Contributors |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
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Chapter 1 An introduction to tissue engineering; the topic and the book |
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1 | (12) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 What inspired you to pick up this book? |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 What is tissue engineering about? |
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2 | (1) |
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1.4 Tissue engineering's origin and progression overtime |
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3 | (1) |
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1.5 Tissue engineering's limitations and promises |
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4 | (3) |
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1.6 The future of tissue engineering |
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7 | (1) |
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1.7 Tissue engineering and you |
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8 | (1) |
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1.8 How to use this book? A guide for students and teachers |
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9 | (1) |
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1.9 How to use the chapters? |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (58) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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2.3 What defines a stem cell? Self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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2.5 Stem cell proliferation |
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16 | (3) |
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2.6 Stem cell differentiation |
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19 | (1) |
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2.7 Stem cell quiescence and activation |
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20 | (1) |
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2.8 Cell death is normal--apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and necroptosis |
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21 | (3) |
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2.9 Characterization of stem cells--protein expression |
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24 | (2) |
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2.10 Characterization of stem cells--RNA analysis by RT-PCR, microarray, and RNA-sequencing |
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26 | (5) |
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2.11 Characterization of stem cells--cell differentiation |
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31 | (1) |
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2.12 Stem cell signaling--the Wnt and B-catenin pathway |
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31 | (2) |
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2.13 Hematopoietic stem cells |
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33 | (2) |
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2.14 Mesenchymal stem cells |
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35 | (4) |
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39 | (2) |
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2.16 Lgr5+ stem cells of the intestine |
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41 | (3) |
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2.17 Central nervous system stem cells |
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44 | (1) |
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2.18 Induced pluripotent stem cells--iPS cells |
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44 | (6) |
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2.19 Natural pluripotent and embryonic stem cells |
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50 | (4) |
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2.20 Organoids, exosomes, and extracts from stem cells |
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54 | (3) |
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2.21 Stem cell mechanobiology. stretch and strain |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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2.23 The dark side: cancer stem cells |
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57 | (7) |
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2.24 Recommended literature |
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64 | (1) |
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2.25 Assessment of your knowledge |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Tissue formation during embryogenesis |
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71 | (38) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (7) |
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78 | (3) |
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3.4 Blood vessel development |
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81 | (4) |
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3.5 Development of peripheral nerve tissue |
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85 | (2) |
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3.6 Embryonic skin development |
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87 | (8) |
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95 | (9) |
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3.8 Recommended literature |
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104 | (1) |
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3.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Cellular signaling |
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109 | (28) |
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109 | (1) |
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4.2 Paradigm of cellular signaling |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (9) |
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122 | (4) |
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4.6 Variations on a theme |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (4) |
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4.8 Recommended literature |
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130 | (1) |
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4.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Extracellular matrix as a bioscaffold for tissue engineering |
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137 | (36) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (3) |
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5.3 Native extracellular matrix |
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140 | (5) |
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5.4 ECM scaffold preparation |
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145 | (3) |
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5.5 Constructive tissue remodeling |
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148 | (5) |
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5.6 Clinical translation of ECM bioscaffolds |
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153 | (4) |
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5.7 Commercially available scaffolds composed of ECM |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (7) |
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5.9 Recommended literature |
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164 | (1) |
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5.10 Assessment of your knowledge |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (5) |
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Chapter 6 Synthetic biomaterials |
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173 | (40) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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6.3 Biomaterials and synthetic chemistry: a molecular view |
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176 | (9) |
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6.4 The extracellular matrix: a chemical view |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (9) |
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197 | (2) |
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6.7 Case study: vascularization |
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199 | (7) |
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6.8 Recommended literature |
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206 | (1) |
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6.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Degradation of biomaterials |
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213 | (48) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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7.3 Bioceramics and glasses |
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214 | (10) |
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7.4 Biodegradable polymers |
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224 | (13) |
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237 | (9) |
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246 | (6) |
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7.7 Recommended literature |
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252 | (1) |
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7.8 Assessment of your knowledge |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (6) |
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Chapter 8 Cell-material interactions |
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261 | (32) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (8) |
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269 | (4) |
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8.4 Material mechanics (stiffness) |
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273 | (5) |
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278 | (4) |
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282 | (5) |
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8.7 Recommended literature |
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287 | (1) |
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8.8 Assessment of your knowledge |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Biomaterials discovery: experimental and computational approaches |
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293 | (36) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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9.3 The challenges of biomaterials discovery |
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294 | (1) |
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9.4 Approaches to materials discovery |
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295 | (2) |
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9.5 Experimental high throughput materials discovery |
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297 | (9) |
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9.6 Computational materials discovery |
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306 | (13) |
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319 | (4) |
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9.8 Recommended literature |
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323 | (1) |
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9.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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324 | (3) |
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327 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Microfabrication technology in tissue engineering |
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329 | (26) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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10.3 Microfabrication techniques in tissue engineering |
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331 | (13) |
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344 | (4) |
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10.5 Recommended literature |
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348 | (1) |
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10.6 Assessment of your knowledge |
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348 | (3) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 Scaffold design and fabrication |
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355 | (32) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (3) |
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358 | (3) |
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11.4 Classical scaffold fabrication techniques |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (3) |
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11.6 Additive manufacturing |
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365 | (5) |
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370 | (1) |
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11.8 Clinical translation of scaffold guided tissue engineering |
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370 | (5) |
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375 | (4) |
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11.10 Recommended literature |
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379 | (1) |
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11.11 Assessment of your knowledge |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 Controlled release strategies in tissue engineering |
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387 | (44) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (9) |
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12.3 Physical mixtures of bioactive factors within matrices |
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396 | (4) |
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12.4 Bioactive factors entrapped within gel matrices |
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400 | (5) |
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12.5 Bioactive factors entrapped within hydrophobic scaffolds or microparticles |
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405 | (4) |
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12.6 Bioactive factors bound to affinity sites within matrices |
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409 | (3) |
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12.7 Bioactive factors covalently bound to matrices |
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412 | (1) |
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12.8 Matrices used for immunomodulation |
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413 | (8) |
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12.9 Recommended literature |
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421 | (1) |
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12.10 Assessment of your knowledge |
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421 | (3) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (6) |
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Chapter 13 Bioreactors: enabling technologies for research and manufacturing |
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431 | (26) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (3) |
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13.4 Mimicking physiological culture conditions |
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435 | (4) |
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13.5 Bioreactors for cell expansion and cell-based products |
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439 | (5) |
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13.6 Bioreactors for tissue engineering |
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444 | (5) |
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449 | (3) |
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13.8 Recommended Literature |
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452 | (1) |
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13.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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452 | (2) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Strategies to promote vascularization, survival, and functionality of engineered tissues |
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457 | (34) |
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457 | (1) |
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457 | (4) |
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14.3 Strategies to improve vascular ingrowth into TE constructs |
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461 | (4) |
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14.4 Strategies to improve vascular ingrowth into TE constructs--biological features |
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465 | (3) |
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14.5 Strategies to promote neo-vascularization |
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468 | (4) |
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472 | (5) |
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14.7 Translation into clinics |
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477 | (5) |
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14.8 Recommended literature |
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482 | (1) |
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14.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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483 | (4) |
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487 | (4) |
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Chapter 15 Skin tissue engineering and keratinocyte stem cell therapy |
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491 | (42) |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (3) |
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15.3 Structure and function of the epidermis |
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494 | (4) |
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15.4 Structure and function of the dermis |
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498 | (1) |
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15.5 Epidermal and hair follicle stem cells of the skin |
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499 | (1) |
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15.6 In vitro keratinocyte culture |
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500 | (4) |
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15.7 Cultured three-dimensional skin models |
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504 | (2) |
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15.8 Immunogenicity with allogeneic and biosynthetic materials |
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506 | (1) |
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15.9 Development of in vivo somatic keratinocyte stem cell grafting |
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506 | (1) |
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15.10 Poor keratinocyte "take" |
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507 | (1) |
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15.11 Skin tissue engineering |
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508 | (10) |
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15.12 The use of adult stem cells in tissue-engineered skin |
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518 | (2) |
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520 | (5) |
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15.14 Recommended literature |
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525 | (1) |
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15.15 Assessment of your knowledge |
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525 | (3) |
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528 | (2) |
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530 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 Cartilage and bone regeneration |
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533 | (52) |
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533 | (1) |
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16.2 Introduction: cartilage |
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533 | (1) |
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16.3 Cellular structures and matrix composition of hyaline cartilage |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (1) |
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536 | (2) |
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16.7 Stem cells in cartilage and proliferation of chondrocytes |
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538 | (1) |
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16.8 Pathophysiology of cartilage lesion development |
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539 | (1) |
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16.9 Artificial induction of cartilage repair |
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540 | (1) |
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16.10 Rationale for cell implantation |
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541 | (2) |
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16.11 Cartilage specimens for implantation |
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543 | (1) |
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16.12 Cell seeding density |
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543 | (1) |
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16.13 What type of chondrogenic cells is ideal for cartilage engineering? |
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543 | (1) |
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16.14 Allogeneic versus autologous cells |
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544 | (1) |
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16.15 Articular chondrocytes versus other cells |
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544 | (1) |
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16.16 Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (1) |
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16.18 Direct isolation of tissue |
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545 | (1) |
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16.19 Scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering |
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545 | (3) |
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16.20 Bioreactors in cartilage tissue engineering |
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548 | (1) |
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16.21 Growth factors that stimulate chondrogenesis |
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548 | (1) |
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16.22 Future developments in cartilage biology |
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549 | (1) |
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16.23 Introduction: bone--basic bone biology: structure, function, and cells |
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549 | (5) |
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16.24 Intramembranous and endochondral bone formation |
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554 | (1) |
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554 | (1) |
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16.26 Critical size defect |
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555 | (1) |
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16.27 Skeletal stem cells |
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556 | (3) |
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16.28 Expansion and differentiation |
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559 | (1) |
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16.29 Growth factors for bone repair |
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559 | (1) |
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16.30 Scaffold biocompatibility |
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560 | (4) |
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16.31 The function of the vasculature in skeletal regeneration |
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564 | (2) |
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16.32 Animal models in bone tissue engineering |
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566 | (1) |
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16.33 Clinical experience in bone tissue engineering |
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566 | (4) |
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16.34 Future perspectives for bone regeneration |
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570 | (5) |
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16.35 Assessment of your knowledge |
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575 | (2) |
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577 | (1) |
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577 | (5) |
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582 | (3) |
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Chapter 17 Tissue engineering of the nervous system |
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585 | (44) |
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585 | (1) |
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586 | (1) |
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586 | (10) |
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596 | (10) |
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606 | (3) |
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609 | (2) |
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611 | (2) |
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613 | (5) |
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17.9 Recommended literature |
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618 | (1) |
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17.10 Assessment of your knowledge |
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618 | (3) |
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621 | (1) |
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622 | (7) |
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Chapter 18 Principles of cardiovascular tissue engineering |
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629 | (32) |
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629 | (1) |
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629 | (1) |
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18.3 Heart structure, disease, and regeneration |
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630 | (5) |
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18.4 Cell sources for cardiovascular tissue engineering and regeneration |
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635 | (1) |
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18.5 Biomaterials--polymers, scaffolds, and basic design criteria |
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636 | (1) |
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18.6 Biomaterials as vehicles for stem cells or bioactive molecule delivery after Ml |
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637 | (3) |
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18.7 Bioengineering of cardiac patches, in vitro |
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640 | (6) |
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18.8 Vascularization of cardiac patches |
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646 | (1) |
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18.9 Three-dimensional bioprinting of vascularized tissues and components of heart |
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647 | (4) |
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18.10 Challenges for clinical application |
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651 | (1) |
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651 | (5) |
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18.12 Recommended literature |
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656 | (1) |
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18.13 Assessment of your knowledge |
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656 | (2) |
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658 | (1) |
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659 | (2) |
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Chapter 19 Tissue engineering of organ systems |
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661 | (28) |
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661 | (1) |
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661 | (2) |
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19.3 Urogenital tissue engineering |
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663 | (4) |
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667 | (3) |
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19.5 Liver tissue engineering |
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670 | (3) |
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19.6 Gastrointestinal tissue engineering |
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673 | (2) |
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19.7 Pancreas tissue engineering |
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675 | (3) |
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19.8 Lung tissue engineering |
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678 | (1) |
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679 | (5) |
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19.10 Recommend literature |
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684 | (1) |
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19.11 Assessment of your knowledge |
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684 | (2) |
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686 | (1) |
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687 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Product and process design: scalable and sustainable tissue-engineered product manufacturing |
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689 | (28) |
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689 | (1) |
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689 | (1) |
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690 | (3) |
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20.3 Regulatory aspects of TEP manufacturing |
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693 | (3) |
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20.4 The TEP manufacturing process |
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696 | (3) |
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20.5 Manufacturing process development: quality by design |
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699 | (4) |
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20.6 Smart manufacturing driven by digital twins |
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703 | (4) |
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707 | (4) |
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20.8 Recommended literature |
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711 | (1) |
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20.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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712 | (2) |
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714 | (1) |
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714 | (3) |
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Chapter 21 Clinical translation |
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717 | (30) |
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717 | (1) |
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717 | (6) |
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21.3 Clinical translation of tissue-engineered products |
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723 | (5) |
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21.4 Typical challenges for tissue engineering encountered in the clinical phase |
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728 | (4) |
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21.5 Implementation of a clinical trial |
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732 | (5) |
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21.6 Special points to consider |
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737 | (2) |
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739 | (2) |
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21.8 Recommended Literature |
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741 | (1) |
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21.9 Assessment of your knowledge |
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742 | (2) |
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744 | (2) |
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746 | (1) |
Index |
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747 | |