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El. knyga: Toward an Other Globalization: From the Single Thought to Universal Conscience

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This book presents an alternative theory of globalization that derives not from the dominant perspective of the West, from which this process emerged, but from a critical vantage point of the Third World, which has experienced the primary burden of globalization. Milton Santos offers a critical perspective the apologists of Western hegemony are lacking, and even most scholars writing against globalization from within the globalizing world are unfamiliar with. Santos argues to consider globalization in three different ways: globalization as a fable (the world as globalizing agents make us believe), as perversity (the world as it is), and as a possibility (the world as it could be by offering an alternative theory of globalization).Brazilian geographer Milton Santos, renowned throughout Latin America and parts of Europe, has long been largely inaccessible to the English-speaking world. Until now, only one text, The Shared Space: The Two Circuits of the Urban Economy in Underdevelo

ped Countries, published in 1975, has been available in English. However, the works of Santos" most important phase, from the eighties until his death in 2001, has remained unavailable to English readers. With the translation of Toward an Other Globalization, one of the last works published by Santos in his lifetime, this situation has finally been rectified. As the title suggests, this book presents an alternative theory of globalization that derives not from the dominant perspective of the West, from which this process emerged, but from the critical vantage point of the Third World, which has borne the heaviest burdens of globalization. Santos offers a critical and uniquely first-hand perspective that is lacking not only from the apologists of Western hegemony, but from most scholars writing against this hegemony from within the globalizing world. Santos argues that we must consider globalization in three different senses: globalization as a fable (the world as globalizing agent

s make us believe), as perversity (the world as it is presently, in the throes of globalization), and as possibility (the world as it could be). What emerges from these three senses is an alternative theory of globalization that is rooted in the point of view of the global South. Santos concludes his text with a message that is optimistic, but in no sense naļve. This is, indeed, a revolutionary optimism and an other globalization.

The Return of the Territory.- General Introduction.- The Production of Globalization.- A Perverse Globalization.- The Territory of Money and Fragmentation.- Limits to Perverse Globalization.-Transition on the March.- Bibliography.
Introducing Milton Santos: A Voice from the Global South xi
Lucas Melgaco
Tim Clarke
Preface xvii
1 General Introduction
1(4)
1.1 The World as Fable, as Perversity, and as Possibility
1(4)
1.1.1 The World as They Make Us Believe: Globalization as Fable
2(1)
1.1.2 The World as It Is: Globalization as Perversity
2(1)
1.1.3 The World as It Can Be: An Other Globalization
3(2)
2 The Production of Globalization
5(10)
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 Technical Unicity
6(1)
2.3 The Convergence of Moments
7(2)
2.4 The Single Motor
9(1)
2.5 The Knowability of the Planet
10(1)
2.6 A Period That Is a Crisis
11(4)
3 A Perverse Globalization
15(26)
3.1 Introduction
15(1)
3.2 The Tyranny of Information and Money, and the Present Ideological System
16(4)
3.2.1 The Violence of Information
16(1)
3.2.2 Fables
17(1)
3.2.3 The Violence of Money
18(1)
3.2.4 Fragmented Perceptions and the Single Discourse of the `World'
19(1)
3.3 Competitiveness, Consumption, the Confusion of Spirits, Globalitarianism
20(5)
3.3.1 Competitiveness, the Absence of Compassion
20(2)
3.3.2 Consumption and Its Despotisms
22(1)
3.3.3 Totalitarian Information and the Confusion of Spirits
23(1)
3.3.4 From Imperialism to the World of Today
23(1)
3.3.5 Globalitarianisms and Totalitarianisms
24(1)
3.4 Structural Violence and Systemic Perversity
25(5)
3.4.1 Money in Its Pure State
26(1)
3.4.2 Competitiveness in Its Pure State
27(1)
3.4.3 Power in Its Pure State
27(1)
3.4.4 Systemic Perversity
28(2)
3.5 From the Politics of States to the Politics of Companies
30(5)
3.5.1 Technical Systems, Philosophical Systems
30(2)
3.5.2 Technoscience, Globalization, and Senseless History
32(1)
3.5.3 Global Companies and the Death of Politics
33(2)
3.6 Over 5 Decades, Three Definitions of Poverty
35(4)
3.6.1 `Included' Poverty
35(1)
3.6.2 Marginality
36(1)
3.6.3 Globalized Structural Poverty
36(2)
3.6.4 The Role of Intellectuals
38(1)
3.7 What to Make of Sovereignty
39(2)
4 The Territory of Money and Fragmentation
41(24)
4.1 Introduction
41(1)
4.2 Geographic Space: Compartmentalization and Fragmentation
42(4)
4.2.1 Compartmentalization: Past and Present
43(1)
4.2.2 Velocity, Fluidity, Fragmentation
43(2)
4.2.3 Competitiveness Versus Solidarity
45(1)
4.3 Globalized Scientific Agriculture and the Alienation of the Territory
46(3)
4.3.1 The External Demand for Rationality
47(1)
4.3.2 The City of the Countryside
48(1)
4.4 Compartmentalization and Fragmentation of Space: The Brazilian Case
49(2)
4.4.1 The Role of Exogenous Logics
49(1)
4.4.2 Endogenous Dialectics
50(1)
4.5 The Territory of Money
51(6)
4.5.1 Definitions
51(1)
4.5.2 Money and Territory: Historical Situations
52(1)
4.5.3 Metamorphoses of the Two Categories Throughout Time
52(1)
4.5.4 Globalized Money
53(1)
4.5.5 Regional Situations
54(2)
4.5.6 The Effects of Global Money
56(1)
4.5.7 Epilogue
56(1)
4.6 Verticalities and Horizontalities
57(4)
4.6.1 Verticalities
57(2)
4.6.2 Horizontalities
59(1)
4.6.3 The Search for Meaning
60(1)
4.7 The Schizophrenia of the Space
61(4)
4.7.1 Being a Citizen in the Place
61(1)
4.7.2 The Everyday Life and the Territory
62(1)
4.7.3 A Pedagogy of Existence
63(2)
5 Limits to Perverse Globalization
65(14)
5.1 Introduction
65(1)
5.2 The Ascendant Variable
66(1)
5.3 The Limits of the Dominant Rationality
66(1)
5.4 The Imaginary of Velocity
67(3)
5.4.1 Velocity, Technique, and Power
68(1)
5.4.2 From the Despotic Clock to Divergent Temporalities
69(1)
5.5 Just-in-Time Versus Everyday Life
70(1)
5.6 An Entanglement of Techniques: The Realm of Artifice and Scarcity
71(2)
5.6.1 From Artifice to Scarcity
71(1)
5.6.2 From Scarcity to Understanding
72(1)
5.7 The Role of the Poor in the Production of the Present and the Future
73(2)
5.8 The Metamorphosis of the Middle Classes
75(4)
5.8.1 The Golden Age
75(1)
5.8.2 Scarcity Reaches the Middle Classes
76(1)
5.8.3 A New Given in Politics
77(2)
6 Transition on the March
79(22)
6.1 Introduction
79(1)
6.2 Popular Culture, Popular Period
80(4)
6.2.1 Mass Culture, Popular Culture
80(1)
6.2.2 The Empirical Conditions of Transformation
81(1)
6.2.3 The Precedence of Humanity and the Popular Period
82(2)
6.3 The Centrality of the Periphery
84(3)
6.3.1 Limits to Cooperation
84(1)
6.3.2 The Challenge to the South
85(2)
6.4 The Active Nation, the Passive Nation
87(3)
6.4.1 The End of the National Project?
87(1)
6.4.2 Alienation of the Active Nation
88(1)
6.4.3 Coming into Consciousness and Richness of the Passive Nation
88(2)
6.5 The Present Globalization Is Not Irreversible
90(6)
6.5.1 The Dissolution of Ideologies
90(1)
6.5.2 The Pertinence of Utopia
91(1)
6.5.3 Other Possible Uses for the Current Techniques
92(1)
6.5.4 Geography and the Acceleration of History
93(2)
6.5.5 A Possible New World
95(1)
6.6 The Story Is Just Beginning
96(5)
6.6.1 Humanity as a Revolutionary Bloc
96(1)
6.6.2 The New Consciousness of Being Worldly
97(1)
6.6.3 The Great Contemporary Transformation
98(3)
Milton Santos's Selected Bibliography 101(8)
About Milton Santos 109(2)
About the Editors and Translators 111
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