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Trace Elements in the Environment: Biogeochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioremediation [Kietas viršelis]

Edited by (Savanah State University, Georgia, USA Savannah State University, Georgia, USA Savannah State University, Georgia, USA Savannah State University, Georgia, USA), Edited by (Universi), Edited by (University of Hyderabad, India University of Hyderabad, India)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 744 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1428 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Oct-2005
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1566706858
  • ISBN-13: 9781566706858
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 744 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1428 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Oct-2005
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1566706858
  • ISBN-13: 9781566706858
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
New analytical techniques have enhanced current understanding of the behavior of trace and ultratrace elements in the biogeochemical cycling, chemical speciation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and as applied to the phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Addressing worldwide regulatory, scientific, and environmental issues, Trace Elements in the Environment explores these frontiers, including biotechnological aspects of metal-binding proteins and peptides and phytoremediation strategies using trees, grasses, crop plants, aquatics, and risks to ecological and human health. Discussing trace elements in the holistic environment, this book covers advances in state-of-the-art analytical techniques, molecular biotechology, and contemporary biotechnology that enhances knowledge of the behavior of trace elements in the biogeosphere and at the cellular and molecular level.

The editors and their hand-picked panel of contributors provide authoritative coverage of trace elements in the environment. They highlight cutting-edge applications of emerging strategies and technologies to the problems of trace elements in the environment. The editors discuss emerging areas such as bacterial biosorption of trace elements, processes, and applications of electroremediation of heavy metals-contaminated soils, application of novel nanoporous sorbents for the removal of heavy metals, metalloids, and radionuclides. The book focuses on the effects of increasing levels of trace elements on ecological and human health, evaluates the effectiveness of methods of phytoremediation, and covers risk assessment, pathways, and trace element toxicity.

Containing more than 150 illustrations, tables, photographs, and equations, the book's coverage spans the entire body of knowledge available about how and why plants interact with metals and other trace elements.
Section I: Bioavailability
Coal Fly Ash Application to Soils and its Effect on Boron Availability to Plants
3(22)
Theodora Matsi
Christos Tsadilas
Introduction
3(1)
Boron in Fly Ash
4(9)
Boron Concentration in Fly Ash, as Affected by its Origin, Particle Size Distribution, and Degree of Weathering
4(4)
Fly Ash Constituents Associated with B and Mechanisms of B Release and Retention
8(1)
Factors Affecting B Release from and Retention by Fly Ash
9(2)
Plant Growth on Fly Ash with Respect to its B Content
11(2)
Boron Availability to Plants as Influenced by Fly Ash Application to Soils
13(6)
Soil B
13(1)
Soil Factors Affecting Availability of Fly Ash B to Plants
14(1)
Plant Growth in Fly Ash-Amended Soils with Respect to B
15(1)
Cases of B Phytotoxicity
16(1)
Cases of B Deficiency Correction
16(3)
Conclusions
19(6)
Acknowledgments
19(1)
References
19(6)
Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Relation to Root Modification in the Rhizosphere
25(14)
Ioannis K. Mitsios
Nicholas G. Danalatos
Introduction
25(1)
Trace Elements in the Soils
26(1)
Root Modification of the Rhizosphere and Bioavailability of Trace Elements
27(7)
PH Changes in the Rhizosphere and Bioavailability of Trace Elements
27(1)
Concentration Changes of Ions in the Rhizosphere
28(2)
Root Organic Exudates, Trace Element Mobilization in the Rhizosphere, and Their Bioavailability
30(1)
Function of Siderophores in the Plant Rhizosphere
31(1)
Bioavailability of Trace Elements and Oxidation Reduction Processes in the Rhizosphere
31(1)
Oxidation, Reduction Processes, and pH in Aerobic Conditions
31(1)
Redox Processes and pH in Anaerobic Conditions
32(1)
The Significance of Redox in Rhizosphere
32(1)
Bioavailability of Trace Elements as Related to Root-Microorganism Interactions in the Rhizosphere
32(1)
Bioavailability of Trace Elements as Related to Mycorrhizal Fungi
33(1)
Conclusions
34(5)
References
34(5)
Availability of Heavy Metals Applied to Soil through Sewage Sludge
39(24)
V. Antoniadis
Christos Tsadilas
V. Samaras
J. Sgouras
Introduction
39(1)
The Composition of Sewage Sludge
40(8)
Organic Phase
40(1)
Origination, Composition, and Metal-Chelating Properties
40(3)
Sludge-Borne and Soil-Organic Matter Properties after Sewage Sludge Is Applied to Soil
43(2)
Inorganic Phase
45(1)
Fertilizer Value of Sewage Sludge
45(1)
Heavy Metal Loadings in Sewage Sludge and in Soils where Sludge Is Added
45(2)
Heavy Metal Chemistry in Soils and Heavy Metal Properties after Termination of Sewage Sludge Application
47(1)
Availability of Heavy Metals and Their Fate over Time
48(8)
Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Availability
48(1)
pH Value
48(1)
Organic Matter
48(1)
Redox Potential
49(1)
Competition Effects among Metals
49(1)
The Effect of Carbonates
50(1)
Chloride Ions
50(1)
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Crop Plants
50(2)
Concerns of Heavy Metal Leaching Out of Soil and into Groundwater
52(3)
Approaches to the Time Factor or the Residual Effects of Sludge-Borne Heavy Metals
55(1)
Conclusions: Is Land Application of Sewage Sludge Safe?
56(7)
References
57(6)
Influence of Fly Ash Application on Heavy Metal Forms and Their Availability
63(14)
Christos Tsadilas
E. Tsantila
S. Stamatiadis
V. Antoniadis
V. Samaras
Introduction
63(2)
Materials and Methods Used
65(2)
Results and Discussion
67(6)
Pot Experiment
67(1)
Field Experiment
68(1)
Influence of Fly Ash on Wheat Grain Yield
68(1)
Influence of Fly Ash on Heavy Metal Content of Soil and Wheat
68(5)
Conclusions
73(4)
References
74(3)
Arsenic Concentration and Bioavailability in Soils as a Function of Soil Properties: a Florida Case Study
77(20)
Dibyendu Sarkar
Rupali Datta
Abstract
77(1)
Introduction
78(1)
Materials and Methods
79(2)
Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Characterization
79(2)
Determination of Bioavailable Arsenic
81(1)
Results and Discussion
81(10)
Characterization of Soils
81(1)
Total Arsenic Concentrations in Soils
81(3)
Influence of Soil Properties on Arsenic Concentrations
84(5)
Arsenic Availability in Soils
89(2)
Conclusions
91(6)
Acknowledgments
91(1)
References
91(6)
Section II: Biogeochemistry
Solubility, Mobility, and Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements: Abiotic Processes in the Rhizosphere
97(14)
Brett Robinson
Nanthi Bolan
Santiago Mahimairaja
Brent Clothier
Introduction
97(1)
Trace Element Solubility in the Rhizosphere
98(3)
Trace Element Speciation in the Rhizosphere
101(1)
Trace Element Mobility
102(1)
Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements
102(1)
Bioaccumulation as Affected by φ
103(1)
Engineering Trace Element Solubility, Mobility, and Bioaccumulation for Improved Fertility or Environmental Protection
104(1)
Trace Element Solubilization
104(1)
Induced Bioaccumulation
104(1)
In Situ Immobilization
105(3)
Conclusions
108(3)
References
108(3)
Appraisal of Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater through Multivariate Analysis: Case Study
111(14)
S. Tripathy
M.K. Panigrahi
N. Kundu
Abstract
111(1)
Introduction
112(1)
Study Area
112(1)
Materials and Methods
113(1)
Salient Hydrochemical Features
114(2)
Multivariate Analysis of Hydrochemical Data
116(1)
Results and Discussion
117(5)
PCA
117(1)
Factor Analysis
117(2)
Cluster Analysis
119(3)
Conclusion
122(3)
Acknowledgments
122(1)
References
122(3)
Geochemical Processes Governing Trace Elements in CBNG-Produced Water
125(22)
K.J. Reddy
Q.D. Skinner
B.H. Hulin
Abstract
126(1)
Introduction
126(2)
Background Information
128(3)
Geology and Groundwater
128(1)
Surface Water
129(1)
Soils
130(1)
Plant Communities
130(1)
CBNG Extraction Process and Quality of Produced Water
131(2)
Geochemical Processes of Trace Elements in CBNG-Produced Water
133(3)
Study Area
133(1)
Sediment Sampling
133(1)
Water Sampling
133(1)
Column Facility
133(1)
Column Experimental Design
134(1)
Lights
135(1)
Analysis
135(1)
Experiments
135(1)
Saturated Paste Experiments
135(1)
Surface Ponding Experiments
135(1)
Groundwater Experiments
136(1)
CBNG-Produced Water Tank
136(1)
Results and Discussion
136(4)
CBNG-Produced Water Samples
136(1)
Surface Ponding
136(2)
Groundwater
138(1)
Surface-and Groundwater
138(1)
Geochemical Processes
139(1)
Potential Impacts of CBNG-Produced Water to Rangeland Plants, Riparian Plants, Soils, and Sediments
140(7)
References
144(3)
Temporal Trends of Inorganic Elements in Kentucky Lake Sediments
147(8)
Bommanna G. Loganathan
Clark Alexander
I-Lun Chien
Kenneth S. Sajwan
Introduction
147(2)
Sampling and Analysis
149(1)
Chemical Analysis
149(1)
Organic Carbon and Nitrogen
149(1)
Radiochronology
149(1)
Temporal Trends of Inorganic Elements
150(2)
Conclusions
152(3)
Acknowledgments
153(1)
References
153(2)
Chemical Association of Trace Elements in Soils Amended with Biosolids: Comparison of Two Biosolids
155(14)
Kenneth S. Sajwan
S. Paramasivam
A.K. Alva
J. Afolabi
Abstract
155(1)
Introduction
156(1)
Materials and Methods
157(1)
Soils
157(1)
Trace Element Fractionation
158(1)
Results and Discussion
158(6)
Total Trace Element Contents
158(2)
Distribution of Trace Elements into Various Fractions
160(1)
Exchangeable Fraction
161(1)
Sorbed Fraction
162(1)
Labile Fraction
162(1)
Organic Fraction
163(1)
Carbonate Fraction
164(1)
Sulfide Fraction
164(1)
General Discussion and Conclusion
164(5)
Acknowledgment
165(1)
References
166(3)
Section III: Biotechnology
Microbial Genomics as an Integrated Tool for Developing Biosensors for Toxic Trace Elements in the Environment
169(42)
Ranadhir Chakraborty
Pradosh Roy
Introduction
170(2)
Genesis and Chemistry of Toxic Trace Metals Relevant to Their Interaction with Life Processes
172(1)
Physical Properties of Heavy Metal Cations and Oxyanions
173(1)
Dual Strategy Adoption by the Living Cell for Uptake of Heavy Metal Ions and Their Comparison
173(1)
Incorporation of Metals in Bioactive Molecules in the Process of Evolution
174(3)
Concepts of Heavy Metal Toxicity, Tolerance, and Resistance
175(1)
Emergence of Heavy Metal Tolerant Mutants: Misfit in Evolutionary Selection
175(1)
Evolution of Resistance Mechanism
176(1)
Physicochemical Restriction in Detoxification Process vis-a-vis Choice for Getting Rid of Excess Heavy Metal Ions
176(1)
Toxic Metal Ions and Mechanisms of Resistance
177(7)
Mercury
177(1)
Lead
178(1)
Antimonite
178(1)
Cadmium
178(1)
Silver
179(1)
Molybdenum
179(1)
Arsenic
179(1)
Zinc
180(2)
Copper
182(1)
Nickel
183(1)
Cobalt
183(1)
Chromium
184(1)
Vanadium
184(1)
Evaluation of the Uptake and Efflux Capabilities of Organisms Based on Whole Genome Sequence Analysis
184(1)
Transporters Involved in Heavy Metal Uptake and Efflux
185(1)
Influx and Efflux Are Coordinately Regulated
186(4)
Evolution of Specific Genetic Elements to Sense and Respond to Metals in the Environment: a Domain for Diverse Metals
190(1)
Transcription Repressor Protein ArsR Binding with the Ars Operator-Promoter and ArsR Binding with Inducer Molecule
190(1)
Problem of Transporting Toxic Levels of Three Different Divalent Cations with a Common System; the Nature of the Means Required to Cope with the Difficulties; and the Type of Genetic Changes: an Example of Self-Awareness --- Outcome of Designed Creative Processes in Ralstonia
190(4)
Development of Promising Analytical Devices for Trace Metal Detection in the Environment: Biosensors
194(1)
Protein-Based Biosensors
194(1)
Whole-Cell-Based Biosensors for Detection of Bioavailable Heavy Metals
195(1)
Luminescence-Based Biosensors
196(1)
Development of an LacZ-Based Arsenic Biosensor [ 344]
196(1)
Conclusion
197(14)
References
197(14)
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Heavy Metals: Tolerance Mechanisms and Potential Use in Bioremediation
211(24)
Ma. del Carmen Angeles Gonzalez Chavez
Jaco Vangronsveld
Jan Colpaert
Corinne Leyval
Abstract
205(6)
Introduction
211(1)
AM Symbiosis
212(1)
Importance of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Soils
212(4)
AMF in Contaminated Soils
213(1)
Effect of PTEs on the Population of AMF
213(2)
Effect of AMF on Plant Uptake and Translocation of PTEs
215(1)
Mechanisms in AMF to Tolerate PTEs
216(4)
Binding to Cell Wall
217(1)
Extracellular Chelation
217(1)
Chelation at Cytoplasm and Vacuole Level
218(1)
Other Possible Mechanisms in AMF
219(1)
Contribution of AMF in Plant Tolerance to PTEs
220(1)
Importance of the External Mycelium of AMF in Plant Tolerance to PTEs
221(1)
Constitutive and Adaptive Metal Tolerance in AMF
221(4)
Use of AMF in Phytoremediation Practices
225(3)
Future Work
228(1)
Conclusions
228(7)
Acknowledgment
229(1)
References
229(6)
Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Associated Microorganisms in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Sites
235(18)
K. Turnau
A. Jurkiewicz
G. Lingua
J.M. Barea
V. Gianinazzi-Pearson
Introduction
235(1)
Mycorrhiza and its Role in the Environment
236(1)
Phytoremediation and the Beginning of Interest in Mycorrhiza
237(1)
Mycorrhiza in Phytostabilization
238(2)
Mycorrhiza in Phytodegradation and Phytoextraction
240(2)
Influence of Soil Bacteria on Mycorrhiza Efficiency in Polluted Environments
242(3)
Mycorrhiza as Indicator of Soil Toxicity and Remediation Rate
245(1)
Conclusions
245(8)
Acknowledgments
246(1)
References
246(7)
Plant Metallothionein Genes and Genetic Engineering for the Cleanup of Toxic Trace Elements
253(18)
M.N.V. Prasad
Introduction
253(1)
Molecular/Adaptive Physiology and Genetics of Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants
254(1)
Plant Metallothionein Genes and Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals
254(5)
Mercuric Ion Reduction and Resistance
258(1)
Zinc-Transporting Genes in Plants
259(3)
Ferritin Expression in Rice
262(1)
Genetic Manipulation of Organic Acid Biosynthesis
262(1)
Molecular Genetic and Transgenic Strategies for Phytoremediation Hyperacumulation
263(1)
Conclusions
264(7)
References
265(6)
``Metallomics'' --- a Multidisciplinary Metal-Assisted Functional Biogeochemistry: Scope and Limitations
271(20)
M.N.V. Prasad
Introduction
271(2)
Metallomics and Metallomes
273(1)
Glutathione and Organic Acids Metabolism
274(1)
Metal Transporters and Interactions in Membranes at Molecular Levels
274(1)
Species-Selective Analysis for Metals and Metalloids in Plants
275(1)
Metabollomics
276(1)
Glutathione Metabolism and Phytochelatin Synthesis
276(1)
Chemical Transformation
276(2)
Sulphur Metabolism
278(2)
Overexpression of LCT1 (Low-Affinity Cation Transporter) in Tobacco Enhanced: The Protective Action of Calcium against Cadmium Toxicity
280(1)
Overexpression of Alfalfa Aldose/Aldehyde Reductase Confers Tolerance to Cadmium Stress
281(1)
Hairy Roots of Horseradish Are an Ideal System for Induction of Phytochelatin Homologs
281(1)
Overexpression of T-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase in Indian Mustard Enhanced Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation
282(1)
Overexpression of MTS as a Means to Increase Cadmium Tolerance
283(1)
Overexpression of Glutathione Synthetase in Indian Mustard Enhanced Cadmium Tolerance
284(1)
Conclusions
284(7)
References
286(5)
Detoxification/Defense Mechanisms in Metal-Exposed Plants
291(34)
B.P. Shaw
M.N.V. Prasad
V.K. Jha
B.B. Sahu
Introduction
291(5)
Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil and Associated Agricultural and Environmental Problems
296(2)
Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms in Plants
298(1)
Extracellular Detoxification of Metals Other than Aluminum
299(1)
Heavy Metal Detoxification through Intracellular Sequestration
299(1)
Complex Formation with Phytochelatins
300(1)
Phytochelatins: Primary Structure and Classes
301(1)
Phytochelatin: Synthesis
302(2)
Phytochelatins: Induction by Heavy Metals
304(1)
HMW PC and Metal Tolerance
305(2)
Cellular Compartmentalization of PC--Metal Complexes and Metal Tolerance
307(1)
Role of PCs in Detoxification of Heavy Metals Other than Cadmium
308(1)
Complex Formation with Organic Acids
309(1)
Antioxidative System in Metal Tolerance
310(1)
Metal-Metal Interactions
311(2)
Conclusion
313(12)
References
315(10)
Bacterial Biosorption of Trace Elements
325(16)
Kyoung-Woong Kim
So-Young Kang
Introduction
325(1)
Bacterial Biosorption
326(4)
Bacteria as a Sorbent
326(1)
Structure of Bacterial Cells
326(1)
Case Study: Identification of Functional Groups
327(1)
Mechanisms of Biosorption
328(1)
Intracellular Interaction
328(1)
Cell Surface Interaction
329(1)
Extracellular Interaction
329(1)
Metal Removal by Bacterial Biosorption
330(4)
Biosorption Isotherms
330(1)
Comparing Metal Capacity
331(1)
Influence of Environmental Conditions
331(1)
Bacterial Growth Phase
331(2)
pH
333(1)
Competing Cations
333(1)
Ionic Strength and Organics
334(1)
Application and Potential Benefits in Metal-Contaminated Environments
334(7)
Wastewater Treatment
335(2)
Groundwater Treatment
337(1)
Protection from Pollutant Plumes
337(1)
Acknowledgment
337(1)
References
337(4)
Electroremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils --- Processes and Applications
341(28)
Alexandra B. Ribeiro
Jose M. Rodriguez-Maroto
General Principle
342(1)
Definitions and Some Aspects Related to the Transport of Species
342(2)
Electromigration
342(1)
Electroosmosis
343(1)
Electrophoresis
343(1)
Diffusion
343(1)
Advection by Hydraulic Gradients
344(1)
Reactions in the Electrode Compartments
344(2)
Other Types of Phenomena Related to Mobility of Species
346(2)
Ion Exchange and Sorption
346(1)
Precipitation and Dissolution
346(1)
Movement of an Acid Front and an Alkaline Front in the Soil Compartment
347(1)
Movement of Contaminants
347(1)
Relevance of the Technique
348(2)
In Situ vs. ex Situ Processes
349(1)
Disadvantages that Interfere with Efficiency of the Process
350(1)
Process Enhancement with Chemical Reagents
350(2)
Electrodialytic Soil Remediation
352(3)
Characteristics of Ion Exchange Membranes for Electrodyalitic Remediation
354(1)
Electrodialytic vs. Electrokinetic Techniques: Expected Improvements
355(1)
Geometry of Electrokinetic Systems
355(5)
Laboratory Experiments
356(1)
Field Applications
356(3)
Number of Electrodes
359(1)
Electric Operative Conditions
360(1)
Current Efficiency: Critical Current Density through Membranes
361(1)
Remediation Time Requirements
361(2)
Energy Consumption
363(2)
Electrode Requirements
365(4)
References
365(4)
Application of Novel Nanoporous Sorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals, Metalloids, and Radionuclides
369(14)
Shas V. Mattigod
Glen E. Fryxell
Kent E. Parker
Yuehe Lin
Abstract
369(1)
Introduction
369(2)
Materials and Methods
371(2)
Synthesis of Self-Assembled Monolayers
371(2)
Adsorption Experiments
373(1)
Results and Discussion
374(4)
Summary and Conclusions
378(5)
Acknowledgments
379(1)
References
379(4)
Section IV: Bioremediation
Phytoremediation Technologies Using Trees
383(22)
I.D. Pulford
N.M. Dickinson
Introduction
383(2)
The Potential Benefits of Trees
384(1)
Factors Affecting Uptake of Heavy Metals by Trees
385(3)
Substrate Variability
385(1)
Temporal Variations in Tissue Concentrations of Metals
386(1)
Variability between Component Parts of Trees
386(1)
Toxicity of Trace Elements to Plants
387(1)
Plasticity of Plant Response to Metals
387(1)
Factors Affecting Metal Offtake during Harvest
388(1)
Recycling Metals to the Surface of Soil
388(1)
Metals Located in Tree Roots
388(1)
Metals Located in Stems
388(1)
Modeling Metal Offtake
389(1)
Outstanding Issues
389(6)
Importance of Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Soil
389(4)
Root Foraging and the Rhizosphere
393(1)
Other Ecological Processes in Soil
394(1)
Phytoextraction vs. Phytostabilization
395(1)
Conclusions
396(9)
References
397(8)
Stabilization, Remediation, and Integrated Management of Metal-Contaminated Ecosystems by Grasses (Poaceae)
405(20)
M.N.V. Prasad
Introduction
405(1)
Vetiver Grass for Phytostabilization of Metalliferous Ecosystems
406(5)
Vetiver in Combination with Green Manure Legumes on Lead/Zinc Mine Tailings
411(1)
Tolerance of Vetiver Grass to Submergence
412(1)
Rehabilitation of Gold Mine Tailings in Australia
412(1)
Rehabilitation of Mine Tailings in South Africa and China
413(1)
Expression of Stress Proteins by the Members of Poaceae
413(4)
Significance of Silicon-Accumulating Grasses for Integrated Management and Remediation of Metalliferous Soils
417(8)
References
418(7)
Physiology of Lead Accumulation and Tolerance in a Lead-Accumulating Plant (Sesbania drummondii)
425(14)
Nilesh Sharma
Shivendra Sahi
Abstract
425(1)
Introduction
426(1)
Lead Acquisition and Transport
427(1)
Factors Governing Lead Uptake by Plants
427(1)
Mode of Lead Transport
427(1)
Speciation of Accumulated Lead in a Lead Accumulator
428(2)
Characteristics of XANES in Sesbania Samples
428(2)
Characteristics of EXAFS in Sesbania Samples
430(1)
Antioxidative Defense in a Lead Accumulator
430(2)
Catalase Activity in Sesbania Seedlings
430(1)
SOD Activity in Sesbania Seedlings
431(1)
GPX activity in Sesbania Seedlings
432(1)
Photosynthetic Activity in a Lead Accumulator
432(4)
Efficiency of Photosynthetic Apparatus in Sesbania
432(2)
Active Photosynthetic Reaction Centers in Sesbania
434(2)
Conclusion
436(3)
References
436(3)
Temperate Weeds in Russia: Sentinels for Monitoring Trace Element Pollution and Possible Application in Phytoremediation
439(12)
D.I. Bashmakov
A.S. Lukatkin
M.N.V. Prasad
Introduction
439(1)
Materials and Methods
440(1)
Results and Discussion
441(4)
Taraxacum officinale Wigg. (Dandelion): Ideal Sentinel for Mapping Metal Pollution
445(1)
Conclusions
446(5)
References
449(2)
Biogeochemical Cycling of Trace Elements by Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Relevance to Phytoremediation
451(32)
M.N.V. Prasad
Maria Greger
P. Aravind
Introduction
451(4)
Aquatic Sediments as Reservoir of Trace Elements
452(3)
Functions of Aquatic Plants
455(1)
Trace Element Uptake
456(8)
Aquatic Macrophytes for Trace Element Biomonitoring and Toxicity Bioassays
457(7)
Remediation Potential of Aquatic Plants
464(2)
Free-Floating Aquatic Plants
464(1)
Emergent Species
464(1)
Submergent Species
465(1)
Wetlands
466(5)
Significance of Metal-Rich Rhizoconcretions, or Plaque, on Roots
468(1)
Influence of Wetland Plants on Weathering of Sulphidic Mine Tailings
468(2)
Constructed Wetlands for Removal of Metals
470(1)
Biogeogenic Cycling of Metals
471(1)
Concluding Remarks
472(11)
References
474(9)
Metal-Tolerant Plants: Biodiversity Prospecting for Phytoremediation Technology
483(24)
M.N.V. Prasad
H. Freitas
Introduction
483(4)
Biodiversity Prospecting for Phytoremediation of Metals in the Environment
487(1)
Metal-Tolerant Plants for Phytoremediation
487(9)
Ornamentals
496(3)
Metal Tolerant Plants and Chelators Might Promote Phytoremediation Technology
499(1)
Conclusions
500(7)
Acknowledgments
502(1)
References
502(5)
Trace Elements in Plants and Soils of Abandoned Mines in Portugal: Significance for Phytomanagement and Biogeochemical Prospecting
507(16)
M.N.V. Prasad
J. Pratas
H. Freitas
Introduction
507(1)
Site Description
508(1)
Methodology
508(1)
Results and Discussion
509(8)
Conclusions
517(6)
References
519(4)
Plants That Accumulate and/or Exclude Toxic Trace Elements Play an Important Role in Phytoremediation
523(26)
M.N.V. Prasad
Introduction
523(2)
Metal Hyperaccumulators for Phytoremediation Hype
525(1)
Mechanisms of Metal Uptake by Plants
526(5)
Phytomass of Accumulators/Hyperaccumulators of Metals Is a Valuable Resource for Phytoextraction
531(1)
Accumulation of Metals by Plants
531(4)
Root Uptake
531(1)
Transport within Plants
532(1)
Multiple Metal Accumulation
533(2)
Strategies for Enhanced Uptake of Trace Elements to Facilitate Phytoextraction
535(5)
Chelate-Assisted or Chemically Induced Phytoextraction
535(1)
Rhizosphere-Assisted Processes for Metal Accumulation and Exclusion
536(1)
Bioavailability of Metals in Soils
536(2)
Exclusion of Trace Elements to Foster Phytostabilization
538(1)
Metal Exclusion by Organic Acids
538(2)
Organic Acids Play an Important Role in Adaptive Physiology
540(9)
References
541(8)
Phytoremediation of Trace Element Contaminated Soil with Cereal Crops: Role of Fertilizers and Bacteria on Bioavailability
549(34)
Irina Shtangeeva
Introduction
549(1)
Application of Cereal Crops in Phytoremediation Studies
550(1)
Metal Uptake by Cereal Crops
551(6)
Phytotoxicity of Some Ultratrace Metals
555(2)
Metal Distribution between Roots and Upper Plant Parts
557(6)
Effects of Soil Characteristics, Weather Conditions, and Plant Physiological Activity on Metal Uptake
558(2)
Identification of Soil Amendments Capable of Enhancing Plant Yield and Metal Phytoextraction
560(2)
Sewage Sludge
562(1)
Chelates
562(1)
Organic Materials
563(1)
Experimental Studies on the Effects of Different Fertilizers on Metal Removal from Contaminated Soils Using Wheat
564(7)
Effects of Mineral Elements on Plant Biomass and Metal Uptake
568(3)
Soil Biota as a Promising Means to Affect Metal Phytoextraction
571(2)
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
572(1)
Bacteria
572(1)
Effects of Cellulomonas and Mycobacterium Strains on Metal Phytoextraction by Cereal Crops
573(2)
Conclusions
575(8)
References
576(7)
Phytomanagement of Radioactively Contaminated Sites
583(28)
H. Vandenhove
Introduction
583(1)
Possible Role of Phytomanagement
584(15)
Phytoextraction
584(1)
The Potential for Phytoextraction
585(2)
Uranium
587(5)
Radium
592(1)
Thorium
592(1)
Caesium
593(2)
Strontium
595(1)
Conclusions for the Potential of Phytoextraction
596(1)
Rhizofiltration
597(2)
Alternative Land Use: Nonfood Crop Production in Contaminated Areas
599(6)
Introduction
599(1)
Liquid Biofuels
600(1)
Willow Short-Rotation Coppice for Energy Production
600(2)
Forestry
602(1)
Fiber Crops
602(1)
Conclusions
603(1)
Phytostabilization
603(1)
Phytomanagement with Willow Vegetation Systems in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
603(1)
Uranium Mining Tailings and Debris Heaps
604(1)
Conclusions
605(6)
References
605(6)
Efficiency and Limitations of Phytoextraction by High Biomass Plants: The Example of Willows
611(22)
Catherine Keller
Introduction
611(1)
Characteristics of the Experiments
612(3)
Description of Experimental Sites
612(2)
Plants for Phytoextraction
614(1)
Factors Limiting the Efficiency of Phytoextraction
615(5)
Climate and Soil Characteristics
615(1)
Climate
615(1)
Soil Characteristics
615(2)
Nature and Extent of the Contamination
617(3)
Factors Limiting the Efficiency of Phytoextraction Specificity of Willows
620(4)
Concentrations in Plant Parts
621(1)
Root Prospecting
622(1)
Plant Management
623(1)
Legislation and Time Required
624(2)
Conclusion
626(7)
Acknowledgment
626(1)
References
626(7)
Section V: Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment, Pathways, and Trace Element Toxicity of Sewage Sludge-Amended Agroforestry and Soils
633(26)
K. Chandra Sekhar
M.N.V. Prasad
Introduction
633(2)
Sewage Sludge
635(1)
Trace Element Toxicity
635(2)
Properties Affecting Trace Element Mobility
637(1)
Bioavailability of Trace Elements
638(4)
Environmental Pathways and Health Risk Assessment
642(4)
Indian Scenario
646(1)
International Scenario
647(2)
Short-Rotation Forestry Using Sewage Sludge and Biosolids --- Implications
647(1)
Sludge Usage --- International Regulations
648(1)
Conclusions
649(10)
Acknowledgments
650(1)
References
650(9)
Trophic Transfer of Trace Elements and Associated Human Health Effects
659(30)
Amit Love
C.R. Babu
Introduction
659(1)
Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Trace Elements
660(10)
Terrestrial Ecosystems
661(1)
Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Plants
662(2)
Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Animals and Trophic Transfer
664(3)
Aquatic Ecosystems
667(1)
Bioaccumulation in Planktonic Organisms and Aquatic Invertebrates
668(1)
Bioaccumulation in Fish and Trophic Transfer
669(1)
Human Exposure to Trace Elements
670(4)
Cadmium
671(1)
Mercury
672(1)
Lead and Arsenic
673(1)
Human Health Effects
674(3)
Cadmium
674(1)
Mercury
675(1)
Lead
676(1)
Arsenic
677(1)
Conclusions
677(12)
Acknowledgment
678(1)
References
678(11)
Trace Metal Accumulation, Movement, and Remediation in Soils Receiving Animal Manure
689(18)
Karamat R. Sistani
Jeffrey M. Novak
Abstract
689(1)
Introduction
690(2)
Sources and Distributions of Trace Metals in Manure
692(2)
Trace Metal Accumulation in Manure-Treated Soils
694(3)
Pathways for Offsite Metal Transport
697(2)
Runoff
697(1)
Leaching
698(1)
Remediation Strategies
699(2)
Phytoremediation
699(1)
Immobilization Using Chemical Amendments
700(1)
Conclusions
701(6)
References
702(5)
Subject Index 707(10)
Biodiversity Index 717


M.N.V. Prasad, Kenneth S. Sajwan, Ravi Naidu