| AstroTours |
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| Interactive Simulations |
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| Astronomy in Action Videos |
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| Preface |
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| About the Authors |
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xxviii | |
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PART I INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY |
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1 Our Place in the Universe |
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2 | (18) |
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1.1 Astronomy Creates a Universal Context |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2 Science Is a Way of Viewing the World |
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8 | (3) |
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1.3 Astronomers Use Mathematics to Find Patterns |
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11 | (4) |
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Working It Out 1.1 Units and Scientific Notation |
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14 | (1) |
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"Breakthrough: Scientists Detect Einstein's Gravity Ripples" |
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15 | (5) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Exploration Scaling the Solar System |
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19 | (1) |
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2 Patterns in the Sky-Motions of Earth and the Moon |
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20 | (24) |
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2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis |
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22 | (6) |
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Working it out 2.1 Manipulating Equations |
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24 | (4) |
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2.2 Revolution around the Sun Leads to Changes during the Year |
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28 | (6) |
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2.3 The Moon's Appearance Changes As It Orbits Earth |
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34 | (3) |
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2.4 Shadows Cause Eclipses |
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37 | (7) |
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"Eclipse 2017: `I Need Like Two More Hours of That'" |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Exploration Phases of the Moon |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (26) |
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3.1 Astronomers Have Studied the Motions of the Planets since Ancient Times |
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46 | (5) |
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Working It Out 3.1 Kepler's Third Law |
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50 | (1) |
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3.2 Galileo Was the First Modern Scientist |
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51 | (1) |
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3.3 Newton's Laws Govern Motion |
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52 | (4) |
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Working It Out 3.2 Finding the Acceleration |
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54 | (2) |
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3.4 Gravity Is a Force between Any Two Massive Objects |
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56 | (4) |
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Working It Out 3.3 Newton's Law of Gravity: Playing with Proportionality |
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58 | (2) |
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3.5 Orbits Are One Body "Falling around" Another |
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60 | (10) |
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"This Interstellar Asteroid Is Accelerating" |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (3) |
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Exploration Newtonian Orbits |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (24) |
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72 | (7) |
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Working It Out 4.1 Wavelength and Frequency |
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75 | (4) |
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4.2 Cameras and Spectrographs Record Astronomical Data |
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79 | (3) |
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4.3 Telescopes Collect Light |
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82 | (12) |
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Working It Out 4.2 Diffraction Limit |
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87 | (2) |
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"NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Could Study Planet 9" |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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Exploration Light as a Wave |
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93 | (1) |
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5 The Formation of Stars and Planets |
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94 | (60) |
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5.1 Molecular Clouds Are the Cradles of Star Formation |
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96 | (3) |
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5.2 The Protostar Becomes a Star |
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99 | (5) |
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Working It Out 5.1 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Wien's Law |
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100 | (4) |
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5.3 Planets Form in a Disk around the Protostar |
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104 | (5) |
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5.4 The Inner and Outer Disk Have Different Compositions |
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109 | (1) |
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5.5 A Case Study: The Solar System |
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110 | (3) |
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5.6 Planetary Systems Are Common |
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113 | (14) |
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Working It Out 5.2 Making Use of the Doppler Shift |
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115 | (4) |
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"Citizen Scientists Discover Rare Exoplanet" |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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Exploration Exploring Exoplanets |
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123 | (1) |
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Terrestrial Worlds in the Inner Solar System |
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124 | (3) |
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6.1 Impacts Help Shape the Terrestrial Planets |
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127 | (5) |
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Working It Out 6.1 How to Read Cosmic Clocks |
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131 | (1) |
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6.2 The Surfaces of Terrestrial Planets Are Affected by Processes in the Interior |
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132 | (6) |
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Working It Out 6.2 The Density of Earth |
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133 | (5) |
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6.3 Planetary Surfaces Evolve through Tectonism |
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138 | (5) |
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6.4 Volcanism Reveals a Geologically Active Planet |
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143 | (3) |
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6.5 Wind and Water Modify Surfaces |
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146 | (8) |
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"The North Pole Is Mysteriously Moving, and the U.S. Government Finally Caught Up" |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (3) |
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Exploration Earth's Tides |
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153 | (1) |
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7 Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars |
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154 | (28) |
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7.1 Atmospheres Change over Time |
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156 | (2) |
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7.2 Secondary Atmospheres Evolve |
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158 | (5) |
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Working It Out 7.1 How Can We Find the Temperature of a Planet? |
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160 | (3) |
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7.3 Earth's Atmosphere Has Detailed Structure |
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163 | (8) |
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7.4 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars Differ from Earth's |
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171 | (2) |
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7.5 Earth's Climate Is Changing |
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173 | (9) |
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"Curiosity Rover Sees Signs of Vanishing Martian Atmosphere" |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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Exploration Climate Change |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (28) |
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8.1 Giant Planets Are Large, Cold, and Massive |
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184 | (5) |
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Working It Out 8.1 Finding the Diameter of a Giant Planet |
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187 | (2) |
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8.2 The Giant Planets Have Clouds and Weather |
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189 | (6) |
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8.3 The Interiors of the Giant Planets Are Hot and Dense |
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195 | (2) |
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Working It Out 8.2 Internal Thermal Energy Heats the Giant Planets |
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196 | (1) |
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8.4 The Giant Planets Are Magnetic Powerhouses |
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197 | (4) |
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8.5 Rings Surround the Giant Planets |
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201 | (9) |
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"Saturn's Rings May Be Younger Than the Dinosaurs" |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Exploration Estimating Rotation Periods of Giant Planets |
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209 | (1) |
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9 Small Bodies of the Solar System |
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210 | (30) |
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9.1 Dwarf Planets May Outnumber Planets |
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212 | (3) |
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9.2 Moons as Small Worlds |
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215 | (6) |
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9.3 Asteroids Are Pieces of the Past |
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221 | (2) |
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9.4 Comets Are Clumps of Ice |
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223 | (6) |
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9.5 Comet and Asteroid Collisions Still Happen Today |
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229 | (2) |
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Working It Out 9.1 Finding the Radius of a Meteoroid |
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230 | (1) |
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9.6 Meteorites Are Remnants of the Early Solar System |
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231 | (9) |
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"Nasa Won't Launch a Mission to Hunt Deadly Asteroids" |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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Exploration Comparative Dwarf Planetology |
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239 | (1) |
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PART III STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION |
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240 | (30) |
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10.1 The Luminosity of a Star Can Be Found from Its Brightness and Distance |
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242 | (7) |
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Working It Out 10.1 Parallax and Distance |
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247 | (2) |
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10.2 Radiation Tells Us the Temperature, Size, and Composition of Stars |
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249 | (9) |
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10.3 The Mass of a Star Can Be Determined in Some Binary Systems |
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258 | (3) |
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10.4 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Is the Key to Understanding Stars |
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261 | (9) |
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"Mystery of Nearby SS Cygni Star System Finally Resolved" |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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Exploration The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (26) |
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11.1 The Structure of the Sun Is a Matter of Balance |
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272 | (6) |
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Working It Out 11.1 How Much Longer Will the Sun "Live"? |
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275 | (3) |
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11.2 Energy in the Sun's Core Moves through Radiation and Convection |
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278 | (3) |
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11.3 The Atmosphere of the Sun |
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281 | (3) |
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11.4 The Atmosphere of the Sun Is Very Active |
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284 | (12) |
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Working It Out 11.2 Sunspots and Temperature |
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286 | (5) |
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"New Sunspots Potentially Herald Increased Solar Activity" |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
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Exploration The Proton-Proton Chain |
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295 | (1) |
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19 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars |
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296 | (28) |
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12.1 The Life of a Main-Sequence Star Follows a Predictable Path |
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298 | (3) |
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Working It Out 12.1 Estimating Main-Sequence Lifetimes |
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300 | (1) |
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12.2 A Star Runs Out of Hydrogen and Leaves the Main Sequence |
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301 | (3) |
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12.3 Helium Begins to Burn in the Degenerate Core |
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304 | (3) |
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12.4 The Low-Mass Star Enters the Last Stages of Its Evolution |
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307 | (6) |
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12.5 Binary Stars Sometimes Share Mass, Resulting in Novae and Supernovae |
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313 | (3) |
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12.6 Star Clusters Are Snapshots of Stellar Evolution |
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316 | (8) |
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"Scientists May Be Missing Many Star Explosions" |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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Exploration Evolution of Low-Mass Stars |
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323 | (1) |
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13 Evolution of High-Mass Stars |
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324 | (34) |
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13.1 High-Mass Stars Follow Their Own Path |
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326 | (4) |
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13.2 High-Mass Stars Go Out with a Bang |
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330 | (4) |
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13.3 Supernovae Change the Galaxy |
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334 | (4) |
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13.4 Einstein Moved beyond Newtonian Physics |
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338 | (5) |
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Working It Out 13.1 The Boxcar Experiment |
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341 | (2) |
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13.5 Gravity Is a Distortion of Spacetime |
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343 | (6) |
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Working It Out 13.2 Finding the Schwarzschild Radius |
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349 | (1) |
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13.6 Black Holes Are a Natural Limit |
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349 | (9) |
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"Ligo Is Back and It's on the Hunt for Gravitational Waves Again" |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (3) |
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Exploration The CNO Cycle |
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357 | (1) |
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PART IV GALAXIES, THE UNIVERSE, AND COSMOLOGY |
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358 | (24) |
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14.1 Galaxies Come in Many Sizes and Shapes |
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360 | (5) |
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14.2 There Are Many Ways to Measure Astronomical Distances |
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365 | (3) |
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14.3 We Live in an Expanding Universe |
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368 | (3) |
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Working It Out 14.1 Redshift: Calculating the Recession Velocities and Distances of Galaxies |
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370 | (1) |
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14.4 A Supermassive Black Hole Exists at the Heart of Most Galaxies |
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371 | (11) |
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"The Milky Way Ate Another Galaxy 10 Billion Years Ago---and We Now Know More About This Cosmic Cannibalism Event" |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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Exploration Galaxy Classification |
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381 | (1) |
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15 Dark Matter and the Milky Way |
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382 | (26) |
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15.1 Galaxies Are Mostly Dark Matter |
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384 | (6) |
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Working It Out 15.1 Finding the Mass of a Galaxy |
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385 | (5) |
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15.2 Stars Form in the Spiral Arms of a Galaxy's Disk |
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390 | (5) |
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15.3 Components of the Milky Way Reveal Its Evolution |
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395 | (5) |
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15.4 The Milky Way Offers Clues about How Galaxies Form |
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400 | (8) |
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"Dark Matter Particles Won't Kill You. If They Could, They Would Have Already" |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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Exploration Dark Matter in a Galaxy |
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407 | (1) |
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16 The Evolution of the Universe |
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408 | (28) |
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16.1 Hubble's Law Implies a Hot, Dense Beginning |
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410 | (5) |
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Working It Out 16.1 Expansion and the Age of the Universe |
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411 | (4) |
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16.2 The Cosmic Microwave Background Confirms the Big Bang |
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415 | (4) |
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16.3 The Expansion of the Universe Is Speeding Up |
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419 | (3) |
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16.4 The Earliest Moments of the Universe Connect the Very Largest Size Scales to the Very Smallest |
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422 | (4) |
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16.5 Inflation Solves Several Problems in Cosmology |
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426 | (2) |
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16.6 Are There Other Universes? |
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428 | (8) |
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"Gravity May Have Chased Light in the Early Universe" |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (3) |
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Exploration Hubble's Law for Balloons |
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434 | (2) |
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17 Formation of Structure |
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436 | (24) |
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17.1 Galaxies Form Groups, Clusters, and Larger Structures |
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438 | (4) |
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Working It Out 17.1 Mass of a Cluster of Galaxies |
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442 | (1) |
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17.2 Gravity Drives the Formation of Large-Scale Structure |
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442 | (6) |
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17.3 The First Stars and Galaxies Form |
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448 | (3) |
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451 | (3) |
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17.5 Astronomers Think about the Far Future |
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454 | (6) |
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"Massive Black Holes Sidle Up to Other Galaxies" |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (2) |
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Exploration The Story of a Proton |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | |
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18.1 Life on Earth Began Early and Evolved over Time |
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462 | (7) |
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Working It Out 18.1 Exponential Growth |
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468 | (1) |
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18.2 Life beyond Earth Is Possible |
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469 | (6) |
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18.3 Scientists Search for Signs of Intelligent Life |
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475 | (5) |
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18.4 The Fate of Life on Earth |
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480 | |
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"Tardigrades Are Now on the Moon Thanks to a Crashed Israeli Spacecraft" |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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484 | (3) |
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Exploration Fermi Problems and the Drake Equation |
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| Appendix 1 Periodic Table of the Elements |
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1 | (1) |
| Appendix 2 Properties of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons |
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2 | (3) |
| Appendix 3 Nearest and Brightest Stars |
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5 | (2) |
| Appendix 4 Star Maps |
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| Glossary |
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1 | (1) |
| Selected Answers |
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1 | (1) |
| Credits |
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1 | (1) |
| Index |
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1 | |
