| List of Contributing Authors |
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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxiii | |
| Master Competency Checklist |
|
xxiv | |
| Part One: Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities |
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1 The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities |
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3 | (20) |
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3 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (8) |
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The Relationship Between Wavelength and Frequency |
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5 | (1) |
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The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum |
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6 | (1) |
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How Is Electromagnetic Energy Produced? |
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7 | (2) |
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Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations |
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9 | (1) |
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Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Energy |
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9 | (2) |
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Electromagnetic Energy Modalities |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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Thermal Energy Modalities |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Electrical Energy Modalities |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Mechanical Energy Modalities |
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16 | (1) |
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The Importance of Incorporating the Best Available Evidence into Decisions About the Use of Therapeutic Modalities |
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16 | (1) |
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Applying the Best Available Evidence in Making Clinical Decisions |
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16 | (1) |
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Assessing the Outcomes of a Treatment |
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17 | (1) |
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Legal Concerns When Using Therapeutic Modalities |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (6) |
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2 Using Therapeutic Modalities to Affect the Healing Process |
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23 | (18) |
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How Should the Clinician Use Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation? |
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23 | (2) |
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The Importance of Understanding the Healing Process |
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25 | (5) |
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Inflammatory-Response Phase |
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25 | (3) |
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Fibroblastic-Repair Phase |
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28 | (1) |
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Maturation-Remodeling Phase |
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29 | (1) |
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Factors that Impede Healing |
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30 | (1) |
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How Should Therapeutic Modalities be Used Throughout the Rehabilitation Process? |
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31 | (4) |
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Using Modalities in the Immediate First Aid Management of Injury |
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31 | (2) |
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Modality Use in the Inflammatory-Response Phase |
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33 | (1) |
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Modality Use in the Fibroblastic-Repair Phase |
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33 | (1) |
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Modality Use in the Maturation-Remodeling Phase |
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34 | (1) |
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Indications and Contraindications |
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35 | (1) |
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Other Considerations in Treating Injury |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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3 The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Wound Healing |
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41 | (36) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (7) |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (2) |
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Pneumatic Compression Therapy |
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59 | (1) |
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Review of Clinical Research Evidence |
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60 | (3) |
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Choosing the Best Modality for the Treatment of Delayed or Nonhealing Wounds |
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63 | (3) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (11) |
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4 Managing Pain With Therapeutic Modalities |
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77 | (26) |
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77 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (5) |
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Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
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Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control |
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89 | (5) |
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The Gate Control Theory of Pain |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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beta-Endorphin and Dynorphin in Pain Control |
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92 | (2) |
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Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (6) |
| Part TWO Electrical Energy Modalities |
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5 Basic Principles of Electricity and Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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103 | (80) |
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Components of Electrical Currents |
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104 | (1) |
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Electrotherapeutic Currents |
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105 | (1) |
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Generators of Electrotherapeutic Currents |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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Series and Parallel Circuits |
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107 | (2) |
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Current Flow through Biologic Tissues |
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109 | (1) |
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Choosing Appropriate Treatment Parameters |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (12) |
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110 | (1) |
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Pulses versus Phases and Direction of Current Flow |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (3) |
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Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current |
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122 | (6) |
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Direct and Indirect Physiologic Effects |
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122 | (1) |
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Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents |
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123 | (3) |
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Muscular Responses to Electrical Current |
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126 | (2) |
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Biostimulative Effects of Electrical Current on Nonexcitatory Cells |
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128 | (1) |
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Clinical Uses of Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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128 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Uses for Electrical Stimulation of Motor Nerves |
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128 | (9) |
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Therapeutic Uses of Electrical Stimulation of Sensory Nerves |
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137 | (3) |
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Clinically Used Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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140 | (12) |
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141 | (1) |
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Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Current Generators) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (4) |
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Premodulated Interferential Current |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Deep Oscillation Therapy (HIVAMAT) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Functional Electrical Stimulation |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Transcranial Electrical Stimulation |
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155 | (1) |
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Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation |
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155 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulating Currents as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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156 | (1) |
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Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (24) |
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183 | (28) |
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Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis |
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183 | (1) |
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Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer |
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184 | (2) |
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Pharmacokinetics of Iontophoresis |
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184 | (1) |
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Movement of Ions in Solution |
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184 | (1) |
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Movement of Ions Through Tissue |
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185 | (1) |
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Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques |
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186 | (10) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
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Selecting the Appropriate Ion |
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193 | (3) |
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Clinical Applications for Iontophoresis |
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196 | (3) |
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Treatment Indications and Contraindications |
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199 | (2) |
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Sensitivity Reactions to Ions |
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200 | (1) |
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Treatment of Chemical Burns |
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201 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Iontophoresis as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (9) |
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211 | (26) |
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Motor Control and Feedback |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Biofeedback Instrumentation |
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212 | (2) |
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Peripheral Skin Temperature |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Skin Conductance Activity |
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213 | (1) |
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Electromyographic Biofeedback |
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214 | (4) |
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214 | (2) |
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Measuring Electrical Activity |
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216 | (1) |
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Separation and Amplification of Electromyographic Activity |
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216 | (1) |
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Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information |
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217 | (1) |
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Processing the Electromyographic Signal |
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218 | (1) |
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Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques |
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218 | (5) |
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220 | (2) |
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Displaying the Information |
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222 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for Biofeedback |
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223 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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Relaxation of Muscle Guarding |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Treating Neurologic Conditions |
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226 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Biofeedback as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (11) |
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8 Principles of Electrophysiologic Evaluation and Testing |
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237 | (62) |
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239 | (1) |
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Electrophysiologic Testing Equipment and Setup |
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240 | (5) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Visual Feedback (Oscilloscope) |
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243 | (1) |
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Auditory Feedback (Speakers) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Eliciting an Action Potential |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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245 | (1) |
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Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction |
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246 | (3) |
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Sensory Receptor and Size of the Axon |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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The Elements of the Spinal Nerve |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (19) |
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Limb Temperature and Age Considerations |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (18) |
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The Electromyographic Examination |
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268 | (14) |
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270 | (9) |
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Somatosensory Evoked Potentials |
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279 | (2) |
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Electrophysiologic Testing Within the Operating Room |
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281 | (1) |
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Other Electrophysiologic Testing Procedures |
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281 | (1) |
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Requesting NCS/EMG Examinations |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (16) |
| Part Three: Thermal Energy Modalities |
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9 Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy |
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299 | (80) |
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Mechanisms of Thermal Energy Transfer |
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300 | (1) |
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Appropriate use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy Modalities |
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300 | (1) |
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Clinical use of the Thermal Energy Modalities |
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301 | (3) |
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Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation |
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302 | (1) |
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Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle |
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303 | (1) |
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Effects of Temperature Change on Performance |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (21) |
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Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling |
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304 | (5) |
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Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques |
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309 | (16) |
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325 | (12) |
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Physiologic Effects of Tissue Heating |
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325 | (1) |
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Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques |
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326 | (11) |
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337 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy as Clinical Treatment Modalities? |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (40) |
| Part Four: Sound Energy Modalities |
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10 Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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379 | (58) |
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Ultrasound as a Heating Modality |
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380 | (1) |
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Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues |
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380 | (3) |
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Transverse Versus Longitudinal Waves |
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380 | (1) |
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Frequency of Wave Transmission |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (2) |
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Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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383 | (8) |
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Components of a Therapeutic Ultrasound Generator |
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383 | (8) |
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Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound |
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391 | (3) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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Ultrasound Treatment Techniques |
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394 | (8) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (4) |
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Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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402 | (8) |
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Soft-Tissue Healing and Repair |
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403 | (1) |
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Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture |
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403 | (1) |
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Stretching of Connective Tissue |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (2) |
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Portable Ultrasound Devices |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (3) |
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Using Ultrasound in Combination with Other Modalities |
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413 | (2) |
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413 | (1) |
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Ultrasound and Cold Packs |
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413 | (1) |
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Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation |
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414 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Ultrasound as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (2) |
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Guidelines for the Safe use of Ultrasound Equipment |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (18) |
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11 Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy |
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437 | (18) |
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History of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) |
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437 | (1) |
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Physical Characteristics of Extracorporeal Shock Wave |
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438 | (2) |
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440 | (1) |
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Physical Parameters of Shock Waves |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (4) |
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Dosing and Anesthesia Parameters |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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Lower Extremity Tendonopathy |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (2) |
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Medial-Lateral Epicondylopathy |
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446 | (1) |
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Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy |
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446 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (7) |
| Part Five: Electromagnetic Energy Modalities |
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12 Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy |
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455 | (30) |
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Physiologic Responses to Diathermy |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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Shortwave Diathermy Equipment |
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457 | (12) |
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Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes |
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459 | (5) |
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Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (2) |
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Clinical Applications for Diathermy |
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468 | (1) |
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Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities |
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469 | (1) |
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Diathermy Treatment Precautions, Indications, and Contraindications |
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470 | (2) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Shortwave Diathermy as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (12) |
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485 | (44) |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
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Laser Treatment Techniques |
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489 | (7) |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (4) |
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495 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for Lasers |
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496 | (7) |
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Wound Healing Applications |
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496 | (3) |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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Suggested Treatment Protocols |
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503 | (3) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (1) |
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506 | (4) |
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Indications, Con traindications, and Precautions |
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509 | (1) |
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Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) |
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510 | (4) |
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510 | (1) |
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LED Clinical Applications |
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511 | (2) |
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513 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Laser and Led as Clinical Treatment Modalities? |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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515 | (14) |
| Part Six: Mechanical Energy Modalities |
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529 | (36) |
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The Physical Effects of Traction |
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529 | (4) |
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Effects on Spinal Movement |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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Effects on Articular Facet Joints |
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532 | (1) |
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Effects on the Muscular System |
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532 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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Effects on the Entire Body Part |
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533 | (1) |
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Traction Treatment Techniques |
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533 | (21) |
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Lumbar Positional Traction |
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533 | (2) |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (4) |
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Mechanical Lumbar Traction |
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540 | (9) |
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549 | (2) |
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Mechanical Cervical Traction |
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551 | (3) |
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Indications and Contraindications |
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554 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Traction as a Clinical Technique? |
|
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555 | (1) |
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556 | (9) |
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15 Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices |
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565 | (24) |
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565 | (4) |
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Purposes of the Lymphatic System |
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565 | (1) |
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Structure of the Lymphatic System |
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566 | (1) |
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Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function |
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566 | (1) |
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567 | (1) |
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Formation of Pitting Edema |
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567 | (1) |
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568 | (1) |
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The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation |
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|
569 | (1) |
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569 | (2) |
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Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Treatment Techniques |
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|
571 | (6) |
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571 | (1) |
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572 | (1) |
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573 | (1) |
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Sequential Compression Pumps |
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573 | (1) |
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Patient Setup and Instructions |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
Cold and Compression Combination |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Indications and Contraindications for Use |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) Training |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (8) |
|
|
|
589 | (42) |
|
|
|
Physiologic Effects of Massage |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Psychological Effects of Massage |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines |
|
|
591 | (4) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Classic Massage Treatment Techniques |
|
|
595 | (7) |
|
Swedish Massage (Hoffa Massage) |
|
|
595 | (7) |
|
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Transverse Friction Massage |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Connective Tissue Massage |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
General Principles of Connective Tissue Massage |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (3) |
|
Myofascial Trigger Points |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Trigger Point Massage Techniques |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Myofascial Release Techniques |
|
|
609 | (8) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Positional Release Therapy |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Active Release Technique° |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Indications and Contraindications for Massage |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Various Massage Techniques as Clinical Treatment Modalities? |
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
|
|
619 | (12) |
|
|
|
631 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
Effects of Vibration on Proprioception and Kinesthesia |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Effects of Vibration on Balance |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Effects of Vibration on Reflexive Neuromuscular Control |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Patient Self-Report and Functional Outcomes |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (9) |
| Appendix A: Location of Motor Points |
|
649 | (4) |
| Appendix B: Units of Measure |
|
653 | (2) |
| Answers to Self-Test Questions |
|
655 | (2) |
| Index |
|
657 | |
