes |
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18 | (1) |
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Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life |
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18 | (1) |
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Functional Systems of the Cell |
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19 | (5) |
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Ingestion by the Cell---Endocytosis |
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19 | (1) |
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Digestion of Pinocytotic and Phagocytic Foreign Substances Inside the Cell---Function of the Lysosomes |
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20 | (1) |
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Synthesis and Formation of Cellular Structures by Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus |
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20 | (2) |
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Extraction of Energy from Nutrients---Function of the Mitochondria |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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Cilia and Ciliary Movement |
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24 | (3) |
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Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction |
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27 | (18) |
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Genes in the Cell Nucleus |
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27 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus Is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm---The Process of Transcription |
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30 | (5) |
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30 | (1) |
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Assembly of the RNA Chain from Activated Nucleotides Using the DNA Strand as a Template---The Process of ``Transcription'' |
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31 | (1) |
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Messenger RNA---The Codons |
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31 | (1) |
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Transfer RNA---The Anticodons |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes---The Process of ``Translation'' |
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33 | (2) |
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Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell |
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35 | (1) |
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Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells |
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35 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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Control of Intracellular Function by Enzyme Regulation |
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36 | (1) |
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The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction |
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37 | (3) |
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Cell Reproduction Begins with Replication of DNA |
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37 | (1) |
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Chromosomes and Their Replication |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Control of Cell Growth and Cell Reproduction |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Apoptosis---Programmed Cell Death |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (5) |
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UNIT II Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle |
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Transport of Substances Through the Cell Membrane |
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45 | (12) |
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The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane, and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (6) |
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Diffusion Through the Cell Membrane |
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46 | (1) |
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Diffusion Through Protein Channels, and ``Gating'' of These Channels |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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Factors That Affect Net Rate of Diffusion |
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50 | (1) |
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Osmosis Across Selectively Permeable Membranes---``Net Diffusion'' of Water |
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51 | (1) |
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``Active Transport'' of Substances Through Membranes |
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52 | (5) |
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53 | (1) |
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Secondary Active Transport---Co-Transport and Counter-Transport |
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54 | (1) |
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Active Transport Through Cellular Sheets |
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55 | (2) |
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Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials |
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57 | (15) |
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Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials |
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57 | (1) |
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Membrane Potentials Caused by Diffusion |
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57 | (1) |
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Measuring the Membrane Potential |
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58 | (1) |
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Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves |
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59 | (2) |
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Origin of the Normal Resting Membrane Potential |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Channels |
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62 | (2) |
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Summary of the Events That Cause the Action Potential |
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64 | (1) |
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Roles of Other Ions During the Action Potential |
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64 | (1) |
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Initiation of the Action Potential |
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65 | (1) |
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Propagation of the Action Potential |
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65 | (1) |
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Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials Are Completed---Importance of Energy Metabolism |
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66 | (1) |
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Plateau in Some Action Potentials |
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66 | (1) |
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Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues---Repetitive Discharge |
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67 | (1) |
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Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks |
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68 | (1) |
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Excitation---The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential |
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69 | (1) |
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``Refractory Period'' After an Action Potential |
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70 | (1) |
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Recording Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials |
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70 | (2) |
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Inhibition of Excitability---``Stabilizers'' and Local Anesthetics |
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70 | (2) |
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Contraction of Skeletal Muscle |
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72 | (13) |
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Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle |
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72 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |
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74 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |
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74 | (4) |
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Molecular Characteristics of the Contractile Filaments |
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75 | (2) |
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Effect of Amount of Actin and Myosin Filament Overlap on Tension Developed by the Contracting Muscle |
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77 | (1) |
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Relation of Velocity of Contraction to Load |
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78 | (1) |
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Energetics of Muscle Contraction |
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78 | (2) |
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Work Output During Muscle Contraction |
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78 | (1) |
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Sources of Energy for Muscle Contraction |
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79 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction |
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80 | (5) |
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Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction |
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81 | (1) |
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Remodeling of Muscle to Match Function |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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85 | (7) |
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Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction |
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85 | (3) |
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Secretion of Acetylcholine by the Nerve Terminals |
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85 | (3) |
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Molecular Biology of Acetyline Formation and Release |
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88 | (1) |
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Drugs That Enhance or Block Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Spread of the Action Potential to the Interior of the Muscle Fiber by Way of ``Transverse Tubules'' |
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89 | (1) |
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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89 | (3) |
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Transverse Tubule-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum System |
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89 | (1) |
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Release of Calcium Ions by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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90 | (2) |
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Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle |
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92 | (11) |
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Contraction of Smooth Muscle |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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Contractile Mechanism in Smooth Muscle |
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93 | (2) |
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Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions |
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95 | (1) |
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Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction |
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95 | (8) |
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Neuromuscular Junctions of Smooth Muscle |
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95 | (1) |
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Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials in Smooth Muscle |
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96 | (2) |
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Effect of Local Tissue Factors and Hormones to Cause Smooth Muscle Contraction Without Action Potentials |
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98 | (1) |
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Source of Calcium Ions That Cause Contraction (1) Through the Cell Membrane and (2) from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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99 | (4) |
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Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves |
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103 | (13) |
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Physiology of Cardiac Muscle |
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103 | (3) |
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Physiologic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle |
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103 | (1) |
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Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (3) |
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106 | (1) |
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Relationship of the Electrocardiogram to the Cardiac Cycle |
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107 | (1) |
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Function of the Atria as Primer Pumps |
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107 | (1) |
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Function of the Ventricles as Pumps |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Graphical Analysis of Ventricular Pumping |
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110 | (1) |
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Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart |
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111 | (1) |
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Regulation of Heart Pumping |
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111 | (5) |
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Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Pumping---The Frank-Starling Mechanism |
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111 | (2) |
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Effect of Potassium and Calcium Ions on Heart Function |
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113 | (1) |
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Effect of Temperature on Heart Function |
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114 | (1) |
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Increasing the Arterial Pressure Load (up to a Limit) Does Not Decrease the Cardiac Output |
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114 | (2) |
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Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart |
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116 | (7) |
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Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart |
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116 | (4) |
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116 | (2) |
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Internodal Pathways and Transmission of the Cardiac Impulse Through the Atria |
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118 | (1) |
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Atrioventricular Node, and Delay of Impulse Conduction from the Atria to the Ventricles |
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118 | (1) |
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Rapid Transmission in the Ventricular Purkinje System |
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119 | (1) |
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Transmission of the Cardiac Impulse in the Ventricular Muscle |
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119 | (1) |
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Summary of the Spread of the Cardiac Impulse Through the Heart |
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120 | (1) |
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Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart |
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120 | (3) |
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The Sinus Node as the Pacemaker of the Heart |
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120 | (1) |
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Role of the Purkinje System in Causing Synchronous Contraction of the Ventricular Muscle |
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121 | (1) |
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Control of Heart Rhythmicity and Impulse Conduction by the Cardiac Nerves: The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves |
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121 | (2) |
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The Normal Electrocardiogram |
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123 | (8) |
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Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram |
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123 | (3) |
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Depolarization Waves Versus Repolarization Waves |
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123 | (2) |
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Relationship of Atrial and Ventricular Contraction to the Waves of the Electrocardiogram |
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125 | (1) |
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Voltage and Time Calibration of the Electrocardiogram |
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125 | (1) |
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Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle |
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126 | (1) |
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Recording Electrical Potentials from a Partially Depolarized Mass of Syncytial Cardiac Muscle |
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126 | (1) |
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Flow of Electrical Currents in the Chest Around the Heart |
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126 | (1) |
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Electrocardiographic Leads |
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127 | (4) |
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127 | (2) |
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Chest Leads (Precordial Leads) |
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129 | (1) |
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Augmented Unipolar Limb Leads |
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129 | (2) |
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Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis |
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131 | (16) |
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Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms |
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131 | (3) |
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Use of Vectors to Represent Electrical Potentials |
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131 | (1) |
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Direction of a Vector is Denoted in Terms of Degrees |
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131 | (1) |
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Axis for Each Standard Bipolar Lead and Each Unipolar Limb Lead |
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132 | (1) |
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Vectorial Analysis of Potentials Recorded in Different Leads |
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133 | (1) |
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Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram |
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134 | (3) |
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Vectors That Occur at Successive Intervals During Depolarization of the Ventricles---The QRS Complex |
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134 | (1) |
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Electrocardiogram During Repolarization---The T Wave |
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134 | (2) |
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Depolarization of the Atria---The P Wave |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS---And Its Significance |
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137 | (3) |
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Determining the Electrical Axis from Standard Lead Electrocardiograms |
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137 | (1) |
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Abnormal Ventricular Conditions That Cause Axis Deviation |
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138 | (2) |
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Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex |
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140 | (1) |
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Increased Voltage in the Standard Bipolar Limb Leads |
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140 | (1) |
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Decreased Voltage of the Electrocardiogram |
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140 | (1) |
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Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex |
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141 | (1) |
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Prolonged QRS Complex as a Result of Cardiac Hypertrophy or Dilatation |
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141 | (1) |
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Prolonged QRS Complex Resulting from Purkinje System Blocks |
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141 | (1) |
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Conditions That Cause Bizarre QRS Complexes |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (4) |
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Effect of Current of Injury on the QRS Complex |
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141 | (1) |
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The J Point---The Zero Reference Potential for Analyzing Current of Injury |
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142 | (1) |
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Coronary Ischemia as a Cause of Injury Potential |
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143 | (2) |
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Abnormalities in the T Wave |
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145 | (2) |
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Effect of Slow Conduction of the Depolarization Wave on the Characteristics of the T Wave |
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145 | (1) |
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Shortened Depolarization in Portions of the Ventricular Muscle as a Cause of T Wave Abnormalities |
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145 | (2) |
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Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation |
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147 | (14) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Abnormal Rhythms That Result from Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways |
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148 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Incomplete Atrioventricular Heart Block |
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149 | (1) |
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Incomplete Intraventricular Block---Electrical Alternans |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Premature Atrial Contractions |
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150 | (1) |
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A-V Nodal or A-V Bundle Premature Contractions |
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150 | (1) |
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Premature Ventricular Contractions |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Atrial Paroxysmal Tachycardia |
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152 | (1) |
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Ventricular Paroxysmal Tachycardia |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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Phenomenon of Re-entry---``Circus Movements'' as the Basis for Ventricular Fibrillation |
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153 | (1) |
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Chain Reaction Mechanism of Fibrillation |
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153 | (1) |
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Electrocardiogram in Ventricular Fibrillation |
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154 | (1) |
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Electroshock Defibrillation of the Ventricle |
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154 | (1) |
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Hand Pumping of the Heart (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) as an Aid to Defibrillation |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (5) |
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Overview of the Circulation; Medical Physics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance |
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161 | (10) |
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Physical Characteristics of the Circulation |
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161 | (2) |
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Basic Theory of Circulatory Function |
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163 | (1) |
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Interrelationships Among Pressure, Flow, and Resistance |
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164 | (7) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (3) |
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Effects of Pressure on Vascular Resistance and Tissue Blood Flow |
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170 | (1) |
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Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems |
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171 | (10) |
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171 | (2) |
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Vascular Compliance (or Vascular Capacitance) |
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171 | (1) |
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Volume-Pressure Curves of the Arterial and Venous Circulations |
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172 | (1) |
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Arterial Pressure Pulsations |
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173 | (3) |
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Transmission of Pressure Pulses to the Peripheral Arteries |
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174 | (1) |
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Clinical Methods for Measuring Systolic and Diastolic Pressures |
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175 | (1) |
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Veins and Their Functions |
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176 | (5) |
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Venous Pressures---Right Atrial Pressure (Central Venous Pressure) and Peripheral Venous Pressures |
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176 | (3) |
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Blood Reservoir Function of the Veins |
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179 | (2) |
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The Microcirculation and the Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow |
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181 | (14) |
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Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System |
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181 | (1) |
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Flow of Blood in the Capillaries---Vasomotion |
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182 | (1) |
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Average Function of the Capillary System |
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183 | (1) |
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Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid |
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183 | (1) |
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Diffusion Through the Capillary Membrane |
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183 | (1) |
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The Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid |
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184 | (1) |
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Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, and Capillary Filtration Coefficient |
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185 | (5) |
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Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure |
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186 | (1) |
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Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure |
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187 | (1) |
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Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
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188 | (1) |
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Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
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188 | (1) |
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Exchange of Fluid Volume Through the Capillary Membrane |
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189 | (1) |
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Starling Equilibrium for Capillary Exchange |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (5) |
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Lymph Channels of the Body |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Role of the Lymphatic System in Controlling Interstitial Fluid Protein Concentration, Interstitial Fluid Volume, and Interstitial Fluid Pressure |
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193 | (2) |
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Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow by the Tissues |
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195 | (9) |
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Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs |
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195 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control |
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196 | (5) |
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Acute Control of Local Blood Flow |
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196 | (4) |
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Long-Term Blood Flow Regulation |
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200 | (1) |
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Development of Collateral Circulation---A Phenomenon of Long-Term Local Blood Flow Regulation |
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201 | (1) |
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Humoral Control of the Circulation |
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201 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Vascular Control by Ions and Other Chemical Factors |
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202 | (2) |
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Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure |
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204 | (12) |
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Nervous Regulation of the Circulation |
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204 | (4) |
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204 | (4) |
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Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure |
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208 | (5) |
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Increase in Arterial Pressure During Muscle Exercise and Other Types of Stress |
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208 | (1) |
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Reflex Mechanisms for Maintaining Normal Arterial Pressure |
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209 | (3) |
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Central Nervous System Ischemic Response---Control of Arterial Pressure by the Brain's Vasomotor Center in Response to Diminished Brain Blood Flow |
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212 | (1) |
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Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure |
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213 | (3) |
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Role of the Skeletal Nerves and Skeletal Muscles in Increasing Cardiac Output and Arterial Pressure |
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213 | (1) |
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Respiratory Waves in the Arterial Pressure |
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214 | (1) |
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Arterial Pressure ``Vasomotor'' Waves---Oscillation of Pressure Reflex Control Systems |
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214 | (2) |
|
Dominant Role of the Kidney in Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Pressure Control |
|
|
216 | (16) |
|
Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control |
|
|
216 | (7) |
|
Quantitation of Pressure Diuresis as a Basis for Arterial Pressure Control |
|
|
217 | (3) |
|
Chronic Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Is Caused by Impaired Renal Fluid Excretion |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role In Pressure Control and in Hypertension |
|
|
223 | (7) |
|
Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System |
|
|
223 | (3) |
|
Types of Hypertension in Which Angiotensin Is Involved: Hypertension Caused by a Renin-Secreting Tumor or by Infusion of Angiotensin II |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Other Types of Hypertension Caused by Combinations of Volume Loading and Vasoconstriction |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
``Primary (Essential) Hypertension'' |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation |
|
|
232 | (14) |
|
Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return---Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart |
|
|
232 | (4) |
|
Cardiac Output Regulation Is the Sum of Blood Flow Regulation in All the Local Tissues of the Body---Tissue Metabolism Regulates Most Local Blood Flow |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
The Heart Has Limits for the Cardiac Output That It Can Achieve |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
What Is the Role of the Nervous System in Controlling Cardiac Output? |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Pathologically High and Pathologically Low Cardiac Outputs |
|
|
236 | (7) |
|
High Cardiac Output Caused by Reduced Total Peripheral Resistance |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
A More Quantitative Analysis of Cardiac Output Regulation |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Cardiac Output Curves Used in the Quantitative Analysis |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
Analysis of Cardiac Output and Right Atrial Pressure, Using Simultaneous Cardiac Output and Venous Return Curves |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output |
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
Pulsatile Output of the Heart as Measured by an Electromagnetic or Ultrasonic Flowmeter |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Cardiac Output Using the Oxygen Fick Principle |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Indicator Dilution Method for Measuring Cardiac Output |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease |
|
|
246 | (12) |
|
Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle and Blood Flow Regulation During Exercise |
|
|
246 | (3) |
|
Rate of Blood Flow Through the Muscles |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Control of Blood Flow Through the Skeletal Muscles |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Total Body Circulatory Readjustments During Exercise |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
|
|
249 | (9) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Coronary Blood Supply |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Normal Coronary Blood Flow |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Control of Coronary Blood Flow |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Special Features of Cardiac Muscle Metabolism |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Causes of Death After Acute Coronary Occlusion |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Stages of Recovery from Acute Myocardial Infarction |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Function of the Heart After Recovery from Myocardial Infarction |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Pain in Coronary Heart Disease |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Surgical Treatment of Coronary Disease |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
|
|
258 | (11) |
|
Dynamics of the Circulation in Cardiac Failure |
|
|
258 | (4) |
|
Acute Effects of Moderate Cardiac Failure |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Chronic Stage of Failure---Fluid Retention Helps to Compensate Cardiac Output |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Summary of the Changes That Occur After Acute Cardiac Failure---``Compensated Heart Failure'' |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Dynamics of Severe Cardiac Failure---Decompensated Heart Failure |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
Unilateral Left Heart Failure |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Low-Output Cardiac Failure---Cardiogenic Shock |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (5) |
|
Quantitative Graphical Method for Analysis of Cardiac Failure |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Dynamics of Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects |
|
|
269 | (9) |
|
|
|
269 | (3) |
|
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Dynamics of the Circulation in Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Dynamics of Mitral Stenosis and Mitral Regurgitation |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Circulatory Dynamics During Exercise in Patients with Valvular Lesions |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Patent Ductus Arteriosus---A Left-to-Right Shunt |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Tetralogy of Fallot---A Right-to-Left Shunt |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Causes of Congenital Anomalies |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Circulatory Shock and Physiology of Its Treatment |
|
|
278 | (13) |
|
Physiologic Causes of Shock |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Circulatory Shock Caused by Decreased Cardiac Output |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Circulatory Shock That Occurs Without Diminished Cardiac Output |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
What Happens to the Arterial Pressure in Circulatory Shock? |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Tissue Deterioration Is the End Result of Circulatory Shock, Whatever the Cause |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Shock Caused by Hypovolemia---Hemorrhagic Shock |
|
|
279 | (6) |
|
Relationship of Bleeding Volume to Cardiac Output and Arterial Pressure |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Progressive and Nonprogressive Hemorrhagic Shock |
|
|
280 | (4) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Hypovolemic Shock Caused by Plasma Loss |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Hypovolemic Shock Caused by Trauma |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Neurogenic Shock---Increased Vascular Capacity |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Physiology of Treatment in Shock |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Shock with Sympathomimetic Drugs---Sometimes Useful, Sometimes Not |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (4) |
|
Effect of Circulatory Arrest on the Brain |
|
|
287 | (4) |
|
UNIT V The Body Fluids and Kidneys |
|
|
|
The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Interstitial Fluid and Edema |
|
|
291 | (16) |
|
Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Fluid Compartment |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Extracellular Fluid Compartment |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
Ionic Composition of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Is Similar |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
Important Constituents of the Intracellular Fluid |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments---The Indicator-Dilution Principle |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Osmotic Equilibrium Is Maintained Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Effect of Adding Saline Solution to the Extracellular Fluid |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Causes of Hyponatremia: Excess Water or Loss of Sodium |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Causes of Hypernatremia: Water Loss or Excess Sodium |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Summary of Causes of Extracellular Edema |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Safety Factors That Normally Prevent Edema |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Fluids in the ``Potential Spaces'' of the Body |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control |
|
|
307 | (20) |
|
Multiple Functions of the Kidneys in Homeostasis |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys |
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
General Organization of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
The Nephron Is the Functional Unit of the Kidney |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy and Nervous Connections of the Bladder |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Transport of Urine from the Kidney Through the Ureters and into the Bladder |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Innervation of the Bladder |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Filling of the Bladder and Bladder Wall Tone; the Cystometrogram |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Facilitation or Inhibition of Micturition by the Brain |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Abnormalities of Micturition |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion of Different Substances |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Glomerular Filtration---The First Step in Urine Formation |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Composition of the Glomerular Filtrate |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
GFR Is About 20 Per Cent of the Renal Plasma Flow |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Glomerular Capillary Membrane |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
Increased Glomerular Capillary Filtration Coefficient Increases GFR |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Increased Bowman's Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure Decreases GFR |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Increased Glomerular Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure Decreases GFR |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Increased Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure Increases GFR |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Renal Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Determinants of Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Blood Flow in the Vasa Recta of the Renal Medulla Is Very Low Compared with Flow in the Renal Cortex |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation Decreases GFR |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Hormonal and Autacoid Control of Renal Circulation |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
Importance of GFR Autoregulation in Preventing Extreme Changes in Renal Excretion |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Role of Tubuloglomerular Feedback in Autoregulation of GFR |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
Myogenic Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and GFR |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Other Factors That Increase Renal Blood Flow and GFR: High Protein Intake and Increased Blood Glucose |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Processing of the Glomerular Filtrate |
|
|
327 | (21) |
|
Reabsorption and Secretion by the Renal Tubules |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Tubular Reabsorption Is Selective and Quantitatively Large |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms |
|
|
328 | (5) |
|
|
|
328 | (4) |
|
Passive Water Reabsorption by Osmosis Is Coupled Mainly to Sodium Reabsorption |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Reabsorption of Chloride, Urea, and Other Solutes by Passive Diffusion |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron |
|
|
333 | (6) |
|
Proximal Tubular Reabsorption |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Solute and Water Transport in the Loop of Henle |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Late Distal Tubule and Cortical Collecting Tubule |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Medullary Collecting Duct |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Summary of Concentrations of Different Solutes in the Different Tubular Segments |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption |
|
|
339 | (4) |
|
Glomerulotubular Balance---The Ability of the Tubules to Increase Reabsorption Rate in Response to Increased Tubular Load |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Peritubular Capillary and Renal Interstitial Fluid Physical Forces |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
Effect of Arterial Pressure on Urine Output---The Pressure-Natriuresis and Pressure-Diuresis Mechanisms |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Control of Tubular Reabsorption |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation Increases Sodium Reabsorption |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function |
|
|
343 | (5) |
|
Inulin Clearance Can Be Used to Estimate GFR |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Creatine Clearance and Plasma Creatinine Clearance Can Be Used to Estimate GFR |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
PAH Clearance Can Be Used to Estimate Renal Plasma Flow |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Filtration Fraction Is Calculated from GFR Divided by Renal Plasma Flow |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Calculation of Tubular Reabsorption or Secretion from Renal Clearance |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
|
|
348 | (17) |
|
The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming a Dilute Urine |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
Antidiuretic Hormone Controls Urine Concentration |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Renal Mechanisms for Excreting a Dilute Urine |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
The Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting a Concentrated Urine |
|
|
350 | (7) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Requirements for Excreting a Concentrated Urine---High ADH Levels and Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Countercurrent Mechanism Produces a Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Role of Distal Tubule and Collecting Ducts in Excreting a Concentrated Urine |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Urea Contributes to Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium and to a Concentrated Urine |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Countercurrent Exchange in the Vasa Recta Preserves Hyperosmolarity of the Renal Medulla |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Summary of Urine Concentrating Mechanism and Changes in Osmolarity in Different Segments of the Tubules |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: ``Free Water'' and Osmolar Clearances |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Estimating Plasma Osmolarity from Plasma Sodium Concentration |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
ADH Synthesis in Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei of the Hypothalamus and ADH Release from the Posterior Pituitary |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular Reflex Stimulation of ADH Release by Decreased Arterial Pressure and/or Decreased Blood Volume |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Quantitative Importance of Cardiovascular Reflexes and Osmolarity in Stimulating ADH Secretion |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Other Stimuli for ADH Secretion |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Role of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
Central Nervous System Centers for Thirst |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Threshold for Osmolar Stimulus of Drinking |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Integrated Responses of Osmoreceptor-ADH and Thirst Mechanisms in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Role of Angiotensin II and Aldosterone in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Salt-Appetite Mechanism for Controlling Extracellular Fluid Sodium Concentration and Volume |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume |
|
|
365 | (18) |
|
Regulation of Potassium Excretion and Potassium Concentration in Extracellular Fluid |
|
|
365 | (6) |
|
Regulation of Internal Potassium Distribution |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Overview of Renal Potassium Excretion |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Potassium Secretion by Principal Cells of Late Distal and Cortical Collecting Tubules |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Summary of Factors That Regulate Potassium Secretion: Plasma Potassium Concentration, Aldosterone, Tubular Flow Rate, and Hydrogen Ion Concentration |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
Control of Calcium Excretion by the Kidneys |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Renal Phosphate Excretion |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Sodium Excretion Is Precisely Matched to Intake Under Steady-State Conditions |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Sodium Excretion Is Controlled by Altering Glomerular Filtration or Tubular Sodium Reabsorption Rates |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis Are Key Components of a Renal-Body Fluid Feedback for Regulating Body Fluid Volumes and Arterial Pressure |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Precision of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control |
|
|
377 | (3) |
|
Sympathetic Nervous System Control of Renal Excretion: Arterial Baroreceptor and Low-Pressure Stretch Receptor Reflexes |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Role of Angiotensin II in Controlling Renal Excretion |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Role of Aldosterone in Controlling Renal Excretion |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Role of ADH in Controlling Renal Water Excretion |
|
|
379 | |
|
Role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Controlling Renal Excretion |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Increased Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Caused by Heart Diseases |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Increased Blood Volume Caused by Increased Capacity of Circulation |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
Nephrotic Syndrome---Loss of Plasma Proteins in Urine and Sodium Retention by the Kidneys |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Liver Cirrhosis---Decreased Synthesis of Plasma Proteins by the Liver and Sodium Retention by the Kidneys |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance |
|
|
383 | (19) |
|
Hydrogen Ion Concentration Is Precisely Regulated |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Acids and Bases---Their Definitions and Meanings |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Defenses Against Changes in Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body Fluids |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Bicarbonate Buffer System |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
Quantitative Dynamics of the Bicarbonate Buffer System |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Proteins: Important Intracellular Buffers |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Pulmonary Expiration of CO2 Balances Metabolic Formation of CO2 |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Increasing Alveolar Ventilation Decreases Extracellular Fluid Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Raises pH |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Increased Hydrogen Ion Concentration Stimulates Alveolar Ventilation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Secretion of Hydrogen Ions and Reabsorption of Bicarbonate Ions by the Renal Tubules |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Hydrogen Ions Are Secreted by Secondary Active Transport in the Early Tubular Segments |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Filtered Bicarbonate Ions Are Reabsorbed by Interaction with Hydrogen Ions in the Tubules |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Primary Active Secretion of Hydrogen Ions in the Intercalated Cells of Late Distal and Collecting Tubules |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Combination of Excess Hydrogen Ions with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule---A Mechanism for Generating ``New'' Bicarbonate Ions |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Phosphate Buffer System Carries Excess Hydrogen Ions into the Urine and Generates New Bicarbonate |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Excretion of Excess Hydrogen Ions and Generation of New Bicarbonate by the Ammonia Buffer System |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Renal Tubular Hydrogen Ion Secretion |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Renal Correction of Acidosis---Increased Excretion of Hydrogen Ions and Addition of Bicarbonate Ions to the Extracellular Fluid |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Acidosis Decreases the Ratio of HCO3-/H+ in Renal Tubular Fluid |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Renal Correction of Alkalosis---Decreased Tubular Secretion of Hydrogen Ions and Increased Excretion of Bicarbonate Ions |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Alkalosis Increases the Ratio of HCO3-/H+ in Renal Tubular Fluid |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Acidosis Is Caused by Decreased Ventilation and Increased PCO2 |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Alkalosis Results from Increased Ventilation and Decreased PCO2 |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Acidosis Results from Decreased Extracellular Fluid Bicarbonate Concentration |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Acidosis or Alkalosis |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders |
|
|
398 | (4) |
|
Complex Acid-Base Disorders and Use of the Acid-Base Nomogram for Diagnosis |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Use of Anion Gap to Diagnose Acid-Base Disorders |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Kidney Diseases and Diuretics |
|
|
402 | (17) |
|
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Osmotic Diuretics Decrease Water Reabsorption by Increasing Osmotic Pressure of Tubular Fluid |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
``Loop'' Diuretics Decrease Active Sodium-Chloride-Potassium Reabsorption in the Thick Ascending Loop of Henle |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Thiazide Diuretics Inhibit Sodium-Chloride Reabsorption in the Early Distal Tubule |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Block Sodium-Bicarbonate Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubules |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Competitive Inhibitors of Aldosterone Decrease Sodium Reabsorption from and Potassium Secretion into the Cortical Collecting Tubule |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Diuretics That Block Sodium Channels in the Collecting Tubules Decrease Sodium Reabsorption |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Prerenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Decreased Blood Flow to the Kidney |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Intrarenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Abnormalities within the Kidney |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Postrenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Abnormalities of the Lower Urinary Tract |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Effects of Acute Renal Failure |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Chronic Renal Failure: An Irreversible Decrease in the Number of Functional Nephrons |
|
|
406 | (7) |
|
Vicious Circle of Chronic Renal Failure Leading to End-Stage Renal Disease |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Injury to the Renal Vasculature as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Injury to the Glomeruli as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure---Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Injury to the Renal Interstitium as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure---Pyelonephritis |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Nephrotic Syndrome---Excretion of Protein in the Urine Because of Increased Glomerular Permeability |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Nephron Function in Chronic Renal Failure |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
Effects of Renal Failure on the Body Fluids---Uremia |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Hypertension and Kidney Disease |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Specific Tubular Disorders |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Renal Failure by Dialysis with an Artificial Kidney |
|
|
414 | (5) |
|
UNIT VI Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Clotting |
|
|
|
Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia |
|
|
419 | (10) |
|
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) |
|
|
419 | (7) |
|
Production of Red Blood Cells |
|
|
420 | (4) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Life Span and Destruction of Red Blood Cells |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Effects of Anemia on Function of the Circulatory System |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Effect of Polycythemia on Function of the Circulatory System |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation |
|
|
429 | (10) |
|
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
General Characteristics of Leukocytes |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Genesis of the White Blood Cells |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Life Span of the White Blood Cells |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses During Inflammation |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
Effects of Leukemia on the Body |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy |
|
|
439 | (12) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity |
|
|
439 | (10) |
|
Basic Types of Acquired Immunity |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Both Types of Acquired Immunity Are Initiated by Antigens |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Lymphocytes Are Responsible for Acquired Immunity |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Preprocessing of the T and B Lymphocytes |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
T Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocyte Antibodies React Highly Specifically Against Specific Antigens---Role of Lymphocyte Clones |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Origin of the Many Clones of Lymphocytes |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Specific Attributes of the B-Lymphocyte System---Humoral Immunity and the Antibodies |
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
Special Attributes of the T-Lymphocyte System---Activated T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Several Types of T Cells and Their Different Functions |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
Tolerance of the Acquired Immunity System to One's Own Tissues---Role of Preprocessing in the Thymus and Bone Marrow |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Immunization by Injection of Antigens |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Allergy and Hypersensitivity |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Allergy Caused by Activated T Cells: Delayed-Reaction Allergy |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Allergies in the ``Allergic'' Person, Who Has Excess IgE Antibodies |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation |
|
|
451 | (6) |
|
Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
A and B Antigens---Agglutinogens |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Agglutination Process In Transfusion Reactions |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Transfusion Reactions Resulting from Mismatched Blood Types |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Transplantation of Tissues and Organs |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Attempts to Overcome Immune Reactions in Transplanted Tissue |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation |
|
|
457 | (14) |
|
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Formation of the Platelet Plug |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Blood Coagulation in the Ruptured Vessel |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Fibrous Organization or Dissolution of the Blood Clot |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation |
|
|
459 | (5) |
|
Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin---Formation of the Clot |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Vicious Circle of Clot Formation |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Initiation of Coagulation: Formation of Prothrombin Activator |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
Prevention of Blood Clotting in the Normal Vascular System---Intravascular Anticoagulants |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Lysis of Blood Clots---Plasmin |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Human Beings |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Decreased Prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, and Factor X Caused by Vitamin K Deficiency |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Being |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Femoral Venous Thrombosis and Massive Pulmonary Embolism |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Anticoagulants for Clinical Use |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Heparin as an Intravenous Anticoagulant |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Coumarins as Anticoagulants |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Blood Coagulation Outside the Body |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
471 | (12) |
|
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation |
|
|
471 | (4) |
|
Muscles That Cause Lung Expansion and Contraction |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Movement of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause the Movement |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
Effect of the Thoracic Cage on Lung Expansibility |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
Recording Changes in Pulmonary Volume---Spirometry |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Pulmonary Function Tests |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Determination of Functional Residual Capacity, Residual Volume, and Total Lung Capacity---Helium Dilution Method |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal Volume |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
``Dead Space'' and Its Effect on Alveolar Ventilation |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Rate of Alveolar Ventilation |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Respiratory Passageways |
|
|
478 | (5) |
|
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
Normal Respiratory Functions of the Nose |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid |
|
|
483 | (8) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Pressures in the Pulmonary System |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Blood Volume of the Lungs |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
Zones 1, 2, and 3 of Pulmonary Blood Flow |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Effect of Increased Cardiac Output on Pulmonary Blood Flow and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure During Heavy Exercise |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Function of the Pulmonary Circulation When the Left Atrial Pressure Rises as a Result of Left-Sided Heart Failure |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
Capillary Exchange of Fluid in the Lungs, and Pulmonary Interstitial Fluid Dynamics |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Fluid in the Pleural Cavity |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane |
|
|
491 | (11) |
|
Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
Molecular Basis of Gas Diffusion |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Gas Pressures in a Mixture of Gases---``Partial Pressures'' of Individual Gases |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Pressures of Gases Dissolved in Water and Tissues |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Diffusion of Gases Through Fluids---Pressure Difference Causes Net Diffusion |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Diffusion of Gases Through Tissues |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Composition of Alveolar Air---Its Relation to Atmospheric Air |
|
|
493 | (3) |
|
Rate at Which Alveolar Air Is Renewed by Atmospheric Air |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Oxygen Concentration and Partial Pressure in the Alveoli |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
CO2 Concentration and Partial Pressure in the Alveoli |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane |
|
|
496 | (3) |
|
Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory Membrane |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Diffusing Capacity of the Respiratory Membrane |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration |
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Concept of the ``Physiological Shunt'' (When VA/Q Is Greater Than Normal) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Abnormalities of Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids |
|
|
502 | (12) |
|
Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues |
|
|
502 | (8) |
|
Diffusion of Oxygen from the Alveoli to the Pulmonary Capillary Blood |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Transport of Oxygen in the Arterial Blood |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Diffusion of Oxygen from the Peripheral Capillaries into the Tissue Fluid |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Diffusion of Oxygen from the Peripheral Capillaries to the Tissue Cells |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide from the Peripheral Tissue Cells into the Capillaries and from the Pulmonary Capillaries into the Alveoli |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Role of Hemoglobin in Oxygen Transport |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Reversible Combination of Oxygen with Hemoglobin |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
Effect of Hemoglobin to ``Buffer'' the Tissue PO2 |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Factors That Shift the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve---Their Importance for Oxygen Transport |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Use of Oxygen by the Cells |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Transport of Oxygen in the Dissolved State |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Combination of Hemoglobin with Carbon Monoxide---Displacement of Oxygen |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
Chemical Forms In Which Carbon Dioxide Is Transported |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
When Oxygen Binds with Hemoglobin, Carbon Dioxide Is Released (the Haldane Effect) to Increase CO2 Transport |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Change in Blood Acidity During Carbon Dioxide Transport |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Respiration |
|
|
514 | (10) |
|
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
Dorsal Respiratory Group of Neurons---Its Control of Inspiration and of Respiratory Rhythm |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
A Pneumotaxic Center Limits the Duration of Inspiration and Increases the Respiratory Rate |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Ventral Respiratory Group of Neurons---Functions in Both Inspiration and Expiration |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Lung Inflation Signals Limit Inspiration---The Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Control of Overall Respiratory Center Activity |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Chemical Control of Respiration |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
Direct Chemical Control of Respiratory Center Activity by Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ions |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity---Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
Effect of Low Arterial PO2 to Stimulate Alveolar Ventilation When Arterial Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion Concentrations Remain Normal |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Chronic Breathing of Low Oxygen Stimulates Respiration Even More---The Phenomenon of ``Acclimatization'' |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Composite Effects of PCO2, pH, and PO2 on Alveolar Ventilation |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Respiration During Exercise |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
Other Factors That Affect Respiration |
|
|
521 | (3) |
|
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
Respiratory Insufficiency---Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy |
|
|
524 | (13) |
|
Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Study of Blood Gases and Blood pH |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Maximum Expiratory Flow |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity and Forced Expiratory Volume |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Peculiarities of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities |
|
|
526 | (4) |
|
Chronic Pulmonary Emphysema |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Oxygen Therapy in Different Types of Hypoxia |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (5) |
|
UNIT VIII Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology |
|
|
|
Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space Physiology |
|
|
537 | (8) |
|
Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body |
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
Alveolar PO2 at Different Elevations |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Effect of Breathing Pure Oxygen on Alveolar PO2 at Different Altitudes |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Acclimatization to Low PO2 |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Natural Acclimatization of Native Human Beings Living at High Altitudes |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Reduced Work Capacity at High Altitudes and Positive Effect of Acclimatization |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Chronic Mountain Sickness |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
Centrifugal Acceleratory Forces |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Effects of Linear Acceleratory Forces on the Body |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
``Artificial Climate'' in the Sealed Spacecraft |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions |
|
|
545 | (10) |
|
Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body |
|
|
545 | (4) |
|
Nitrogen Narcosis at High Nitrogen Pressures |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Oxygen Toxicity at High Pressures |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Carbon Dioxide Toxicity at Great Depths in the Sea |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Decompression of the Diver After Excess Exposure to High Pressure |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
Scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Special Physiologic Problems in Submarines |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy |
|
|
550 | (5) |
|
UNIT IX The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology |
|
|
|
Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, ``Transmitter Substances'' |
|
|
555 | (17) |
|
General Design of the Nervous System |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
Central Nervous System Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Sensory Part of the Nervous System---Sensory Receptors |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Motor Part of the Nervous System---Effectors |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Processing of Information---``Integrative'' Function of the Nervous System |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Storage of Information---Memory |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Lower Brain or Subcortical Level |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Higher Brain or Cortical Level |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Central Nervous System Synapses |
|
|
559 | (11) |
|
Types of Synapses---Chemical and Electrical |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Synapse |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
Chemical Substances That Function as Synaptic Transmitters |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
Electrical Events During Neuronal Excitation |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
Electrical Events During Neuronal Inhibition |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
Special Functions of Dendrites for Exciting Neurons |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Relation of State of Excitation of the Neuron to Rate of Firing |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information |
|
|
572 | (13) |
|
Types of Sensory Receptors and the Sensory Stimuli They Detect |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Differential Sensitivity of Receptors |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses |
|
|
573 | (3) |
|
Local Electrical Currents at Nerve Endings---Receptor Potentials |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Nerve Fibers That Transmit Different Types of Signals, and Their Physiologic Classification |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts---Spatial and Temporal Summation |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools |
|
|
578 | (5) |
|
Relaying of Signals Through Neuronal Pools |
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
Prolongation of a Signal by a Neuronal Pool---``Afterdischarge'' |
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits |
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
Inhibitory Circuits as a Mechanism for Stabilizing Nervous System Function |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Synaptic Fatigue as a Means for Stabilizing the Nervous System |
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses |
|
|
585 | (13) |
|
Classification of Somatic Senses |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central Nervous System |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Transmission in the Dorsal Column---Medial Lemniscal System |
|
|
588 | (7) |
|
Anatomy of the Dorsal Column---Medial Lemniscal System |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (3) |
|
Somatosensory Association Areas |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Overall Characteristics of Signal Transmission and Analysis in the Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
|
|
594 | |
|
Interpretation of Sensory Stimulus Intensity |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Judgment of Stimulus Intensity |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Anatomy of the Anterolateral Pathway |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function |
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
Function of the Thalamus in Somatic Sensation |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Cortical Control of Sensory Sensitivity---``Corticofugal'' Signals |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Segmental Fields of Sensation---The Dermatomes |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations |
|
|
598 | (15) |
|
Types of Pain and Their Qualities---Fast Pain and Slow Pain |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
Rate of Tissue Damage as a Stimulus for Pain |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Dual Pain Pathways in the Cord and Brain Stem---The Neospinothalamic Tract and the Paleospinothalamic Tract |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Pain Suppression (``Analgesia'') System in the Brain and Spinal Cord |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Brain's Opiate System---Endorphins and Enkephalins |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of Pain Transmission by Simultaneous Tactile Sensory Signals |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Pain by Electrical Stimulation |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
Causes of True Visceral Pain |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
``Parietal Pain'' Caused by Visceral Disease |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Localization of Visceral Pain---``Visceral'' and the ``Parietal'' Pain Transmission Pathways |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Headache of Intracranial Origin |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (6) |
|
Thermal Receptors and Their Excitation |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Transmission of Thermal Signals in the Nervous System |
|
|
609 | (4) |
|
UNIT X The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses |
|
|
|
The Eye: I. Optics of Vision |
|
|
613 | (13) |
|
Physical Principles of Optics |
|
|
613 | (4) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Application of Refractive Principles to Lenses |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
Formation of an Image by a Convex Lens |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Measurement of the Refractive Power of a Lens---``Diopter'' |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (5) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of ``Accommodation'' |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Determination of Distance of an Object from the Eye---``Depth Perception'' |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Fluid System of the Eye---Intraocular Fluid |
|
|
623 | (3) |
|
Formation of Aqueous Humor by the Ciliary Body |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Outflow of Aqueous Humor from the Eye |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina |
|
|
626 | (14) |
|
Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
|
628 | (4) |
|
Rhodopsin-Retinal Visual Cycle, and Excitation of the Rods |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
Automatic Regulation of Retinal Sensitivity---Light and Dark Adaptation |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Tricolor Mechanism of Color Detection |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Neural Function of the Retina |
|
|
633 | (7) |
|
Neural Circuitry of the Retina |
|
|
633 | (3) |
|
Ganglion Cells and Optic Nerve Fibers |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Excitation of the Ganglion Cells |
|
|
637 | (3) |
|
The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision |
|
|
640 | (11) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Function of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex |
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
Layered Structure of the Primary Visual Cortex |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
Two Major Pathways for Analysis of Visual Information---(1) The Fast ``Position'' and ``Motion'' Pathway; (2) The Accurate Color Pathway |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of the Visual Image |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Effect of Removing the Primary Visual Cortex |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Fields of Vision; Perimetry |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Eye Movements and Their Control |
|
|
645 | (3) |
|
Fixation Movements of the Eyes |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
``Fusion'' of the Visual Images from the Two Eyes |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture |
|
|
648 | (3) |
|
Control of Accommodation (Focusing the Eyes) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Control of Pupillary Diameter |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
|
|
651 | (12) |
|
Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Conduction of Sound from the Tympanic Membrane to the Cochlea |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Sound Through Bone |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (5) |
|
Functional Anatomy of the Cochlea |
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
Transmission of Sound Waves in the Cochlea---``Traveling Wave'' |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Function of the Organ of Corti |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Determination of Sound Frequency---The ``Place'' Principle |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Determination of Loudness |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Central Auditory Mechanisms |
|
|
657 | (3) |
|
Auditory Nervous Pathways |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Function of the Cerebral Cortex in Hearing |
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
Determination of the Direction from Which Sound Comes |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Centrifugal Signals from the Central Nervous System to Lower Auditory Centers |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
The Chemical Senses---Taste and Smell |
|
|
663 | (10) |
|
|
|
663 | (4) |
|
Primary Sensations of Taste |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Taste Bud and Its Function |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Taste Signals into the Central Nervous System |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Taste Preference and Control of the Diet |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
667 | (6) |
|
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Stimulation of the Olfactory Cells |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Smell Signals into the Central Nervous System |
|
|
668 | (5) |
|
UNIT XI The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology |
|
|
|
Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes |
|
|
673 | (12) |
|
Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
Muscle Sensory Receptors---Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs---And Their Roles in Muscle Control |
|
|
675 | (5) |
|
Receptor Function of the Muscle Spindle |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (2) |
|
Role of the Muscle Spindle in Voluntary Motor Activity |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Function of the Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs in Conjunction with Motor Control from Higher Levels of the Brain |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
Postural and Locomotive Reflexes of the Cord |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Spinal Cord Reflexes That Cause Muscle Spasm |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Reflexes in the Spinal Cord |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function |
|
|
685 | (13) |
|
Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
685 | (6) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Some Specialized Areas of Motor Control Found in the Human Motor Cortex |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Signals from the Motor Cortex to the Muscles |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Incoming Fiber Pathways to the Motor Cortex |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Red Nucleus Serves as an Alternative Pathway for Transmitting Cortical Signals to the Spinal Cord |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
``Extrapyramidal'' System |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
Excitation of the Spinal Cord Motor Control Areas by the Primary Motor Cortex and Red Nucleus |
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
Role of the Brain Stem in Controlling Motor Function |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
Support of the Body Against Gravity---Roles of the Reticular and Vestibular Nuclei |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium |
|
|
692 | (5) |
|
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
Function of the Utricle and Saccule in the Maintenance of Static Equilibrium |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
Detection of Head Rotation by the Semicircular Ducts |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
Vestibular Mechanisms for Stabilizing the Eyes |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Other Factors Concerned with Equilibrium |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Functions of Brain Stem Nuclei in Controlling Subconscious, Stereotyped Movements |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control |
|
|
698 | (16) |
|
Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions |
|
|
698 | (9) |
|
Anatomical Functional Areas of the Cerebellum |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum |
|
|
700 | (3) |
|
Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control |
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
Clinical Abnormalities of the Cerebellum |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Basal Ganglia---Their Motor Functions |
|
|
707 | (5) |
|
Function of the Basal Ganglia In Executing Patterns of Motor Activity---The Putamen Circuit |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Role of the Basal Ganglia for Cognitive Control of Sequences of Motor Patterns---The Caudate Circuit |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Function of the Basal Ganglia to Change the Timing and to Scale the Intensity of Movements |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Functions of Specific Neurotransmitter Substances in the Basal Ganglial System |
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System |
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
What Drives Us to Action? |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning and Memory |
|
|
714 | (14) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Functions of Specific Cortical Areas |
|
|
715 | (5) |
|
|
|
716 | (2) |
|
Comprehensive Interpretative Function of the Posterior Superior Temporal Lobe---``Wernicke's Area'' (a General Interpretative Area) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Parieto-occipitotemporal Cortex in the Nondominant Hemisphere |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Higher Intellectual Functions of the Prefrontal Association Areas |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Function of the Brain in Communication---Language Input and Language Output |
|
|
720 | (2) |
|
Function of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure to Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory |
|
|
723 | (5) |
|
Memory---Roles of Synaptic Facilitation and Synaptic Inhibition |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
Intermediate Long-Term Memory |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (3) |
|
Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain---The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus |
|
|
728 | (11) |
|
Activating-Driving Systems of the Brain |
|
|
728 | (3) |
|
Control of Cerebral Activity by Continuous Excitatory Signals from the Brain Stem |
|
|
728 | (2) |
|
Neurohormonal Control of Brain Activity |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System; Key Position of the Hypothalamus |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System |
|
|
732 | (4) |
|
Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions of the Hypothalamus |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Behavioral Functions of the Hypothalamus and Associated Limbic Structures |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
``Reward'' and ``Punishment'' Function of the Limbic System |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Importance of Reward or Punishment in Behavior |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System |
|
|
736 | (3) |
|
Functions of the Hippocampus |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Amygdala |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Function of the Limbic Cortex |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
States of Brain Activity---Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses |
|
|
739 | (9) |
|
|
|
739 | (2) |
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
REM Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep, Desynchronized Sleep) |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Effects of Sleep |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
|
741 | (2) |
|
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Effect of Varying Levels of Cerebral Activity on the Frequency of the EEG |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Changes in the EEG at Different Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Psychotic Behavior and Dementia---Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems |
|
|
745 | (3) |
|
Depression and Manic-Depressive Psychoses---Decreased Activity of the Norepinephrine and Serotonin Neurotransmitter Systems |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Schizophrenia---Possible Exaggerated Function of Part of the Dopamine System |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Alzheimer's Disease---Amyloid Plaques and Depressed Memory |
|
|
746 | (2) |
|
The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
748 | (13) |
|
General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
Preganglionic and Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons |
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function |
|
|
750 | (7) |
|
Cholinergic and Adrenergic Fibers---Secretion of Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine |
|
|
750 | (2) |
|
Receptors on the Effector Organs |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Excitatory and Inhibitory Actions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation on Specific Organs |
|
|
753 | (2) |
|
Function of the Adrenal Medullae |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
Relation of Stimulus Rate to Degree of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Effect |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic ``Tone'' |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Denervation Supersensitivity of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Organs after Denervation |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems |
|
|
757 | (2) |
|
``Alarm'' or ``Stress'' Response of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
Medullary, Pontine, and Mesencephalic Control of the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
759 | (2) |
|
Drugs That Act on Adrenergic Effector Organs---Sympathomimetic Drugs |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Drugs That Act on Cholinergic Effector Organs |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Drugs That Stimulate or Block Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurons |
|
|
759 | (2) |
|
Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism |
|
|
761 | (10) |
|
|
|
761 | (2) |
|
Normal Rate of Cerebral Blood Flow |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow |
|
|
761 | (2) |
|
Cerebral Microcirculation |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
Cerebral Stroke Occurs When Cerebral Blood Vessels are Blocked |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid System |
|
|
763 | (4) |
|
Cushioning Function of the Cerebrospinal Fluid |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
Formation, Flow, and Absorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
Obstruction to Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid Can Cause Hydrocephalus |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Blood--Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood-Brain Barriers |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
767 | (4) |
|
UNIT XII Gastrointestinal Physiology |
|
|
|
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function---Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation |
|
|
771 | (10) |
|
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility |
|
|
771 | (2) |
|
Physiological Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Wall |
|
|
771 | (2) |
|
Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function---Enteric Nervous System |
|
|
773 | (3) |
|
Differences Between the Myenteric and Submucosal Plexuses |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Types of Neurotransmitters Secreted by Enteric Neurons |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
Propulsive Movements---Peristalsis |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow---``Splanchnic Circulation'' |
|
|
777 | (4) |
|
Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Blood Supply |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
Effect of Gut Activity and Metabolic Factors on Gastrointestinal Blood Flow |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
Nervous Control of Gastrointestinal Blood Flow |
|
|
779 | (2) |
|
Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract |
|
|
781 | (10) |
|
|
|
781 | (3) |
|
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
Motor Functions of the Stomach |
|
|
784 | (2) |
|
Storage Function of the Stomach |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
Mixing and Propulsion Of Food in the Stomach---The Basic Electrical Rhythm of the Stomach Wall |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Stomach Emptying |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
Movements of the Small Intestine |
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
Mixing Contractions (Segmentation Contractions) |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
Function of the Ileocecal Valve |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (2) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract |
|
|
791 | (17) |
|
General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion |
|
|
791 | (2) |
|
Anatomical Types of Glands |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
Basic Mechanisms of Stimulation of the Alimentary Tract Glands |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
Basic Mechanism of Secretion by Glandular Cells |
|
|
791 | (2) |
|
Lubricating and Protective Properties of Mucus, and Importance of Mucus in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
|
|
793 | (2) |
|
Nervous Regulation of Salivary Secretion |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
|
795 | |
|
|
|
794 | (5) |
|
Characteristics of the Gastric Secretions |
|
|
794 | (3) |
|
Pyloric Glands---Secretion of Mucus and Gastrin |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Pepsinogen Secretion |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of Gastric Secretion by Other Post-Stomach Intestinal Factors |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
Chemical Composition of Gastrin And Other Gastrointestinal Hormones |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
|
|
799 | (3) |
|
Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
Secretion of Bicarbonate Ions |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion |
|
|
800 | (2) |
|
Secretion of Bile by the Liver; Functions of the Biliary Tree |
|
|
802 | (3) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of Biliary Secretion |
|
|
802 | (2) |
|
Function of Bile Salts in Fat Digestion and Absorption |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Liver Secretion of Cholesterol and Gallstone Formation |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Secretions of the Small Intestine |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Secretion of Mucus by Brunner's Glands in the Duodenum |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Secretion of Intestinal Digestive Juices by the Crypts of Lieberkuhn |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Small Intestine Secretion---Local Stimuli |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
Secretions of the Large Intestine |
|
|
806 | (2) |
|
Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
808 | (11) |
|
Digestion of the Various Foods by Hydrolysis |
|
|
808 | (4) |
|
Digestion of Carbohydrates |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
Anatomical Basis of Absorption |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
Absorption in the Small Intestine |
|
|
813 | (4) |
|
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
|
815 | (2) |
|
Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces |
|
|
817 | (2) |
|
Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders |
|
|
819 | (10) |
|
Disorders of Swallowing and of the Esophagus |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
|
|
819 | (2) |
|
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
Specific Causes of Peptic Ulcer in the Human Being |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Small Intestine |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Abnormal Digestion of Food in the Small Intestine---Pancreatic Failure |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Malabsorption by the Small Intestine Mucosa---Sprue |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Large Intestine |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Paralysis of Defecation in Spinal Cord Injuries |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
823 | (6) |
|
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal Obstruction |
|
|
824 | (5) |
|
UNIT XIII Metabolism and Temperature Regulation |
|
|
|
Metabolism of Carbohydrates, and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate |
|
|
829 | (11) |
|
Release of Energy from Foods, and the Concept of ``Free Energy'' |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Role of Adenosine Triphosphate in Metabolism |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Central Role of Glucose in Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Transport of Glucose Through the Cell Membrane |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Insulin Increases Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Phosphorylation of Glucose |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Glycogen Is Stored in Liver and Muscle |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Glycogenesis---The Process of Glycogen Formation |
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
Removal of Stored Glycogen---Glycogenolysis |
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
Release of Energy from the Glucose Molecule by the Glycolytic Pathway |
|
|
832 | (5) |
|
Summary of ATP Formation During the Breakdown of Glucose |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
Control of Energy Release from Stored Glycogen When the Body Needs Additional Energy |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
Anaerobic Release of Energy---``Anaerobic Glycolysis'' |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
Release of Energy from Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Glucose Conversion to Glycogen or Fat |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Formation of Carbohydrates from Proteins and Fats---``Gluconeogenesis'' |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
|
840 | (12) |
|
Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids |
|
|
840 | (2) |
|
Transport of Triglycerides and Other Lipids from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Lymph---The Chylomicrons |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Removal of the Chylomicrons from the Blood |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
``Free Fatty Acids'' Are Transported in the Blood in Combination with Albumin |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
Lipoproteins---Their Special Function in Transporting Cholesterol and Phospholipids |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate |
|
|
842 | (4) |
|
Formation of Acetoacetic Acid in the Liver and Its Transport in the Blood |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of Triglycerides from Carbohydrates |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of Triglycerides from Proteins |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Energy Release from Triglycerides |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Phospholipids and Cholesterol |
|
|
846 | (2) |
|
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
Cellular Structural Functions of Phospholipids and Cholesterol---Especially for Membranes |
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
|
|
848 | (4) |
|
Basic Causes of Atherosclerosis---The Roles of Cholesterol and Lipoproteins |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
Other Major Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Atherosclerosis |
|
|
850 | (2) |
|
|
|
852 | (7) |
|
|
|
852 | (2) |
|
|
|
852 | (2) |
|
Transport and Storage of Amino Acids |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Storage of Amino Acids as Proteins in the Cells |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins |
|
|
855 | (2) |
|
Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids |
|
|
855 | (2) |
|
Obligatory Degradation of Proteins |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism |
|
|
857 | (2) |
|
|
|
859 | (6) |
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Liver |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems |
|
|
859 | (2) |
|
Blood Flows Through the Liver from the Portal Vein and Hepatic Artery |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
The Liver Functions as a Blood Reservoir |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
The Liver Has Very High Lymph Flow |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Liver Mass---Regeneration |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Macrophage System Serves a Blood-Cleansing Function |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
Metabolic Functions of the Liver |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
Other Metabolic Functions of the Liver |
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Bilirubin in the Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool |
|
|
862 | (3) |
|
Jaundice---Excess Bilirubin in the Extracellular Fluid |
|
|
863 | (2) |
|
Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals |
|
|
865 | (16) |
|
Energy Intake and Output Are Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Energy Available in Foods |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Methods for Determining Metabolic Utilization of Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats |
|
|
866 | |
|
Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage |
|
|
865 | (7) |
