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El. knyga: Theocratic Secularism: Religion and Government in Shi'i Thought

(Senior Lecturer, National School of Arts, Australian Catholic University)

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For more than forty years, there has been a religious government in Iran that claims to be rooted in shi'i political theology. In this book, Naser Ghobadzadeh intends to show that this reading of shi'i political theology is a fundamental deviation from orthodox shi'ism.

The principle of theocracy is one of the most fundamental principles of the shi'i orthodox belief system, but its realization in practice depends on the return of the Twelfth Imam. Until that day, the institution of government and political leadership falls outside the scope of the authority of religious leaders. Naser Ghobadzadeh shows that governmental-shi'ism is less than half a century old and that its formation was not the product of a transformation in orthodox shi'i political theology. Rather, governmental-shi'ism was born in the political arena and has been able to survive because it profits from government resources.

Coining the term 'theocratic secularism', this book argues for the re-instatement of a form of political secularism in Iran.

Recenzijos

Naser Ghobadzadeh's reputation as one of the world's leading young scholars of Shii Islam is reaffirmed by this enlightening and enlivening book. It shows with great clarity how the Iranian government's reigning doctrine of wilayat-i faqih was born of a revolutionary power grab that spurned the wisdom of ancient Shii juristsscholars such as Shaykh alMufid and al-Sharif al-Murtada who taught that people of faith who believe in the hidden Imam are obliged to shun involvement in earthly government and resist its corrupting and potentially evil effects. * John Keane, Professor of Politics, University of Sydney * This is a superb contribution to transformative scholarship in the Islamic Imami Shia tradition, insightful and innovative yet authoritative, respectful, and well documented. * Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim, author of Islam and the Secular State * In Theocratic Secularism, Ghobadzadeh proposes that Twelver Shiism has occasioned a religious justification for political secularism. In doing so he details a history of Shiism from its formative period to the present, placing what he calls 'governmental Shiism' against 'Shii orthodoxy.' One need not be convinced of his argument to see a solid scholar at work trying to question the religious foundation of tyrannical rule of a clerical class. * Hamid Dabashi, Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature, Columbia University * Ghobadzadeh has meticulously probed the history of Shiite tradition to underscore the idea that 'theocratic secularism' is embedded in the Twelver Shii theology. The book traverses painstakingly through Iranian and Western sources to demonstrate that Islamic government is a modern construct, and it is inconceivable for it to exist legitimately during the occultation of the Twelfth Imam. * Abdulaziz Sachedina, Professor of Islamic Studies, George Mason University *

Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1(32)
Formative Centuries of Shi'ism
2(5)
An Unattainable Theocracy
7(3)
The Iranian Revolution and Ecclesial Transformation?
10(5)
The Necessity and Importance of Theocratic Secularism
15(4)
An Attenuated Notion of Political Secularism
19(3)
Separation of Religious and Political Authority
22(5)
Some Caveats
27(6)
PART I THE FORMATIVE PERIOD OF SHI'ISM
1 The Sorrowful Age of Presence
33(20)
Political Leadership and Salvation
36(2)
Claims to the Caliphate
38(4)
Eschewing Politics
42(1)
Scholarly Pursuits
43(2)
Organizational Development
45(1)
A Symbolic Role
46(2)
Little Information and Even Less Political Involvement
48(5)
2 The Minor Occultation: Collaboration and Survival
53(34)
The Political Aura of the Minor Occultation
55(4)
Infallible Imams and Collaboration with Caliphs
59(2)
Shi'i Families in the Caliphate Apparatus
61(2)
The Four Deputies (Nawab Arba'a)
63(2)
The Representative Organization (Wikala)
65(4)
"Othering" Rivals: The Case of Ja'far's Claim to the Imamate
69(5)
Non-messianic Notion of the Savior
74(3)
Discourse of Pragmatism and Survival
77(1)
Elimination of Rivals
78(9)
3 The Age of Perplexity: From Moderate Shi'ism to Twelver Shi'ism
87(30)
Epistemic Transformation
88(3)
Transformed Premises
91(3)
`Ulama in the Early Centuries
94(2)
Dominance of Hadith
96(2)
Formation of Shi'i Hadith Collections
98(3)
Discourse Formation through Hadith Compilation
101(3)
Appropriating from Competing Sects
104(2)
Modifications to the Imamate
106(11)
4 The Major Occultation: The `Ulama' and Interaction with the Usurper
117(32)
The Authority of the Ulama'
118(4)
Limited and Decentralized Authority
122(3)
Just and Legitimate Ruler
125(3)
Cooperation with a Usurper
128(1)
Baghdad and Qum Schools of Thought
129(5)
Buyids and Shi'i Leaders
134(4)
Rebellion against the Usurper
138(3)
Shi'ism: A Religion of Resistance?
141(8)
PART II THE CONTINGENT RISE OF GOVERNMENTAL SHITSM
5 The Political Germination of a Religious Doctrine
149(22)
The Doctrine of Wilayat-i Faqih: A Clean Break
150(3)
Rational Kernel of a Religious Doctrine
153(3)
The Sociopolitical Aspects of the Shari'a
156(8)
The Populist Approach of Khomeini
164(2)
Reception in the Seminary
166(5)
6 Wilayat-i Faqih: The Elephant in the Room
171(22)
Religion during the Revolutionary Struggle
172(7)
The Interviews of Khomeini
179(2)
"Islamic Republic": An Empty Signifier
181(5)
The Draft Constitution
186(7)
7 The Creeping Entrance of the Idea of Wilayat-i Faqih
193(22)
Referendum or Constituent Assembly?
194(4)
The Creeping Entrance
198(4)
The Faqih at the Head of the State Apparatus
202(2)
The Silence of Prominent Clerical Islamist Leaders
204(2)
Complete Absence of the Doctrine of Wilayat-i Faqih
206(5)
Lack of Cohesion and Coordination among Islamists
211(4)
8 The Genie Is Out of the Botde
215(30)
The Islamists' Conquest of the Assembly of Experts
216(1)
The Mystical Character of Khomeini
217(2)
Khomeini and the Assembly of Experts Election
219(2)
Fear That the Nightmare of Constitutionalism Would Recur
221(4)
Underestimation of the Clerical Islamists
225(3)
The Assembly of Experts and the Tyranny of the Majority
228(3)
The Great Absentees from the Assembly of Experts
231(2)
Avoidance of Theological Debate
233(5)
Disunity of Opponents and Cohesion of Supporters
238(7)
Conclusion
245(10)
Secularism Embedded in Theology
246(2)
Governmental Shi'ism
248(1)
The Cold War against Shi'i Orthodoxy
249(6)
Bibliography 255(40)
Index 295
Naser Ghobadzadeh is a senior lecturer at the National School of Arts, Australian Catholic University. Naser's interests lie in the study of Islamic political theology, secularism, and Middle East politics. Ghobadzadeh holds a Ph.D. (University of Sydney, 2012) and an M.A. in Political Science (Shahid Beheshti University, Iran 2001). Ghobadzadeh has written three books including Religious secularity: a theological challenge to the Islamic state (2015), Caspian Sea: legal regime, neighbouring countries and US policies (2005 - in Farsi) and A study of people's divergence from ruling system (2002-in Farsi). He is also co-editor of The Politics of Islamism: Diverging Visions and Trajectories (2018).