| How to Use This Book |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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1 Ethics: Preliminary Theories |
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1 | (26) |
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1 | (2) |
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Is Morality Just Acting on Principles? |
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3 | (3) |
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Divine Command Theory (Is Morality Just What God Tells Me to Do?) |
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6 | (4) |
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Egoism (Is Morality Just My Own Personal Code?) |
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10 | (9) |
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Psychological and ethical egoism |
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11 | (5) |
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Objections to ethical egoism |
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16 | (3) |
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Moral Relativism (Is Morality Just How Society Says We Should Act?) |
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19 | (5) |
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Descriptive and moral relativism |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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2 Ethics: The Big Three Theories |
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27 | (36) |
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Utilitarianism (Is Morality Doing What I Can to Make This the Best World Possible?) |
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27 | (15) |
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Consequentialism and hedonism |
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28 | (3) |
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Measuring pains and pleasures |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (4) |
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Objections to utilitarianism |
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37 | (5) |
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Deontology, or Kantianism (Is There an Absolute Moral Law?) |
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42 | (10) |
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Imperatives and good motives |
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43 | (1) |
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Categorical imperative (version 1) |
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44 | (3) |
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Categorical imperative (version 2) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (3) |
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Virtue Ethics (Is Morality All about Having a Virtuous Character?) |
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52 | (8) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Objections to virtue ethics |
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54 | (6) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (52) |
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64 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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Faith as belief without reason |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (28) |
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The argument from scripture |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (4) |
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The cosmological argument |
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75 | (5) |
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The teleological argument or the argument from design |
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80 | (8) |
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88 | (7) |
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95 | (12) |
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96 | (1) |
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The argument from religious pluralism |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (8) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (5) |
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115 | (34) |
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Why There Is No Free Will, Part 1 Divine Foreknowledge |
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116 | (3) |
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Presentation of the argument |
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117 | (1) |
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Objection 1 Atheism and agnosticism |
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117 | (1) |
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Objection 2 Aristotle's answer |
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118 | (1) |
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Why There Is No Free Will, Part 2 A Regress of Reasons for Acting |
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119 | (7) |
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Previous decisions vs. outside forces |
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120 | (3) |
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The regress of reasons argument against free will |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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Why There Is No Free Will, Part 3 The Dilemma Argument |
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126 | (17) |
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The threat of determinism |
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127 | (3) |
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Will randomness make us free? |
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130 | (1) |
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The dilemma argument against free will |
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131 | (1) |
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Free will and moral responsibility |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (40) |
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The Problem of Difference and the Problem of Sameness |
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149 | (2) |
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The problem of difference |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (7) |
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153 | (2) |
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Objections to the supernatural soul criterion |
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155 | (5) |
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The Physicalist Criterion |
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160 | (8) |
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Abigail-the case of ordinary aging |
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161 | (1) |
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Closest physical continuer relation |
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161 | (3) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (2) |
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The Psychological Criterion |
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168 | (10) |
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Closest psychological continuer relation |
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169 | (9) |
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178 | (5) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (34) |
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The Rare and Mysterious Mind |
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189 | (1) |
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First Theory of the Mind: Substance Dualism |
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190 | (8) |
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Physical and mental substances |
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191 | (1) |
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Descartes's conceivability argument for dualism |
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191 | (2) |
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Objections to substance dualism |
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193 | (5) |
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Second Theory of the Mind: Behaviorism |
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198 | (4) |
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Explanation of the theory |
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198 | (2) |
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Objection: Mental states without behavior |
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200 | (2) |
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Third Theory of the Mind: Mind-Brain Identity Theory |
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202 | (7) |
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Explanation of the theory |
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202 | (1) |
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Objections to the mind-brain identity theory |
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203 | (6) |
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Fourth Theory of the Mind: Functionalism |
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209 | (7) |
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Explanation of the theory |
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209 | (2) |
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Objections to functionalism |
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211 | (5) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (4) |
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223 | (42) |
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223 | (5) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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How Much Evidence Do We Need? |
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231 | (9) |
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231 | (3) |
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Part 2 Go on, take a chance |
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234 | (6) |
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240 | (3) |
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Perception, testimony, memory, reason |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (3) |
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Analysis of knowledge, first attempt |
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244 | (1) |
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Analysis of knowledge, second attempt |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (10) |
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Modest skepticism and radical skepticism |
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246 | (1) |
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Dreamers, demons, and movies |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (6) |
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256 | (5) |
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Genuine and counterfeit money |
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256 | (1) |
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Particularism and methodism |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (2) |
| Index |
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265 | |
