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El. knyga: Thermal Comfort in Hot Dry Climates: Traditional Dwellings in Iran

4.00/5 (2 ratings by Goodreads)
(Author and Architect, UK)
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With increases in global temperatures, the risk of overheating is expected to rise around the world. This results in a much higher dependency upon energy-intensive cooling systems and air-conditioners to provide thermal comfort, but how sustainable is this in a world where problems with the production of electricity are predicted?

Vernacular houses in hot and dry central Iran have been adapted to the climate through passive cooling techniques, and this book provides a valuable assessment of the thermal performance of such housing. Shedding new light on the ability of traditional housing forms to provide thermal comfort, Thermal Comfort in Hot Dry Climates identifies the main cooling systems and methods in traditional houses in central Iran, and examines how architectural elements such as central courtyards, distinct seasonal rooms, loggias, basements and wind-catchers can contribute to the provision of thermal comfort in vernacular houses.

Recenzijos

"In the harsh deserts of Iran evolved some of the most elaborate passive buildings and cooling systems in the world, unrivalled in both elegance and sophistication. In this book you will wonder at the architecture, with its deceptively simple vocabulary of mud, wood, wind, shade, light and richly watered gardens. You will learn some of the remarkable secrets that enabled Yazdis to migrate around their houses and the city, harvesting coolth and warmth over the day and year in their surprisingly successful quest for both thermal comfort and delight."

Susan Roaf, School of Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, UK

"Based on original research by the author, Thermal Comfort in Hot-Dry Climates: Lessons from Traditional Dwellings in Iran should be of interest to scholars, students and professionals interested in the vernacular architecture of Iran and its sustainability in a time of global warming and climate change. Providing detailed information and a considered analysis, it adds a critical voice to the burgeoning discourse on the sustainability of vernacular architecture."

Marcel Vellinga, School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University, UK

"This thoughtful book is especially welcome because the author does not confine his attention to the physical performance of the thermal design features of building, but also considers traditional design in todays social and cultural context, and in relation to the behaviour and thermal comfort of the occupants."

Revd Michael A Humphreys, School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University, UK

"Ahmad Foruzanmehr vividly describes the ways that the extreme climate is moderated by centuries-old methods in traditional courtyard houses, making life not only comfortable but aesthetically pleasing too, and without using up valuable energy resources. He uses his carefully analysed data to assess why these methods are being abandoned and why they should be suitably adapted to reduce reliance on energy-hungry air-conditioning equipment."

Nicholas Walliman, School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University, UK

1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Background and importance of the research
1(4)
1.2 Gap in knowledge
5(2)
1.3 Aim of the hook
7(1)
1.4 Distinctive features of the hook
8(1)
1.5 Overview of chapters
8(5)
2 Vernacular dwellings in hot and dry climates: the city of Yazd
13(31)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Discourse of vernacular architecture
13(3)
2.3 Vernacular architecture - current situation
16(1)
2.4 Importance of traditional and vernacular architecture
17(1)
2.5 Common forms of vernacular architecture: home, house and dwelling
18(3)
2.5.1 Vernacular dwellings in hot and dry climates
20(1)
2.6 Iran: physical geography
21(3)
2.6.1 Yazd
21(3)
2.7 The traditional house in central Iran
24(7)
2.8 Social life in traditional houses in central Iran
31(1)
2.9 Change in traditional architectural and urban patterns
32(6)
2.9.1 Change in street systems
32(1)
2.9.2 Change of building patterns - orientation, materials and form
33(4)
2.9.3 Changes in households
37(1)
2.9.4 Traditional courtyard houses and new occupation patterns
37(1)
2.9.5 Vernacular dwelling in the present day
38(1)
2.10 Conclusions
38(6)
3 Vernacular passive cooling systems in Iran
44(52)
3.1 Introduction
44(1)
3.2 Passive cooling - history and concept
44(2)
3.3 Air-conditioning and its effects
46(2)
3.4 Importance of passive cooling systems
48(1)
3.5 Vernacular passive cooling systems
48(41)
3.5.1 Central courtyard (hayat-e markazi)
52(3)
3.5.1.1 Plants and water features in the central courtyard
55(1)
3.5.1.1.1 Pool of water (howz) in the central courtyard
55(2)
3.5.1.1.2 Greenery in the central courtyard
57(1)
3.5.1.2 Courtyard level
57(1)
3.5.1.3 Sunken garden in the central courtyard (godal bagh-cheh)
58(1)
3.5.1.4 Thermal performance of the central courtyard
59(2)
3.5.1.5 Privacy in the central courtyard
61(1)
3.5.1.6 Advantages and disadvantages of the central courtyard
61(1)
3.5.2 Loggia (talar or eyvan)
62(1)
3.5.2.1 Talar and eyvan
62(3)
3.5.2.2 The use of the loggia
65(1)
3.5.2.3 Thermal effect of the loggia
65(1)
3.5.2.4 Loggia and its transformation in non-traditional houses
65(1)
3.5.3 Distinct seasonal rooms (otagh-haye fasli)
66(4)
3.5.3.1 North-facing summer rooms
70(1)
3.5.3.2 South-facing winter rooms
71(1)
3.5.3.3 East-facing and west-facing rooms
72(1)
3.5.3.4 Comfort and seasonal rooms
72(1)
3.5.4 Underground living spaces
73(1)
3.5.4.1 Basement and cellar (zir-zamin and sardab)
73(4)
3.5.4.2 Sardab
77(1)
3.5.4.3 Positive and negative points about the basement
78(1)
3.5.5 Walls (divar)
79(1)
3.5.5.1 Thick lofty walls and their thermal effects
79(1)
3.5.5.2 Thick and high walls and their effect on privacy
80(1)
3.5.5.3 Thick walls and cultural identity
81(1)
3.5.6 Wind-catcher (badgir)
81(2)
3.5.6.1 Variety of wind-catchers
83(1)
3.5.6.2 Construction of the Yazdi wind-catcher
84(1)
3.5.6.3 The wind-catcher as a passive cooling system
85(1)
3.5.6.4 Functions of the wind-catcher
85(2)
3.5.6.5 Water and the wind-catcher in Yazd
87(1)
3.5.6.6 Control and the wind-catcher
87(1)
3.5.6.7 Symbolic values of the wind-catcher
88(1)
3.5.6.8 Disadvantages of wind-catchers
88(1)
3.6 Conclusions
89(7)
4 Thermal comfort in buildings
96(24)
4.1 Introduction
96(1)
4.2 Thermal comfort
96(1)
4.3 Physical measures: environmental factors, clothing and metabolic rate
97(4)
4.3.1 Air temperature
97(1)
4.3.2 Radiant temperature
98(1)
4.3.3 Air velocity
99(1)
4.3.4 Relative humidity
100(1)
4.3.5 Clothing and metabolic rate
100(1)
4.4 Thermal comfort research
101(14)
4.4.1 Physiological comfort model
101(2)
4.4.2 Field studies (field surveys) and adaptive comfort
103(1)
4.4.2.1 Review of field studies
104(6)
4.4.2.2 The adaptive model
110(3)
4.4.2.3 Comfort temperature and comfort zone
113(2)
4.5 Conclusions
115(5)
5 Summertime thermal comfort in vernacular earth dwellings in Yazd, Iran
120(21)
5.1 Introduction
120(1)
5.2 Thermal comfort survey -- method of investigation
120(1)
5.3 Temperature variation measurements -- method of investigation
121(3)
5.4 Analysis of the thermal comfort survey in Yazd
124(10)
5.4.1 Distribution of sensation votes (comfort votes) and preference votes
125(2)
5.4.2 Correlation coefficient between sensation votes and preference votes
127(1)
5.4.3 Correlation coefficient between sensation votes and indoor temperatures
128(2)
5.4.4 Calculation of the neutral temperature from regression analysis
130(1)
5.4.5 Calculation of the neutral temperature using Griffiths' method
131(1)
5.4.6 Correlation coefficient between comfort and indoor/outdoor temperatures
132(1)
5.4.7 Comfortable temperature ranges
133(1)
5.4.8 Summary of the results of the thermal comfort survey
133(1)
5.5 Temperature variation survey
134(3)
5.6 Conclusions
137(4)
6 Perception and use of vernacular passive cooling systems
141(47)
6.1 Data collection
141(1)
6.2 Cooling method selection: vernacular passive versus electro-mechanical
141(2)
6.3 Popularity of VPCSs
143(1)
6.4 Central courtyard: for and against
144(5)
6.4.1 Statements on positive aspects
144(2)
6.4.2 Description of the statements on positive aspects of courtyards
146(1)
6.4.3 Statements on negative aspects
147(1)
6.4.4 Description of the statements on negative aspects
148(1)
6.5 Loggia: for and against
149(5)
6.5.1 Statements on positive aspects
150(2)
6.5.2 Statements on negative aspects
152(1)
6.5.3 Summary of findings on traditional loggias
153(1)
6.6 Seasonal rooms: for and against
154(5)
6.6.1 Moving around the house to deal with indoor heat and cold
155(1)
6.6.2 The main positive points about having distinct seasonal rooms
155(1)
6.6.3 Description of the statements on positive aspects
156(1)
6.6.4 The main negative points about having distinct seasonal rooms
157(1)
6.6.5 Description of the statements on negative aspects
158(1)
6.6.6 Summary of findings on distinct seasonal rooms
158(1)
6.7 Basements: for and against
159(6)
6.7.1 Statements on positive aspects
160(1)
6.7.2 Description of the statements on positive aspects
161(1)
6.7.3 Statements on negative aspects
162(1)
6.7.4 Description of the statements on negative aspects
163(1)
6.7.5 Summary of findings on basements
164(1)
6.8 Wind-catchers: for and against
165(8)
6.8.1 Statements on positive aspects
166(1)
6.8.2 Description of the statements on positive aspects
167(1)
6.8.3 Statements on negative points
168(2)
6.8.4 Description of the statements on negative aspects
170(2)
6.8.5 Summary of the findings on wind-catchers
172(1)
6.9 Traditional houses: for and against
173(5)
6.9.1 Statements on positive points
173(2)
6.9.2 Statements on negative aspects
175(3)
6.10 Summary of findings on vernacular dwellings in Yazd
178(1)
6.11 Discussions
179(3)
6.12 Conclusion: environmental and cultural considerations
182(2)
6.13 Summary of the conclusions
184(4)
7 Conclusions
188(4)
7.1 Conclusions and contribution to knowledge
188(2)
7.2 Limitations of the research
190(1)
7.3 Scope for further research
191(1)
Index 192
Ahmadreza Foruzanmehr is an academic and architect who has worked in the UK and the Middle East on a variety of projects in both state and private companies, and was awarded first prize in two architectural competitions in Iran. He has published a number of peer-reviewed journal articles on traditional passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. In March 2008, his research on vernacular cooling systems and thermal comfort was awarded the top ORSAS (Overseas Research Student Award Scheme) award for outstanding merit and research potential at Oxford Brookes University.
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