List of Contributing Authors |
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xix | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
Master Competency Checklist |
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xxvi | |
Part One Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities |
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1 The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities |
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3 | (20) |
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3 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (8) |
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The Relationship Between Wavelength and Frequency |
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5 | (1) |
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The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum |
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6 | (1) |
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How Is Electromagnetic Energy Produced? |
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7 | (2) |
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Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations |
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9 | (1) |
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Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Energy |
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9 | (2) |
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Electromagnetic Energy Modalities |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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Thermal Energy Modalities |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Electrical Energy Modalities |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Mechanical Energy Modalities |
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16 | (1) |
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The Importance of Incorporating The Best Available Evidence Into Decisions About The Use of Therapeutic Modalities |
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16 | (1) |
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Applying the Best Available Evidence in Making Clinical Decisions |
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17 | (1) |
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Assessing the Patient Outcomes of a Treatment |
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17 | (1) |
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Legal Concerns When Using Therapeutic Modalities |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (6) |
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2 Using Therapeutic Modalities to Affect the Healing Process |
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23 | (18) |
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How Should the Clinician Use Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation? |
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23 | (2) |
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The Importance of Understanding The Healing Process |
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25 | (5) |
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Inflammatory-Response Phase |
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25 | (3) |
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Fibroblastic-Repair Phase |
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28 | (1) |
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Maturation-Remodeling Phase |
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29 | (1) |
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Factors That Impede Healing |
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30 | (2) |
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How Should Therapeutic Modalities Be Used Throughout The Rehabilitation Process? |
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32 | (4) |
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Using Modalities in the Immediate First Aid Management of Injury |
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32 | (2) |
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Modality Use in the Inflammatory-Response Phase |
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34 | (1) |
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Modality Use in the Fibroblastic-Repair Phase |
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35 | (1) |
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Modality Use in the Maturation-Remodeling Phase |
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35 | (1) |
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Other Considerations In Treating Injury |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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3 The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Wound Healing |
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41 | (38) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (8) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (3) |
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Pneumatic Compression Therapy |
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60 | (1) |
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Review of Clinical Research Evidence |
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60 | (4) |
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Choosing the Best Modality for the Treatment of Delayed or Nonhealing Wounds |
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64 | (3) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (12) |
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4 Managing Pain With Therapeutic Modalities |
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79 | (28) |
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79 | (3) |
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Why Does Classification Matter? |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (7) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (2) |
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Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control |
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92 | (4) |
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The Gate Control Theory of Pain |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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β-Endorphin and Dynorphin in Pain Control |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (4) |
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Nontraumatic and Persisting Pain |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (7) |
Part Two Electrical Energy Modalities |
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5 Basic Principles of Electricity and Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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107 | (82) |
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Components of Electrical Currents |
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108 | (1) |
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Electrotherapeutic Currents |
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109 | (1) |
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Devices That Generate Electrotherapeutic Currents |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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Series and Parallel Circuits |
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111 | (2) |
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Current Flow through Biologic Tissues |
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113 | (1) |
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Choosing Appropriate Treatment Parameters |
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114 | (12) |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (3) |
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Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current |
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126 | (6) |
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Direct and Indirect Physiologic Effects |
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126 | (1) |
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Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents |
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127 | (3) |
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Muscular Responses to Electrical Current |
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130 | (2) |
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Biostimulative Effects of Electrical Current on Nonexcitatory Cells |
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132 | (1) |
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Clinical Uses of Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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132 | (9) |
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Therapeutic Uses for Electrical Stimulation of Motor Nerves |
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132 | (9) |
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Therapeutic Uses of Electrical Stimulation of Sensory Nerves |
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141 | (3) |
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Clinically Used Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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144 | (12) |
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High Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC) |
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145 | (1) |
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Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (3) |
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Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Biphasic Current Generators) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (4) |
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Premodulated Interferential Current |
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155 | (1) |
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Continuous Direct Current (CDC) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Deep Oscillation Therapy (Hivamat) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Functional Electrical Stimulation |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Transcranial Electrical Stimulation |
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159 | (1) |
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Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation |
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159 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulating Currents as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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160 | (1) |
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Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment |
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161 | (3) |
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164 | (25) |
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189 | (30) |
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Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis |
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189 | (1) |
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Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer |
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190 | (2) |
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Pharmacokinetics of lontophoresis |
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190 | (1) |
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Movement of Ions in Solution |
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190 | (1) |
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Movement of Ions Through Tissue |
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191 | (1) |
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Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques |
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192 | (11) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (5) |
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Selecting the Appropriate Ion |
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200 | (3) |
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Clinical Applications for lontophoresis |
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203 | (4) |
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Treatment Indications and Contraindications |
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207 | (1) |
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Sensitivity Reactions to Ions |
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207 | (1) |
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Treatment of Chemical Burns |
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208 | (1) |
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What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of lontophoresis as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (10) |
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219 | (26) |
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Motor Control and Feedback |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Biofeedback Instrumentation |
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220 | (2) |
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Peripheral Skin Temperature |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Skin Conductance Activity |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Electromyographic Biofeedback |
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222 | (4) |
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223 | (1) |
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Measuring Electrical Activity |
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224 | (1) |
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Separation and Amplification of Electromyographic Activity |
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224 | (1) |
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Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information |
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225 | (1) |
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Processing the Electromyographic Signal |
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226 | (1) |
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Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques |
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226 | (5) |
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228 | (2) |
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Displaying the Information |
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230 | (1) |
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Wearable Biofeedback Devices |
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231 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for Biofeedback |
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231 | (3) |
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231 | (2) |
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Relaxation of Muscle Guarding |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Treating Neurologic Conditions |
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234 | (1) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Biofeedback as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (10) |
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8 Principles of Electrophysiologic Evaluation and Testing |
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245 | (66) |
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247 | (1) |
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Electrophysiologic Testing Equipment and Setup |
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248 | (5) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Visual Feedback (Oscilloscope) |
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251 | (1) |
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Auditory Feedback (Speakers) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Eliciting an Action Potential |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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253 | (2) |
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Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction |
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255 | (3) |
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Sensory Receptor and Size of the Axon |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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The Elements of the Spinal Nerve |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (20) |
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Limb Temperature and Age Considerations |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (4) |
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Other Variations to Sensory Nerve Studies |
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263 | (4) |
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267 | (8) |
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Other Motor Nerve Conduction Procedures |
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275 | (2) |
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An Example of One Upper Quarter Examination Using Sensory and Motor Nerve Conduction Procedures |
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277 | (1) |
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The Electromyographic Examination |
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278 | (15) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (8) |
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Sensitivity and Specificity of the NCS/EMG Examination |
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288 | (1) |
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Limitations Associated with the NCS/EMG Process |
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289 | (1) |
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Somatosensory Evoked Potentials |
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290 | (1) |
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Electrophysiological Testing Complemented by the Addition of Neuromuscular Ultrasound |
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291 | (1) |
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Electrophysiologic Testing Within the Operating Room |
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292 | (1) |
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Other Electrophysiologic Testing Procedures |
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292 | (1) |
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Requesting NCS/EMG Examinations |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (17) |
Part Three Thermal Energy Modalities |
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9 Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy |
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311 | (80) |
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Mechanisms of Thermal Energy Transfer |
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312 | (1) |
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Appropriate Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy Modalities |
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312 | (1) |
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Clinical Use of the Thermal Energy Modalities |
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313 | (3) |
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Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation |
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314 | (1) |
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Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle Spasm |
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315 | (1) |
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Effects of Temperature Change on Performance |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (21) |
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Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling |
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316 | (5) |
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Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques |
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321 | (16) |
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337 | (12) |
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Physiologic Effects of Tissue Heating |
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337 | (1) |
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Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques |
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338 | (11) |
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349 | (1) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy as Clinical Treatment Modalities? |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (40) |
Part Four Sound Energy Modalities |
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10 Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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391 | (60) |
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Ultrasound as a Heating Modality |
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392 | (1) |
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Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues |
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392 | (3) |
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Transverse versus Longitudinal Waves |
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392 | (1) |
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Frequency of Wave Transmission |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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395 | (9) |
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Components of a Therapeutic Ultrasound Generator |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (2) |
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Frequency of Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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Amplitude, Power, and Intensity |
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401 | (1) |
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Pulsed versus Continuous Wave Ultrasound |
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402 | (2) |
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Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound |
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404 | (2) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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Ultrasound Treatment Techniques |
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406 | (9) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (5) |
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413 | (2) |
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Recording Ultrasound Treatments |
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415 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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415 | (8) |
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Soft Tissue Healing and Repair |
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415 | (1) |
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Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture |
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416 | (1) |
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Stretching of Connective Tissue |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (1) |
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Ultrasound over Epiphyseal Plates |
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419 | (1) |
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Ultrasonic Bone Growth Stimulators |
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419 | (1) |
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Absorption of Calcium Deposits |
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420 | (1) |
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Ultrasound in Assessing Stress Fractures |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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Portable Ultrasound Devices |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (3) |
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Using Ultrasound in Combination with Other Modalities |
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426 | (2) |
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426 | (1) |
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Ultrasound and Cold Packs |
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426 | (1) |
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Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation |
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426 | (2) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Ultrasound as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (2) |
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Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (19) |
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11 Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy |
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451 | (22) |
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452 | (2) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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Physical Parameters of Shock Waves |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (2) |
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457 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (5) |
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Dosing and Anesthesia Parameters |
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458 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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Lower Extremity Tendinopathy |
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459 | (1) |
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Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome |
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459 | (1) |
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459 | (3) |
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Medial-Lateral Epicondylopathy |
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462 | (1) |
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Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy |
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463 | (1) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (9) |
Part Five Electromagnetic Energy Modalities |
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12 Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy |
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473 | (34) |
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Shortwave Diathermy Equipment |
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474 | (9) |
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Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes |
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475 | (8) |
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Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy (PSWD) |
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483 | (2) |
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484 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications and Physiologic Responses to Diathermy |
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485 | (4) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities |
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489 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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Diathermy Treatment Precautions, Indications, and Contraindications |
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490 | (3) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Shortwave Diathermy as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (14) |
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13 Photobiomodulation Therapy |
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507 | (48) |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (3) |
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Laser Treatment Techniques |
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512 | (7) |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (4) |
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518 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for Low-Level Laser Therapy |
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519 | (6) |
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Wound Healing Applications |
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519 | (2) |
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521 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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523 | (1) |
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523 | (1) |
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Enhanced Muscular Performance and Recovery |
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524 | (1) |
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524 | (1) |
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Suggested Treatment Protocols |
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525 | (4) |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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Enhancement of Muscle Performance and Recovery |
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528 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for High-Intensity Laser Therapy |
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529 | (2) |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (2) |
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Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions |
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533 | (1) |
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Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) |
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533 | (4) |
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535 | (1) |
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LED Clinical Applications |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (1) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Laser and LED as Clinical Treatment Modalities? |
|
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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538 | (17) |
Part Six Mechanical Energy Modalities |
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555 | (36) |
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The Physical Effects of Traction |
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555 | (4) |
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Effects on Spinal Movement |
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555 | (1) |
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556 | (1) |
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556 | (1) |
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557 | (1) |
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Effects on Articular Facet Joints |
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558 | (1) |
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Effects on the Muscular System |
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558 | (1) |
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558 | (1) |
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Effects on the Entire Body Part |
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559 | (1) |
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Traction Treatment Techniques |
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559 | (19) |
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Lumbar Positional Traction |
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559 | (2) |
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561 | (1) |
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562 | (4) |
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Mechanical Lumbar Traction |
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566 | (9) |
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575 | (2) |
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Mechanical Cervical Traction |
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577 | (1) |
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Indications and Contraindications |
|
|
578 | (2) |
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What does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about The Effectiveness of Traction as a Clinical Technique? |
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
|
582 | (9) |
|
15 Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices |
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591 | (26) |
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591 | (2) |
|
Purposes of the Lymphatic System |
|
|
591 | (1) |
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Structure of the Lymphatic System |
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592 | (1) |
|
Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function |
|
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592 | (1) |
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593 | (2) |
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Formation of Pitting Edema |
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593 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Treatment Techniques |
|
|
597 | (7) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Sequential Compression Pumps |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Patient Setup and Instructions |
|
|
601 | (3) |
|
Cold And Compression Combination |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Indications and Contraindications for Use |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) Training |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
What Does The Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About The Effectiveness of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (9) |
|
16 Therapeutic Massage and Soft Tissue Mobilization |
|
|
617 | (42) |
|
|
Physiologic Effects of Massage |
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Psychological Effects of Massage |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines |
|
|
619 | (4) |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Classic Massage Treatment Techniques |
|
|
623 | (7) |
|
Swedish Massage (Hoffa Massage) |
|
|
623 | (7) |
|
Soft Tissue Mobilization Techniques |
|
|
630 | (15) |
|
Cyriax Deep Transverse Friction Massage |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Connective Tissue Massage |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
|
633 | (4) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Positional Release Therapy |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Active Release Technique® |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Indications and Contraindications for Massage |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say About the Effectiveness of Various Massage Techniques as Clinical Treatment Modalities? |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
|
648 | (11) |
|
|
659 | (21) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
Effects of Vibration on Proprioception and Kinesthesia |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Effects of Vibration on Balance |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Effects of Vibration on Reflexive Neuromuscular Control |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
Effects of Vibration on Gait Biomechanics |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (2) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (2) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Patient Self-Report and Functional Outcomes |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
What Does the Most Recent Best-Available Evidence Say about the Effectiveness of Vibration Therapy as a Clinical Treatment Modality? |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
|
669 | (11) |
Appendix A Location of Motor Points |
|
680 | (3) |
Appendix B Units of Measure |
|
683 | (2) |
Answers to Self-Test Questions |
|
685 | (2) |
Index |
|
687 | |