Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 | (25) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 The Scope of the Investigation |
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3 | (4) |
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7 | (4) |
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1.4 Three Answers, or Pieces of an Answer |
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11 | (6) |
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1.5 A Sketch of the Scientific Revolution and What Came Afterward |
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17 | (9) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (27) |
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2.1 The Empiricist Tradition |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (4) |
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2.3 Central Ideas of Logical Positivism |
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34 | (6) |
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40 | (4) |
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2.5 Logical Empiricism and the Web of Belief |
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44 | (5) |
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2.6 Experience, Experiment, and Action |
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49 | (4) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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51 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Evidence and Induction |
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53 | (24) |
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3.1 The Mother of All Problems |
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54 | (1) |
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3.2 Induction, Deduction, Confirmation, and Explanatory Inference |
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55 | (6) |
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61 | (6) |
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3.4 Goodman's "New Riddle of Induction" |
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67 | (7) |
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3.5 Optional Section: A Little More about Hypothetico-Deductivism |
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74 | (3) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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75 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Popper: Conjecture and Refutation |
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77 | (54) |
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4.1 Popper's Unique Place in the Philosophy of Science |
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78 | (1) |
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4.2 Popper's Theory of Science |
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78 | (5) |
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4.3 Popper on Scientific Change |
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83 | (3) |
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4.4 Objections to Popper on Falsification |
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86 | (5) |
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4.5 Objections to Popper on Confirmation |
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91 | (4) |
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4.6 Further Comments on the Demarcation Problem |
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95 | (7) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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100 | (1) |
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Chapters Kuhn's Revolution |
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101 | (1) |
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5.1 "The Paradigm Has Shifted" |
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102 | (2) |
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5.2 Paradigms: A Closer Look |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (4) |
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5.5 Revolutions and Their Aftermath |
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113 | (5) |
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5.6 Incommensurability, Relativism, and Progress |
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118 | (5) |
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5.7 The X-Rated "Chapter X" |
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123 | (4) |
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5.8 Final Thoughts about Kuhn |
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127 | (4) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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129 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Theories and Frameworks |
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131 | (20) |
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132 | (1) |
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6.2 Lakatos and Research Programs |
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133 | (5) |
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6.3 Laudan and Research Traditions |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (3) |
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6.5 An Argument from History That Haunts Philosophy |
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144 | (2) |
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6.6 Frameworks, Theories, and Empiricism |
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146 | (5) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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149 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 The Challenge from Sociology of Science |
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151 | (21) |
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152 | (1) |
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7.2 Robert Merton and the "Old" Sociology of Science |
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152 | (5) |
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7.3 The Rise of the Strong Program |
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157 | (5) |
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7.4 Leviathan, Latour, and the Manufacture of Facts |
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162 | (10) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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171 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Science Is Political |
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172 | (24) |
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8.1 A Changing Image of Science |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (3) |
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8.3 Sex and Gender in Behavioral Biology |
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177 | (2) |
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8.4 Feminist Epistemology |
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179 | (6) |
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8.5 Postmodernism and the Science Wars |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (7) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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194 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Naturalistic Philosophy |
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196 | (25) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (5) |
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9.3 The Role of Observation in Science |
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203 | (6) |
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209 | (4) |
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9.5 The Division of Scientific Labor |
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213 | (3) |
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9.6 More on Competition and the Goals of Science |
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216 | (5) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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218 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Scientific Realism |
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221 | (25) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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10.3 Approaching Scientific Realism |
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225 | (4) |
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10.4 Challenges from Empiricism |
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229 | (4) |
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10.5 Metaphysical Constructivism |
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233 | (4) |
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10.6 Underdetermination and Progress |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (6) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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243 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Explanation, Laws, and Causes |
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246 | (20) |
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247 | (1) |
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11.2 The Rise and Fall of the Covering Law Theory of Explanation |
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248 | (4) |
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11.3 Causation and Unification |
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252 | (6) |
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11.4 Laws, Causes, and Interventions |
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258 | (8) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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264 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Bayesianism and New Views of Evidence |
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266 | (27) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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12.3 Understanding Evidence with Probability |
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270 | (3) |
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12.4 The Subjectivist Interpretation of Probability |
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273 | (4) |
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12.5 Bayesianism and Evidence |
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277 | (7) |
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12.6 Procedures and Experiments |
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284 | (9) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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291 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Truth, Simplicity, and Other Problems |
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293 | (28) |
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13.1 The Problem of Truth |
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294 | (2) |
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13.2 Correspondence, Coherence, and Usefulness |
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296 | (2) |
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13.3 An Indirect Approach, via Ramsey |
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298 | (5) |
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303 | (5) |
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308 | (5) |
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313 | (8) |
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Further Reading and Notes |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (16) |
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14.1 Empiricism, Naturalism, and Scientific Realism |
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322 | (8) |
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14.2 Another Kind of Scientific Change |
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330 | (7) |
Glossary |
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337 | (12) |
Websites |
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349 | (2) |
References |
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351 | (22) |
Index |
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373 | |