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Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation, Sixth Edition 6th edition [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 720 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 282x224x33 mm, weight: 1694 g, 230 Illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: McGraw-Hill Education
  • ISBN-10: 1264264550
  • ISBN-13: 9781264264551
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 720 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 282x224x33 mm, weight: 1694 g, 230 Illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: McGraw-Hill Education
  • ISBN-10: 1264264550
  • ISBN-13: 9781264264551
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

The most comprehensive textbook available on therapeutic modalities in rehabilitation—enhanced by a full-color presentation and numerous case studies

This practically oriented guide presents the basic science and current best available evidence for each type of therapeutic modality used in physical rehabilitation. Here, clinicians will find the information needed to determine which modality will be most effective in a given situation to achieve optimal patient outcomes. Each chapter examines the physiologic basis for use, clinical applications, specific techniques of application through the use of related laboratory activities, and relevant individual case studies for each therapeutic modality.

Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation, Sixth Edition is divided into six parts:

Part 1:  Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities examines the scientific basis for using therapeutic modalities, classifies the modalities according to the type of energy each uses, and includes guidelines for selecting the most appropriate modalities for managing pain and for use in different phases of the healing process.

Part II: Electrical Energy Modalities discusses the principles of electricity, components of electrical and electrotherapeutic currents, treatment parameters, physiological responses to electrical current, iontophoresis, and biofeedback.

Part III: Thermal Energy Modalities focuses on modalities which produce a change in tissue temperatures through conduction and convection including thermotherapy and cryotherapy.

Part IV: Sound Energy Modalities covers modalities that utilize acoustic energy to produce a therapeutic effect, including therapeutic ultrasound and extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Biologic effects and clinical applications are also discussed.

Part V: Electromagnetic Energy Modalities examines diathermy, as well as photobiomodulation (light therapy) treatment techniques and protocols.

Part VI: Mechanical Energy Modalities includes chapters on traction, intermittent pneumatic compression, therapeutic massage and vibration.

Presented in full color, the text is enhanced by valuable learning aids, including chapter objectives and summaries, figures and tables, clinical decision-making exercises, review questions, instructional videos, a glossary of key terms in each chapter, up-to-date references, case studies, lab activities, and appendices.

List of Contributing Authors xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
Master Competency Checklist xxvi
Part One Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities
1 The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities
3(20)
William E. Prentice
Bob Blake
Basic Science
3(2)
Forms of Energy
4(1)
Electromagnetic Energy
5(8)
The Relationship Between Wavelength and Frequency
5(1)
The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum
6(1)
How Is Electromagnetic Energy Produced?
7(2)
Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations
9(1)
Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Energy
9(2)
Electromagnetic Energy Modalities
11(2)
Thermal Energy
13(1)
Thermal Energy Modalities
14(1)
Electrical Energy
14(1)
Electrical Energy Modalities
14(1)
Sound Energy
15(1)
Sound Energy Modalities
15(1)
Mechanical Energy
16(1)
Mechanical Energy Modalities
16(1)
The Importance of Incorporating The Best Available Evidence Into Decisions About The Use of Therapeutic Modalities
16(1)
Applying the Best Available Evidence in Making Clinical Decisions
17(1)
Assessing the Patient Outcomes of a Treatment
17(1)
Legal Concerns When Using Therapeutic Modalities
17(1)
Summary
17(6)
2 Using Therapeutic Modalities to Affect the Healing Process
23(18)
William E. Prentice
How Should the Clinician Use Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation?
23(2)
The Importance of Understanding The Healing Process
25(5)
Inflammatory-Response Phase
25(3)
Fibroblastic-Repair Phase
28(1)
Maturation-Remodeling Phase
29(1)
Factors That Impede Healing
30(2)
How Should Therapeutic Modalities Be Used Throughout The Rehabilitation Process?
32(4)
Using Modalities in the Immediate First Aid Management of Injury
32(2)
Modality Use in the Inflammatory-Response Phase
34(1)
Modality Use in the Fibroblastic-Repair Phase
35(1)
Modality Use in the Maturation-Remodeling Phase
35(1)
Other Considerations In Treating Injury
36(1)
Summary
37(4)
3 The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Wound Healing
41(38)
Pamela E. Houghton
Introduction
41(1)
Thermal Agents
42(2)
Hydrotherapy
43(1)
Electrical Stimulation
44(8)
Ultrasound
52(2)
Photobiomodulation
54(3)
Ultraviolet Light
57(3)
Pneumatic Compression Therapy
60(1)
Review of Clinical Research Evidence
60(4)
Choosing the Best Modality for the Treatment of Delayed or Nonhealing Wounds
64(3)
Contraindications
65(2)
Summary
67(12)
4 Managing Pain With Therapeutic Modalities
79(28)
Craig R. Denegar
William E. Prentice
Understanding Pain
79(3)
Why Does Classification Matter?
80(1)
The Pain Experience
80(1)
Pain Terminology
81(1)
Pain Assessment
82(3)
Pain Assessment Scales
82(3)
Documentation
85(1)
Goals In Managing Pain
85(1)
Nociceptive Pain
85(7)
Sensory Receptors
85(2)
Neural Transmission
87(1)
Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission
88(2)
Nociception
90(2)
Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control
92(4)
The Gate Control Theory of Pain
92(1)
Descending Pain Control
93(1)
β-Endorphin and Dynorphin in Pain Control
93(2)
Central Mechanisms
95(1)
Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms
95(1)
Pain Management
96(4)
Nontraumatic and Persisting Pain
97(3)
Summary
100(7)
Part Two Electrical Energy Modalities
5 Basic Principles of Electricity and Electrical Stimulating Currents
107(82)
Daniel N. Hooker
William E. Prentice
Components of Electrical Currents
108(1)
Electrotherapeutic Currents
109(1)
Devices That Generate Electrotherapeutic Currents
110(1)
Electrical Circuits
111(3)
Series and Parallel Circuits
111(2)
Current Flow through Biologic Tissues
113(1)
Choosing Appropriate Treatment Parameters
114(12)
Waveforms
114(4)
Current Modulation
118(2)
Frequency
120(1)
Intensity
121(1)
Duration
121(1)
Polarity
121(2)
Electrode Setup
123(3)
Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current
126(6)
Direct and Indirect Physiologic Effects
126(1)
Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents
127(3)
Muscular Responses to Electrical Current
130(2)
Biostimulative Effects of Electrical Current on Nonexcitatory Cells
132(1)
Clinical Uses of Electrical Stimulating Currents
132(9)
Therapeutic Uses for Electrical Stimulation of Motor Nerves
132(9)
Therapeutic Uses of Electrical Stimulation of Sensory Nerves
141(3)
Clinically Used Electrical Stimulating Currents
144(12)
High Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC)
145(1)
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
146(1)
Microcurrent
147(3)
Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Biphasic Current Generators)
150(1)
Interferential Currents
151(4)
Premodulated Interferential Current
155(1)
Continuous Direct Current (CDC)
155(1)
H-Wave Stimulation
156(1)
Deep Oscillation Therapy (Hivamat)
156(1)
Bone Growth Stimulators
157(1)
Functional Electrical Stimulation
158(1)
Clinical Uses of FES
159(1)
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation
159(1)
Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation
159(1)
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulating Currents as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
160(1)
Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment
161(3)
Summary
164(25)
6 Iontophoresis
189(30)
James R. Scifers
William E. Prentice
Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis
189(1)
Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer
190(2)
Pharmacokinetics of lontophoresis
190(1)
Movement of Ions in Solution
190(1)
Movement of Ions Through Tissue
191(1)
Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques
192(11)
Type of Current Required
192(1)
lontophoresis Generators
192(2)
Current Intensity
194(1)
Treatment Duration
195(1)
Dosage of Medication
195(1)
Electrodes
195(5)
Selecting the Appropriate Ion
200(3)
Clinical Applications for lontophoresis
203(4)
Treatment Indications and Contraindications
207(1)
Sensitivity Reactions to Ions
207(1)
Treatment of Chemical Burns
208(1)
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of lontophoresis as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
208(1)
Summary
209(10)
7 Biofeedback
219(26)
William E. Prentice
Motor Control and Feedback
219(1)
The Role of Biofeedback
220(1)
Biofeedback Instrumentation
220(2)
Peripheral Skin Temperature
221(1)
Finger Phototransmission
221(1)
Skin Conductance Activity
221(1)
Real-Time Ultrasound
222(1)
Electromyographic Biofeedback
222(4)
Motor Unit Recruitment
223(1)
Measuring Electrical Activity
224(1)
Separation and Amplification of Electromyographic Activity
224(1)
Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information
225(1)
Processing the Electromyographic Signal
226(1)
Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques
226(5)
Electrodes
228(2)
Displaying the Information
230(1)
Wearable Biofeedback Devices
231(1)
Clinical Applications for Biofeedback
231(3)
Muscle Reeducation
231(2)
Relaxation of Muscle Guarding
233(1)
Pain Reduction
234(1)
Treating Neurologic Conditions
234(1)
What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Biofeedback as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
234(1)
Summary
235(10)
8 Principles of Electrophysiologic Evaluation and Testing
245(66)
John Halle
David Greathouse
Introduction
247(1)
Electrophysiologic Testing Equipment and Setup
248(5)
Electrodes
249(2)
Amplifier
251(1)
Visual Feedback (Oscilloscope)
251(1)
Auditory Feedback (Speakers)
251(1)
Testing Units
252(1)
Eliciting an Action Potential
252(1)
Generating a Record
253(1)
Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System
253(2)
Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction
255(3)
Sensory Receptor and Size of the Axon
256(1)
Synapse
256(1)
Alpha Motor Neuron
256(1)
Neuromuscular Junction
256(1)
Muscle Fiber
256(1)
The Elements of the Spinal Nerve
257(1)
Testing Procedures
258(20)
Limb Temperature and Age Considerations
258(1)
Nerve Conduction Study
258(1)
Sensory Nerve Studies
259(4)
Other Variations to Sensory Nerve Studies
263(4)
Motor Nerve Studies
267(8)
Other Motor Nerve Conduction Procedures
275(2)
An Example of One Upper Quarter Examination Using Sensory and Motor Nerve Conduction Procedures
277(1)
The Electromyographic Examination
278(15)
Clinical EMG Procedures
280(1)
Insertion
280(8)
Sensitivity and Specificity of the NCS/EMG Examination
288(1)
Limitations Associated with the NCS/EMG Process
289(1)
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
290(1)
Electrophysiological Testing Complemented by the Addition of Neuromuscular Ultrasound
291(1)
Electrophysiologic Testing Within the Operating Room
292(1)
Other Electrophysiologic Testing Procedures
292(1)
Requesting NCS/EMG Examinations
293(1)
Conclusion
293(1)
Summary
294(17)
Part Three Thermal Energy Modalities
9 Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy
311(80)
Lisa Jutte
William E. Prentice
Mechanisms of Thermal Energy Transfer
312(1)
Appropriate Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy Modalities
312(1)
Clinical Use of the Thermal Energy Modalities
313(3)
Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation
314(1)
Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle Spasm
315(1)
Effects of Temperature Change on Performance
316(1)
Cryotherapy
316(21)
Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling
316(5)
Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques
321(16)
Thermotherapy
337(12)
Physiologic Effects of Tissue Heating
337(1)
Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques
338(11)
Counterirritants
349(1)
What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy as Clinical Treatment Modalities?
350(1)
Summary
351(40)
Part Four Sound Energy Modalities
10 Therapeutic Ultrasound
391(60)
Leamor Kahanov
William E. Prentice
David O. Draper
Ultrasound as a Heating Modality
392(1)
Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues
392(3)
Transverse versus Longitudinal Waves
392(1)
Frequency of Wave Transmission
393(1)
Velocity
393(1)
Attenuation
393(2)
Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound
395(9)
Components of a Therapeutic Ultrasound Generator
395(1)
Transducer
395(2)
Effective Radiating Area
397(2)
Frequency of Therapeutic Ultrasound
399(1)
The Ultrasound Beam
400(1)
Amplitude, Power, and Intensity
401(1)
Pulsed versus Continuous Wave Ultrasound
402(2)
Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound
404(2)
Thermal Effects
404(1)
Nonthermal Effects
405(1)
Ultrasound Treatment Techniques
406(9)
Frequency of Treatment
406(1)
Duration of Treatment
407(1)
Coupling Methods
408(5)
Moving the Transducer
413(2)
Recording Ultrasound Treatments
415(1)
Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound
415(8)
Soft Tissue Healing and Repair
415(1)
Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture
416(1)
Stretching of Connective Tissue
417(1)
Chronic Inflammation
417(2)
Bone Healing
419(1)
Ultrasound over Epiphyseal Plates
419(1)
Ultrasonic Bone Growth Stimulators
419(1)
Absorption of Calcium Deposits
420(1)
Ultrasound in Assessing Stress Fractures
420(2)
Pain Reduction
422(1)
Plantar Warts
422(1)
Placebo Effects
422(1)
Portable Ultrasound Devices
423(1)
Phonophoresis
423(3)
Using Ultrasound in Combination with Other Modalities
426(2)
Ultrasound and Hot Packs
426(1)
Ultrasound and Cold Packs
426(1)
Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation
426(2)
What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Ultrasound as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
428(1)
Treatment Precautions
429(2)
Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment
431(1)
Summary
432(19)
11 Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy
451(22)
Charles A. Thigpen
Howard Kashefsky
Shock Wave Generation
452(2)
Focused ESWT (f-ESWT)
452(1)
Radial ESWT (r-ESWT)
453(1)
Physical Parameters of Shock Waves
454(2)
Biologic Effects
456(2)
Bone
457(1)
Tendon
457(1)
Clinical Applications
458(5)
Dosing and Anesthesia Parameters
458(1)
Bone Healing
458(1)
Lower Extremity Tendinopathy
459(1)
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
459(1)
Plantar Fasciitis
459(3)
Medial-Lateral Epicondylopathy
462(1)
Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
463(1)
What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
463(1)
Summary
464(9)
Part Five Electromagnetic Energy Modalities
12 Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy
473(34)
Jennifer Ostrowski
William E. Prentice
David O. Draper
Shortwave Diathermy Equipment
474(9)
Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes
475(8)
Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy (PSWD)
483(2)
Treatment Time
484(1)
Treatment Area
485(1)
Clinical Applications and Physiologic Responses to Diathermy
485(4)
Thermal Effects
487(1)
Nonthermal Effects
488(1)
Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities
489(1)
Microwave Diathermy
489(1)
Diathermy Treatment Precautions, Indications, and Contraindications
490(3)
What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Shortwave Diathermy as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
493(1)
Summary
493(14)
13 Photobiomodulation Therapy
507(48)
Nathan Newman
Katie Homan
Physics of Lasers
508(1)
Types of Lasers
509(3)
Laser Treatment Techniques
512(7)
Lasing Techniques
513(1)
Parameters
514(4)
Depth of Penetration
518(1)
Clinical Applications for Low-Level Laser Therapy
519(6)
Wound Healing Applications
519(2)
Tensile Strength
521(1)
Immunologic Responses
521(1)
Inflammation
521(1)
Scar Tissue
521(1)
Orthopedic Applications
522(1)
Tensile Strength
522(1)
Inflammation
522(1)
Pain Applications
523(1)
Nerve Applications
523(1)
Enhanced Muscular Performance and Recovery
524(1)
Bone Response
524(1)
Suggested Treatment Protocols
525(4)
Wound Healing
527(1)
Scar Tissue
528(1)
Edema and Inflammation
528(1)
Pain
528(1)
Enhancement of Muscle Performance and Recovery
528(1)
Clinical Applications for High-Intensity Laser Therapy
529(2)
Treatment Protocols
530(1)
Laser Safety
531(2)
Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions
533(1)
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
533(4)
LED Treatment Parameters
535(1)
LED Clinical Applications
535(1)
Comparing LED and Lasers
536(1)
What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Laser and LED as Clinical Treatment Modalities?
537(1)
Conclusion
538(1)
Summary
538(17)
Part Six Mechanical Energy Modalities
14 Spinal Traction
555(36)
Daniel N. Hooker
The Physical Effects of Traction
555(4)
Effects on Spinal Movement
555(1)
Effects on Bone
556(1)
Effects on Ligaments
556(1)
Effects on the Disk
557(1)
Effects on Articular Facet Joints
558(1)
Effects on the Muscular System
558(1)
Effects on the Nerves
558(1)
Effects on the Entire Body Part
559(1)
Traction Treatment Techniques
559(19)
Lumbar Positional Traction
559(2)
Inversion Traction
561(1)
Manual Lumbar Traction
562(4)
Mechanical Lumbar Traction
566(9)
Manual Cervical Traction
575(2)
Mechanical Cervical Traction
577(1)
Indications and Contraindications
578(2)
What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about The Effectiveness of Traction as a Clinical Technique?
580(2)
Summary
582(9)
15 Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices
591(26)
Daniel N. Hooker
The Lymphatic System
591(2)
Purposes of the Lymphatic System
591(1)
Structure of the Lymphatic System
592(1)
Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function
592(1)
Injury Edema
593(2)
Formation of Pitting Edema
593(1)
Formation of Lymphedema
594(1)
The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation
595(1)
Treatment of Edema
595(2)
Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Treatment Techniques
597(7)
Inflation Pressures
598(1)
On-Off Sequence
599(1)
Total Treatment Time
599(1)
Sequential Compression Pumps
600(1)
Patient Setup and Instructions
601(3)
Cold And Compression Combination
604(1)
Indications and Contraindications for Use
605(1)
Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) Training
606(1)
Recovery Boots
606(2)
What Does The Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About The Effectiveness of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
608(1)
Summary
608(9)
16 Therapeutic Massage and Soft Tissue Mobilization
617(42)
William E. Prentice
Physiologic Effects of Massage
617(2)
Reflexive Effects
618(1)
Mechanical Effects
619(1)
Psychological Effects of Massage
619(1)
Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines
619(4)
Equipment
622(1)
Classic Massage Treatment Techniques
623(7)
Swedish Massage (Hoffa Massage)
623(7)
Soft Tissue Mobilization Techniques
630(15)
Cyriax Deep Transverse Friction Massage
630(1)
Connective Tissue Massage
631(2)
Trigger Point Massage
633(4)
Myofascial Release
637(1)
Strain-Counterstrain
638(1)
Positional Release Therapy
639(1)
Active Release Technique®
640(1)
Graston Technique®
641(1)
Rolfing
641(2)
Trager
643(1)
Cupping Therapy
644(1)
Percussive Massage
645(1)
Indications and Contraindications for Massage
645(1)
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Various Massage Techniques as Clinical Treatment Modalities?
646(2)
Summary
648(11)
17 Vibration Therapy
659(21)
Troy Blackburn
Jonathan Goodwin
Chris Johnston
Derek Pamukoff
Somatosensory Function
660(3)
Effects of Vibration on Proprioception and Kinesthesia
660(1)
Effects of Vibration on Balance
661(1)
Effects of Vibration on Reflexive Neuromuscular Control
662(1)
Effects of Vibration on Gait Biomechanics
662(1)
Biological Effects
663(2)
Muscle Function
663(1)
Bone Health
663(2)
Cartilage Health
665(1)
Patient Self-Report and Functional Outcomes
665(1)
Clinical Recommendations
665(2)
Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions
667(1)
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality?
668(1)
Summary
669(11)
Appendix A Location of Motor Points 680(3)
Appendix B Units of Measure 683(2)
Answers to Self-Test Questions 685(2)
Index 687
Dr. William Prentice is Professor of Exercise and Sport Science and Coordinator of the Sports Medicine Program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he also serves as the Director of the NATA approved Graduate Athletic Training Education Program. He received his BS and MS from the University of Delaware and his Ph.D. in Sports Medicine and Applied Physiology from the University of Virginia. He also has a BS in Physical Therapy from the University of North Carolina. He is a Certified Member of the National Athletic Trainers' Association and has received the Sayers A. "Bud" Miller Distinguished Athletic Trainer Educator Award and the Most Distinguished Athletic Trainer Award from the NATA. In 2004 he was inducted into the NATA Hall of Fame. Dr. Prentice served as the Athletic Trainer for the Women's Soccer Program, which has won eighteen NCAA National Championships. He teaches graduate courses in sports medicine and athletic training. Dr. Prentice is the author of nine best-selling texts in athletic training, sports medicine, and health-related fitness.