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El. knyga: Transfusion and Transplantation Science

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Edited by (Professor of Molecular Diagnostics and Transfusion Medicine, School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University)
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Biomedical scientists are the foundation of modern healthcare, from cancer screening to diagnosing HIV, from blood transfusion for surgery to food poisoning and infection control. Without biomedical scientists, the diagnosis of disease, the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment, and research into the causes and cures of disease would not be possible.

The Fundamentals of Biomedical Science series has been written to reflect the challenges of practicing biomedical science today. It draws together essential basic science with insights into laboratory practice to show how an understanding of the biology of disease is coupled to the analytical approaches that lead to diagnosis.
Assuming only a minimum of prior knowledge, the series reviews the full range of disciplines to which a Biomedical Scientist may be exposedfrom microbiology to cytopathology to transfusion science.

The science of transfusion and transplantation demands a multifaceted understanding of immunology, haematology, and genetics from the biomedical scientist. Transfusion and Transplantation Science synthesizes the essential concepts of these subjects and presents them within the practical framework of the hospital banking and transplantation centre, providing you with the knowledge and skills to specialize in this discipline.

Recenzijos

Review from previous edition Excellent teaching material for those studying Biomedical Science. * Dr Stephen F. Hughes, University of Chester * There is a clear focus on practical application of the theory in the transfusion lab. * Dr Christine Shirras, Lancaster University * The main strength is the Biomedical Science perspective. The emphasis is on transfusion practice within the laboratory: the biochemistry backs up the practical applications, not the other way round as biochemistry texts often do. * Trish Procter, Keele University *

1 Introduction to Basic Immunology and Techniques
1(18)
Neil D. Avent
Introduction
1(3)
1.1 Basic immunology and techniques
4(2)
1.2 Antibody structure
6(2)
1.3 Antibody function
8(1)
1.4 Antigen-antibody reactions
9(1)
1.5 Antibody-mediated red cell destruction
10(3)
1.6 In vitro detection of antigen-antibody reactions
13(4)
1.7 Techniques
17(2)
Chapter summary
18(1)
2 Human Blood Group Antigens
19(43)
Neil D. Avent
Introduction
19(1)
2.1 Human polymorphism and evolution
20(3)
2.2 The erythrocyte membrane
23(4)
2.3 Blood group systems dependent on carbohydrate structures
27(6)
2.4 Blood group systems dependent on protein structures
33(24)
2.5 Non-polymorphic erythrocyte membrane proteins
57(1)
2.6 Blood group genotyping(BGG)
58(4)
Chapter summary
60(1)
Further reading
61(1)
3 Haemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
62(20)
Neil D. Avent
Introduction
62(1)
3.1 Fetal alloimmunization
63(6)
3.2 Clinical management-laboratory investigations
69(3)
3.3 Prophylactic anti-D
72(4)
3.4 Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopaenia (NAITP)
76(1)
3.5 Fetal genotyping
76(1)
3.6 Clinical management--obstetrics
77(3)
3.7 Concluding comments
80(2)
Chapter summary
80(1)
Further reading
80(2)
4 Clinical Use of Blood Components
82(26)
Lionel Mohabir
Introduction
82(1)
4.1 Structure and function of blood
83(1)
4.2 Normal physiological response to anaemia and/or bleeding
83(1)
4.3 Blood coagulation
84(2)
4.4 Blood components available and their appropriate use
86(6)
4.5 Blood products
92(1)
4.6 Special requirements
93(1)
4.7 Plasma fractionation
93(5)
4.8 Decision making, who needs a transfusion, risks and benefits
98(2)
4.9 Alternatives to donor blood
100(5)
4.10 Case history examples
105(3)
Chapter summary
106(1)
Further reading
107(1)
5 Microbiological Testing of Blood Donations
108(33)
Catherine Hyland
John Barbara
Lionel Mohabir
Introduction
108(1)
5.1 Requirements for microbiological testing of blood donations
109(1)
5.2 The virus life cycle: basic biology
110(1)
5.3 Epidemiology for hepatitis B and C and for HIV (AIDS)
111(8)
5.4 Screening strategy for mandatory viral tests
119(6)
5.5 Testing strategy to protect immunocompromised patients
125(1)
5.6 Bacterial tests for products stored at room temperature
126(3)
5.7 Emerging issues for blood safety
129(1)
5.8 Insect/animal-borne pathogens
130(2)
5.9 Arthropod (insect)-borne viruses, i.e. ARBO viruses
132(2)
5.10 Transmissible spongiform encephalitis, prions, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
134(2)
5.11 Quality control and blood safety
136(2)
5.12 Strategies for the future and conclusion
138(3)
Chapter summary
138(1)
Further reading
139(2)
6 Human Platelet Antigens (HPA) and Human Neutrophil Antigens (HNA) and Their Clinical Significance
141(40)
Geoff Lucas
Introduction
142(1)
6.1 Overview of platelet and granulocyte antigens
142(2)
6.2 Human platelet antigens (HPA)
144(7)
6.3 Human neutrophil antigens (HNA)
151(4)
6.4 Antibody detection
155(10)
6.5 Clinical significance of HPA alloantibodies
165(9)
6.6 Clinical significance of HNA antibodies
174(7)
Chapter summary
178(1)
Further reading
179(1)
Discussion questions
180(1)
7 Compatibility Testing and Adverse Effects
181(28)
Malcolm Needs
Introduction
181(1)
7.1 Compatibility testing (serological and non-serological)
182(10)
7.2 Selection of plasma products
192(1)
7.3 Selection of cellular components
193(1)
7.4 Visual inspection and labelling of the units
194(1)
7.5 Traceability of blood components
195(1)
7.6 Adverse effects of transfusion
195(4)
7.7 Monitoring the patient during transfusion
199(1)
7.8 Investigation of transfusion reactions
200(3)
7.9 Haemovigilance in the UK
203(6)
Chapter summary
207(1)
Further reading
207(2)
8 Immune-Mediated Red Cell Destruction
209(20)
Malcolm Needs
Introduction
209(1)
8.1 What is immune (antibody-mediated) red cell destruction?
210(2)
8.2 Clinical significance of red cell antibodies
212(3)
8.3 Haemolytic transfusion reactions
215(3)
8.4 Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias (AIHA)
218(7)
8.5 Haemolysis post-transplantation of bone marrow/stem cell transplant
225(1)
8.6 Haemolysis post-solid organ transplant and hyperacute rejection
226(1)
8.7 Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
227(2)
Chapter summary
227(1)
Further reading
227(2)
9 Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA) and Their Clinical Significance
229(30)
Neil D. Avent
Introduction
229(1)
9.1 A brief history of transplantation
230(1)
9.2 Human leucocyte antigens
231(6)
9.3 The detection and definition of human leucocyte antigens, alleles, and antibodies
237(5)
9.4 Clinical significance of human leucocyte antigens in transplantation
242(7)
9.5 Clinical significance of human leucocyte antigens in transfusion
249(4)
9.6 Immunosuppression
253(2)
9.7 Xenotransplantation
255(4)
Chapter summary
257(1)
Further reading
258(1)
Discussion questions
258(1)
10 Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Stem Cell Plasticity
259(28)
Ruth Morse
Saeed Kabrah
Introduction
259(1)
10.1 Stem cells
260(2)
10.2 The bone marrow microenvironment
262(1)
10.3 Sources and collection of haematopoietic SCs
263(9)
10.4 Stem cell transplantation
272(6)
10.5 Novel approaches to personalized medicine and stem cell plasticity
278(7)
10.6 Concluding remarks
285(2)
Chapter summary
285(1)
Further reading
286(1)
11 Tissue Banking
287(28)
Richard Lomas
Neil D. Avent
Vehid Salih
Introduction
287(1)
11.1 Types of graft
288(1)
11.2 Which tissues are banked and how are they used?
289(2)
11.3 How are donors selected, screened, and consented?
291(3)
11.4 How are tissues retrieved?
294(4)
11.5 Tissue processing and preservation
298(7)
11.6 Storage and distribution
305(5)
11.7 The future-regenerative medicine
310(5)
Chapter summary
312(1)
Further reading
313(2)
12 Quality Issues
315(14)
Joan Jones
Introduction
315(1)
12.1 Evolution of quality
316(2)
12.2 Quality management systems
318(4)
12.3 Blood safety and quality regulations
322(2)
12.4 The In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Directive
324(1)
12.5 Clinical laboratory accreditation
324(1)
12.6 The Blood Stocks Management Scheme
325(1)
12.7 Other legislation and regulatory bodies
326(1)
12.8 Guidelines
327(1)
12.9 Haemovigilance
327(2)
Chapter summary
328(1)
Further reading
328(1)
Glossary 329(6)
Abbreviations 335(4)
Index 339
Professor Neil Avent is Professor of Molecular Diagnostics and Transfusion Medicine at the School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences of Plymouth University. He has taught transfusion and transplantation to undergraduates since 1999 and to biomedical scientists at Masters levels.
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