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Understanding and Interpreting Educational Research 2nd edition [Kietas viršelis]

3.27/5 (11 ratings by Goodreads)
(Utah State University, United States), (University of NebraskaLincoln, United States), (Eastern Washington University, United States), (Eastern Washington University, United States)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 666 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Jun-2013
  • Leidėjas: Guilford Press
  • ISBN-10: 1462509746
  • ISBN-13: 9781462509744
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 666 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Jun-2013
  • Leidėjas: Guilford Press
  • ISBN-10: 1462509746
  • ISBN-13: 9781462509744
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
This user-friendly text takes a learn-by-doing approach to exploring research design issues in education and psychology, offering evenhanded coverage of quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and single-case designs. Readers learn the basics of different methods and steps for critically examining any study's design, data, and conclusions, using sample peer-reviewed journal articles as practice opportunities. The text is unique in featuring full chapters on survey methods, evaluation, reliability and validity, action research, and research syntheses.

Pedagogical Features Include:
*An exemplar journal article at the end of each methods chapter, together with questions and activities for critiquing it (including, where applicable, checklist forms to identify threats to internal and external validity), plus lists of additional research examples.
*Research example boxes showing how studies are designed to address particular research questions.
*In every chapter: numbered chapter objectives, bulleted summaries, subheadings written as questions, a running glossary, and end-of-chapter discussion questions.
* Electronic Instructor's Resource Manual with Test Bank, provided separately--includes chapter outlines; answers to exercises, discussion questions, and illustrative example questions; and PowerPoints.

Recenzijos

Each chapter in this book is well organized, with good examples, suggested readings, and other helpful materials.--Hisako Matsuo, PhD, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University

Unlike many other texts, this book covers each topic with consistent depth. Great features include a thorough chapter on program evaluation, which many texts don't offer; coverage of reliability and validity early in the book (I love the section on things to consider about measurement devices!); and the best presentation of qualitative research that I have seen in any text. I like how qualitative research and quantitative research are presented separately instead of being merged in a confusing fashion. I will definitely consider adopting this text.--Melody Whiddon, PhD, College of Education, Florida International University

This accessible book does the best job of any text I've seen of making the dynamic nature of research designs come to life for educational researchers. I teach two research methods classes--one for doctoral students and the others for master's students--and I will use this book for both. It covers the right material, has a solid structure within chapters, and includes some nuts-and-bolts material not available in other texts.--Eleazar Vasquez III, PhD, BCBA-D, Exceptional Education Program, University of Central Florida

This book is an easy read, full of good examples and well-thought-out approaches. The authors have brought extensive experience to bear on creating a very effective text. I look forward to using this text in my graduate course in research for speech-language pathologists.--Anthony P. Salvatore, PhD, Director, Speech-Language Pathology Program, and Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso This clear, detailed volume provides a comprehensive look at the elements that help novice researchers become more critical consumers of research. I like the graphic organizers and the use of discussion questions and exercises. These tools help the instructor ensure that students understand the topics and allow for a variety of different learning styles. When I teach educational research courses, I often have to locate related articles on my own; I appreciate that the authors have taken the time to provide related articles. This text is just the right level for my graduate students.--Tracy M. Walker, PhD, Department of Doctoral Studies, Virginia State University

This text delivers exactly what it claims: it teaches students how to consume and understand research. The comprehensive coverage of all types of empirical inquiry is truly impressive and second to none. Advanced undergraduates and graduate students at the masters and doctoral levels will greatly appreciate the book's treatment of both the fundamentals and nuances of most types of research designs. This text will enlighten and more than satisfy the most inquisitive educational research consumer.--Edward J. Sabornie, PhD, Graduate Program in Special Education, North Carolina State University- Each chapter in this book is well organized, with good examples, suggested readings, and other helpful materials.--Hisako Matsuo, PhD, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University

Unlike many other texts, this book covers each topic with consistent depth. Great features include a thorough chapter on program evaluation, which many texts don't offer; coverage of reliability and validity early in the book (I love the section on things to consider about measurement devices!); and the best presentation of qualitative research that I have seen in any text. I like how qualitative research and quantitative research are presented separately instead of being merged in a confusing fashion. I will definitely consider adopting this text.--Melody Whiddon, PhD, College of Education, Florida International University

This accessible book does the best job of any text I've seen of making the dynamic nature of research designs come to life for educational researchers. I teach two research methods classes--one for doctoral students and the others for master's students--and I will use this book for both. It covers the right material, has a solid structure within chapters, and includes some nuts-and-bolts material not available in other texts.--Eleazar Vasquez III, PhD, BCBA-D, Exceptional Education Program, University of Central FloridaĀ

This book is an easy read, full of good examples and well-thought-out approaches. The authors have brought extensive experience to bear on creating a very effective text. I look forward to using this text in my graduate course in research for speech-language pathologists.--Anthony P. Salvatore, PhD, Director, Speech-Language Pathology Program, and Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas, El PasoĀ Ā This clear, detailed volume provides a comprehensive look at the elements that help novice researchers become more critical consumers of research. I like the graphic organizers and the use of discussion questions and exercises. These tools help the instructor ensure that students understand the topics and allow for a variety of different learning styles. When I teach educational research courses, I often have to locate related articles on my own; I appreciate that the authors have taken the time to provide related articles. This text is just the right level for my graduate students.--Tracy M. Walker, PhD, Department of Doctoral Studies, Virginia State University

This text delivers exactly what it claims: it teaches students how to consume and understand research. The comprehensive coverage of all types of empirical inquiry is truly impressive and second to none. Advanced undergraduates and graduate students at the masterās and doctoral levels will greatly appreciate the book's treatment of both the fundamentals and nuances of most types of research designs. This text will enlighten and more than satisfy the most inquisitive educational research consumer.--Edward J. Sabornie, PhD, Graduate Program in Special Education, North Carolina State University-

PART I UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH
1 Thinking Critically about Research
3(36)
Objectives
3(1)
Overview
4(1)
How Important Is Critical Thinking?
4(1)
What Are the Elements to Becoming a Critical Research Consumer?
5(1)
What Are Science and the Scientific Method?
6(1)
What Are the Purposes of Science?
7(3)
Description
7(1)
Box. Predictions Gone Awry
8(1)
Prediction
8(1)
Improvement
9(1)
Explanation
9(1)
Box. What Works Clearinghouse (WWC)
9(1)
Box. Causation or Correlation?
10(1)
What Is a Scientific Theory?
10(3)
Box. Science or Pseudoscience?
12(1)
"Good" versus "Bad" Scientific Theories
12(1)
Testability of a Theory
13(1)
What Are the Types of Scientific Logic?
13(4)
Inductive Logic
13(1)
Box. Examples of Inductive Logic
14(1)
Deductive Logic
15(1)
Box. The Principle of Deductive Logic
16(1)
Combination of Logic Forms
16(1)
Critique of Both Deduction and Induction
17(1)
In What Ways Do We Gain Information?
17(3)
Tenacity
18(1)
Intuition
18(1)
Authority
19(1)
Empiricism
19(1)
Box. Why Question Authority? Why Not?
19(1)
Rationalism
20(1)
What Are Constraint Levels in Educational and Psychological Research?
20(6)
Experimental Research
21(2)
Causal--Comparative Research
23(1)
Box. Examples of Correlation Research Questions in Education
24(1)
Correlational Research
24(1)
Case Study Research
24(1)
Naturalistic or Descriptive Research
25(1)
What Are the differences between Basic and Applied Research?
26(1)
Basic Research
26(1)
Applied Research
26(1)
What Is Replication Research?
27(6)
Reasons for Replication
27(1)
Box. Cold Fusion
28(3)
Types of Replications
31(2)
Replication as the "Big Picture"
33(1)
Summary
33(1)
Discussion Questions
34(5)
PART II CRITICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH
2 Fundamental Issues for Interpreting Research
39(30)
Objectives
39(1)
Overview
39(1)
What Is Variability?
40(2)
Sources of Variability
40(2)
What Is Internal Validity and Its Threats?
42(10)
Threats That Result in Differences within and between Individuals
43(7)
Threats That Result in Similarities within and between Individuals
50(2)
What Is External Validity and What Are Its Threats?
52(11)
Population Validity
52(4)
Ecological Validity
56(7)
What Are Statistical and Social Validities?
63(2)
Statistical Validity
63(1)
Social Validity
64(1)
Summary
65(1)
Discussion Questions
65(1)
Interpretation Exercises
66(3)
3 Reliability, Validity, and Interobserver Agreement
69(30)
Objectives
69(1)
Overview
70(1)
What Are Reliability and Validity Issues in Quantitative Research?
71(1)
Box. Inappropriate Inferences Made in the Area of Intelligence
71(1)
How Do Researchers Assess the Reliability of Measurement Devices?
72(7)
Types of Reliability Coefficients
72(6)
Standard Error of Measurement
78(1)
How Do Researchers Determine the Validity of Measurement Devices?
79(4)
Types of Validity
80(3)
What Are Reliability and Validity Issues in Qualitative Research?
83(3)
Reliability Issues
84(1)
Validity Issues
84(1)
Illustrative Example of Reliability and Validity Procedures
84(2)
What Is Interobserver Agreement?
86(1)
What Are the Methods of Establishing Interobserver Agreement?
86(5)
Measures of Permanent Products
87(1)
Event Recording
88(1)
Latency and Duration Recording
88(1)
Interval Recording
89(2)
What Are the Factors That Influence Interobserver Agreement?
91(1)
Reactivity
91(1)
Observer Drift
91(1)
Complexity of the Measurement System
92(1)
Observer Expectations
92(1)
What Are the Factors to Consider When Assessing Measurement Devices in the Context of a Study?
92(1)
Description of the Measurement Device
92(1)
Adjustments to the Measurement Device
92(1)
Appropriateness of the Measurement Device
93(1)
Cooperation of Participants
93(1)
Summary
93(2)
Discussion Questions
95(1)
Practice Exercises
95(4)
PART III QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
4 Basic Statistical Concepts and Sampling Procedures
99(36)
Objectives
99(1)
Overview
100(1)
What Are the Scales of Measurement?
100(1)
Nominal Scale
100(1)
Ordinal Scale
100(1)
Interval Scale
101(1)
Ratio Scale
101(1)
What Is a Univariate Frequency Distribution?
101(1)
How Can We Describe Data Sets?
101(4)
Measures of Central Tendency
102(1)
Measures of Variation
103(1)
Shape of the Distribution
104(1)
What Role Do Hypotheses Play in Research?
105(3)
Inferential Statistics
105(1)
The Role of Hypotheses
105(1)
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
105(1)
Directional and Nondirectional Alternative Hypotheses
106(2)
What Are Parametric and Nonparametric Tests of Statistical Significance?
108(1)
Parametric Tests
108(1)
Nonparametric Tests
109(1)
What Is Statistical Significance?
109(2)
Errors Made in Interpretations of the Significance Level
111(1)
What Are Type I and Type II Errors and Power?
111(6)
Type I Errors
112(1)
Type II Errors
113(1)
Relative Seriousness of Type I or Type II Errors
113(1)
Power
114(1)
Five Methods of Increasing Power
114(3)
What Are the Types of Statistical Significance Testing Methods?
117(8)
Parametric Tests of Statistical Significance
118(4)
Nonparametric Tests of Statistical Significance
122(3)
What Are the Different Sampling Methods?
125(5)
Probability Sampling
126(3)
Nonprobability Sampling
129(1)
What Are the Sampling Decisions Researchers Make?
130(2)
What Is Sampling Error?
132(1)
Summary
132
Discussion Questions
134(1)
5 Experimental Designs
135(41)
Objectives
135(1)
Overview
136(1)
What Are True Experimental Designs?
137(1)
Box. Research Examples
137(1)
What Are the Most Common True Experimental Designs?
138(8)
Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design
138(4)
Posttest-Only Control-Group Design
142(2)
Solomon Four-Group Design
144(2)
What Are Factorial Experimental Designs?
146(4)
Analysis of Data
146(4)
What Are Quasi-Experimental Designs?
150(1)
What Are the Common Quasi-Experimental Designs?
150(6)
Static-Group Comparison Design
150(3)
Nonequivalent Control-Group Design
153(1)
Counterbalanced Designs
154(1)
Time-Series Designs
155(1)
What Are Preexperimental Designs?
156(1)
What Are the Types of Preexperimental Designs?
156(3)
One-Shot Case Study
157(1)
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
157(2)
When Should Researchers Use Each Experimental Research Design?
159(1)
Summary
160(2)
Discussion Questions
162(9)
Illustrative Example. The Effects of Learning Strategy Instruction on the Completion of Job Applications by Students with Learning Disabilities
163(8)
J. Ron Nelson
Deborah J. Smith
John M. Dodd
Illustrative Example Questions
171(1)
Additional Research Examples
171(1)
Form. Threats to Internal Validity
172(2)
Form. Threats to External Validity
174(2)
6 Causal-Comparative Research
176(31)
Objectives
176(1)
Overview
176(1)
What Is the Causal--Comparative Research Method?
177(1)
Box. Research Examples
177(1)
What Should Researchers Consider When Designing a Causal--Comparative Study?
178(6)
Development of Hypotheses
178(1)
Selection of Groups
179(1)
Analysis of Data
180(4)
Can the Causal--Comparative Approach Be Combined with Factorial Designs?
184(1)
Classification Variables
185(1)
Mixed Factors
185(1)
Analysis of Data
185(1)
When Should Researchers Use the Causal--Comparative Research Design?
186(1)
Summary
187(1)
Discussion Questions
188(14)
Illustrative Example. Literate Language Features in Spoken Narratives of Children with Typical Language and Children with Language Impairments
188(14)
Kellie S. Greenhalgh
Carol J. Strong
Illustrative Example Questions
202(1)
Additional Research Examples
202(1)
Form. Threats to Internal Validity
203(2)
Form. Threats to External Validity
205(2)
7 Correlational Research
207(49)
Objectives
207(1)
Overview
207(1)
Box. Research Examples
208(1)
What Is the Correlational Research Method?
208(1)
What Are the Issues in Designing a Correlational Study?
208(1)
Critical Issues in Correlational Research
208(1)
What Are the Statistical Procedures Used in Correlational Research?
209(25)
Important Concepts
210(2)
Correlation Coefficient
212(8)
Basic Correlational Procedures
220(2)
Advanced Correlational Procedures
222(10)
Analysis of Data
232(2)
When Should Researchers Use the Correlational Research Method?
234(1)
Summary
235(1)
Discussion Questions
236(14)
Illustrative Example. Variables That Influence Decoding and Spelling in Beginning Readers
237(13)
Kathy Strattman
Barbara Williams Hodson
Illustrative Example Questions
250(1)
Additional Research Examples
251(1)
Form. Threats to Internal Validity
252(2)
Form. Threats to External Validity
254(2)
8 Survey Research Methods
256(37)
Objectives
256(1)
Overview
256(1)
What Are the Purposes of Survey Research?
257(1)
Description
257(1)
Box. Research Example
257(1)
Explanation
258(1)
Exploration
258(1)
What Are the Different Types of Surveys?
258(1)
What Are the Factors in Choosing a Survey Method?
258(3)
Sampling Procedures
258(1)
Sampling Population
259(1)
Question Format
260(1)
Content of Questions
260(1)
Response Rate
260(1)
Time and Money
261(1)
How Is Survey Research Designed?
261(6)
Sampling
261(2)
Developing the Survey Instrument
263(3)
Analysis of Data
266(1)
When Should Researchers Use Survey Research?
267(1)
Summary
267(1)
Discussion Questions
268(19)
Illustrative Example. Teaching Spelling in the Primary Grades: A National Survey of Instructional Practices and Adaptations
269(18)
Steve Graham
Paul Morphy
Karen R. Harris
Barbara Fink-Chorzempa
Bruce Saddler
Susan Moran
Linda Mason
Illustrative Example Questions
287(1)
Additional Research Examples
287(1)
Form. Threats to Survey Validity
288(1)
Form. External Validity
289(4)
PART IV QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
9 Basic Understandings in Qualitative Research
293(30)
Objectives
293(1)
Overview
294(2)
What Are the Characteristics of Qualitative Research?
296(2)
What Are the Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research?
298(6)
Contextual Data
298(1)
Descriptive Data
299(2)
Process of Change
301(1)
Grounded Theory Development
301(2)
Phenomenology
303(1)
What Are Qualitative Research Procedures?
304(4)
Phases
304(1)
Sampling
305(3)
What Is "Understanding" in Qualitative Research?
308(3)
Descriptive Validity
309(1)
Interpretive Validity
309(1)
Theoretical Validity
309(1)
Generalizability
310(1)
Evaluative Validity
311(1)
What Are the Evaluative Criteria for Judging the Reliability and Validity of Qualitative Research?
311(4)
Criterion 1 Completeness of Information
312(1)
Criterion 2 Adequacy of Interpretation
312(1)
Criterion 3 Determination of Inconsistencies in Data
312(1)
Criterion 4 Adequacy of Metaphors, Pictures, or Diagrams
312(1)
Criterion 5 Collaboration with Participants
312(1)
Criterion 6 Multiple Methods to Gather Data
312(2)
Criterion 7 Disqualification of Interpretations
314(1)
What Are the Types of Triangulation Methods?
315(2)
Data Sources Triangulation
315(1)
Analyst Triangulation
315(1)
Theory/Perspective Triangulation
316(1)
Methods Triangulation
316(1)
How Are Qualitative Data Analyzed?
317(4)
Judgment in Qualitative Research
318(1)
Internal Validity
318(1)
External Validity
319(1)
Analyzing Qualitative Research
319(1)
Computer Software for Qualitative Research
320(1)
Summary
321(1)
Discussion Questions
322(1)
10 Data Collection and Designs in Qualitative Research
323(46)
Objectives
323(1)
Overview
324(1)
Box. Research Examples
324(1)
What Are Field-Oriented Studies?
324(14)
Case Study
324(1)
Observation Studies
325(1)
Box. Field Notes
326(4)
Interview Studies
330(5)
Ethnography
335(3)
What Is Historical Research?
338(7)
Characteristics
338(1)
Purposes
338(2)
Designing Historical Research
340(1)
Analyzing Historical Research
341(4)
What Are Mixed-Methods Studies?
345(3)
Mixed-Methods Strategies
346(1)
Analysis of Mixed-Methods Data
347(1)
Sampling Issues in Mixed-Methods Research
347(1)
When Should Researchers Use Each Qualitative Research Design?
348(1)
Summary
349(1)
Discussion Questions
349(16)
Illustrative Example. Toddler Teachers' Use of Teaching Pyramid Practices
350(15)
Diane Branson
Mary Ann Demchak
Illustrative Example Questions
365(1)
Additional Research Examples
365(1)
Form. Qualitative Research Examination
366(3)
PART V SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH METHODS
11 Withdrawal and Associated Designs
369(39)
Objectives
369(1)
Overview
369(3)
Box. Research Example
372(1)
What Are Graphing Methods in Withdrawal Designs?
372(2)
What Are Withdrawal and Associated Designs?
374(12)
A-B Design
374(1)
Withdrawal Design
375(2)
A-B-A-B Design
377(1)
B-A-B Design
377(1)
A-B-C-B Design
377(2)
Analysis of Data
379(7)
When Should Researchers Use Each Withdrawal and Associated Design?
386(1)
Summary
387(1)
Discussion Questions
388(15)
Illustrative Example. Effects of Response Cards on Disruptive Behavior and Academic Responding during Math Lessons by Fourth-Grade Urban Students
389(14)
Michael Charles Lambert
Gwendolyn Cartledge
William L. Heward
Ya-yu Lo
Illustrative Example Questions
403(1)
Additional Research Examples
403(1)
Form. Threats to Internal Validity
404(2)
Form. Threats to External Validity
406(2)
12 Multiple-Baseline Designs
408(42)
Objectives
408(1)
Overview
408(2)
What Are Graphing Methods in Multiple-Baseline Designs?
410(1)
What Are Multiple-Baseline Designs?
410(15)
Multiple-Baseline Design across Behaviors
410(1)
Box. Research Example
410(2)
Multiple-Baseline Design across Participants
412(1)
Multiple-Baseline Design across Settings
413(1)
Multiple-Probe Design
414(1)
Analysis of Data
414(11)
When Should Researchers Use Each Multiple-Baseline Design?
425(2)
Summary
427(2)
Discussion Questions
429(16)
Illustrative Example. Improving the Writing Performance of Struggling Writers in Second Grade
429(16)
Torri Ortiz Lienemann
Steve Graham
Beth Leader-Janssen
Robert Reid
Illustrative Example Questions
445(1)
Additional Research Examples
445(1)
Form. Threats to Internal Validity
446(2)
Form. Threats to External Validity
448(2)
13 Additional Single-Case Designs
450(51)
Objectives
450(1)
Overview
450(1)
What Is a Changing-Criterion Design?
450(9)
Box. Research Examples
451(2)
Analysis of Data
453(6)
What Is a Multitreatment Design?
459(4)
Analysis of Data
459(4)
What Is an Alternating Treatments Design?
463(7)
Skills Acquisition Program
467(1)
Analysis of Data
468(2)
What Are Combination Designs?
470(4)
Analysis of Data
471(3)
When Should Researchers Use Each of the Additional Single-Case Designs?
474(2)
Summary
476(1)
Discussion Questions
477(16)
Illustrative Example. A Comparison of Picture and Video Prompts to Teach Daily Living Skills to Individuals with Autism
478(15)
Toni Van Laarhoven
Erika Kraus
Keri Karpman
Rosemary Nizzi
Joe Valentino
Illustrative Example Questions
493(1)
Additional Research Examples
493(1)
Form. Threats to Internal Validity
494(2)
Form. Threats to External Validity
496(5)
PART VI EVALUATION RESEARCH
14 Program Evaluation
501(27)
Objectives
501(1)
Overview
501(2)
Box. Research Example
502(1)
What Are the Goals and Objectives of Program Evaluation?
503(1)
Goal
503(1)
What Are the Types of Program Evaluation?
504(4)
Needs Assessment
505(1)
Process Evaluation
506(1)
Outcome Evaluation
506(1)
Efficiency Evaluation
507(1)
How Is a Program Evaluation Conducted?
508(2)
Establishing Boundaries
508(1)
Selecting Evaluation Methods
508(1)
Collecting and Analyzing Data
509(1)
Reporting the Findings
509(1)
Analysis of Data
509(1)
When Should Program Evaluations Be Conducted?
510(1)
Summary
510(1)
Discussion Questions
511(16)
Illustrative Example. A Model for Statewide Evaluation of a Universal Positive Behavior Support Initiative
512(15)
Karen Elfner Childs
Don Kincaid
Heather Peshak George
Illustrative Example Questions
527(1)
Additional Research Examples
527(1)
15 Evaluating the Literature
528(51)
Objectives
528(1)
Overview
528(1)
What Are the Purposes of Research Syntheses?
529(2)
Box. Research Example
529(1)
Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships
530(1)
Determining the Degree of Relationship between Two Variables
530(1)
Developing Theories
530(1)
Assessing the External Validity of Findings
530(1)
What Are Systematic and Unsystematic Research Syntheses?
531(1)
Unsystematic Research Syntheses
531(1)
Systematic Research Syntheses
531(1)
Comparison of Unsystematic and Systematic Research Syntheses
532(1)
What Are the Considerations for Conducting Research Syntheses?
532(2)
Identifying Primary Sources
533(1)
Identifying Secondary Sources
533(1)
Overcoming Selection Biases
533(1)
Focusing the Literature Search
534(1)
How Do Researchers Plan and Execute Research Syntheses?
534(24)
Formulating a Precise Research Question
534(1)
Defining Critical Terms
535(2)
Formulating a Literature Search Framework
537(1)
Searching the Literature
538(2)
Coding Study Characteristics
540(1)
Determining the Magnitude of Intervention Outcomes
541(10)
Relating Study Characteristics to Intervention Outcomes
551(4)
Reporting the Results
555(1)
Analysis of Data
556(2)
When Should Researchers Conduct Research Syntheses?
558(1)
Summary
558(1)
Discussion Questions
559(17)
Illustrative Example. Reading Comprehension Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities, 1995--2006: A Meta-Analysis
560(16)
Sheri Berkeley
Thomas E. Scruggs
Margo A. Mastropieri
Illustrative Example Questions
576(1)
Additional Research Examples
576(3)
PART VII ACTION RESEARCH
16 Action Research: Moving from Critical Research Consumer to Researcher
579(42)
Objectives
579(1)
Overview
580(1)
Box. Research Examples
580(1)
What Is Action Research?
580(2)
Dimensions of Action Research
581(1)
What Are the Characteristics of Action Research?
582(1)
Purposes and Value Choice
582(1)
Contextual Focus
582(1)
Change-Based Data and Sense Making
582(1)
Participation in the Research Process
583(1)
Knowledge Diffusion
583(1)
How Are Quantitative Methods Used in Action Research?
583(1)
How Are Qualitative Methods Used in Action Research?
583(2)
How Are Single-Case Methods Used in Action Research?
585(1)
How Are Survey, Historical, and Program Evaluation Methods Used in Action Research?
586(1)
Survey Research
586(1)
Historical Research
586(1)
Program Evaluation
586(1)
What Are the Ethical Principles and Codes of Conduct for Research?
586(8)
AERA Ethical Standards
587(1)
APA Codes of Conduct
587(7)
Ethical Conduct of Action Researchers
594(1)
How Does One Write a Research Article?
594(4)
Contents
595(3)
Respectful Language
598(1)
How Are Articles Submitted for Publication?
598(1)
When Should One Conduct Action Research?
599(1)
Summary
600(1)
Discussion Questions
601(18)
Illustrative Example. Learning from Young Adolescents: The Use of Structured Teacher Education Coursework to Help Beginning Teachers Investigate Middle School Students' Intellectual Capabilities
602(17)
Hilary G. Conklin
Todd S. Hawley
Dave Powell
Jason K. Ritter
Illustrative Example Questions
619(1)
Additional Research Examples
619(2)
Glossary 621(12)
References 633(12)
Author Index 645(8)
Subject Index 653(12)
About the Authors 665
Ronald C. Martella, PhD, is Professor of Special Education at Eastern Washington University. He has over 26 years of experience working with at-risk populations and provides technical assistance to numerous states and districts on positive behavior support/behavior management for students with or without disabilities. Dr. Martella has over 150 professional publications, including several literacy programs and interventions.

J. Ron Nelson, PhD, is Professor at the University of NebraskaLincoln. He has over 20 years of experience in the field of special education as a teacher, technical assistance provider, and professor. A recipient of the Distinguished Initial Career Research Award from the Council for Exceptional Children, Dr. Nelson has more than 150 publications that focus on serving children at risk of school failure and on research issues. He has developed a number of behavior and literacy interventions.

Robert L. Morgan, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation at Utah State University and serves as the Head of the Severe Disabilities Teacher Preparation Program and Chair of the Undergraduate Committee. He worked in schools, adult residential facilities, and supported employment programs for 11 years. Dr. Morgan's research interests and more than 100 publications address issues including transition from school to adult roles and applied behavior analysis.

Nancy E. Marchand-Martella, PhD, is Professor of Special Education at Eastern Washington University. She has over 26 years of experience working with at-risk populations, including serving as a consultant for the Washington Improvement and Implementation Network and the Washington State Striving Readers Grant, and as a Reading First panel member. Dr. Marchand-Martella has over 160 professional publications, including several literacy programs and interventions.