AstroTours |
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xvi | |
Interactive Simulations |
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xvi | |
Astronomy in Action Videos |
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xvi | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
About the Authors |
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xxviii | |
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PART I INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY |
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1 Our Place in the Universe |
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2 | (20) |
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1.1 Astronomy Gives Us a Universal Context |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2 Science Is a Way of Viewing the World |
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8 | (3) |
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1.3 Astronomers Use Mathematics to Find Patterns |
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11 | (11) |
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Working it Out 1.1 Units and Scientific Notation |
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14 | (2) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Breakthrough: Scientists Detect Einstein's Gravity Ripples" |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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Exploration: Logical Fallacies |
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21 | (1) |
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2 Patterns in the Sky---Motions of Earth and the Moon |
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22 | (26) |
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2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis |
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24 | (6) |
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2.2 Revolution Around the Sun Leads to Changes during the Year |
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30 | (7) |
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Working it Out 2.1 Manipulating Equations |
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31 | (6) |
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2.3 The Moon's Appearance Changes as It Orbits Earth |
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37 | (2) |
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2.4 Shadows Cause Eclipses |
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39 | (9) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Eclipse 2017: `I Need Like Two More Hours of That'" |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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Exploration: Phases of the Moon |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (26) |
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3.1 Astronomers Have Studied the Motions of the Planets Since Ancient Times |
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50 | (5) |
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Working it Out 3.1 Kepler's Third Law |
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54 | (1) |
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3.2 Galileo Was the First Modern Scientist |
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55 | (1) |
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3.3 Newton's Laws Govern Motion |
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56 | (4) |
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Working it Out 3.2 Finding the Acceleration |
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58 | (2) |
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3.4 Gravity Is a Force between Any Two Massive Objects |
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60 | (4) |
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Working it Out 3.3 Newton's Law of Gravity: Playing with Proportionality |
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62 | (2) |
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3.5 Orbits Are One Body "Falling Around" Another |
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64 | (10) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Curiosity, Interrupted: Sun Makes Mars Go Dark" |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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Exploration: Newtonian Features |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (24) |
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76 | (7) |
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Working it Out 4.1 Wavelength and Frequency |
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79 | (4) |
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4.2 Cameras and Spectrographs Record Astronomical Data |
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83 | (3) |
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4.3 Telescopes Collect Light |
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86 | (12) |
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Working it Out 4.2 Diffraction Limit |
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91 | (2) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Could Study Planet 9" |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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Exploration: Light as a Wave |
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97 | (1) |
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5 The Formation of Stars and Planets |
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98 | (30) |
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5.1 Molecular Clouds Are the Cradles of Star Formation |
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100 | (2) |
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5.2 The Protostar Becomes a Star |
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102 | (5) |
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Working it Out 5.1 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Wien's Law |
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103 | (4) |
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5.3 Planets Form in a Disk around the Protostar |
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107 | (6) |
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5.4 The Inner and Outer Disk Have Different Compositions |
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113 | (1) |
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5.5 A Case Study: The Solar System |
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114 | (3) |
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5.6 Planetary Systems Are Common |
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117 | (11) |
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Working it Out 5.2 Making Use of the Doppler Shift |
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119 | (4) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Kepler Provides More Information About Trappist-1" |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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Exploration: Exploring Extrasolar Planets |
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127 | (1) |
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6 Terrestrial Worlds in the Inner Solar System |
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128 | (32) |
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6.1 Impacts Help Shape the Terrestrial Planets |
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130 | (6) |
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Working it Out 6.1 How to Read Cosmic Clocks |
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135 | (1) |
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6.2 The Surfaces of Terrestrial Planets Are Affected by Processes in the Interior |
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136 | (6) |
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Working it Out 6.2 The Density of Earth |
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137 | (5) |
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6.3 Planetary Surfaces Evolve through Tectonism |
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142 | (5) |
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6.4 Volcanism Reveals a Geologically Active Planet |
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147 | (3) |
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6.5 Wind and Water Modify Surfaces |
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150 | (10) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Mars Canyon Study Adds Clues about Possible Water" |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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Exploration: Earth's Tides |
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159 | (1) |
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7 Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars |
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160 | (28) |
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7.1 Atmospheres Change over Time |
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162 | (2) |
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7.2 Secondary Atmospheres Evolve |
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164 | (5) |
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Working it Out 7.1 How Can We Find the Temperature of a Planet? |
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166 | (3) |
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7.3 Earth's Atmosphere Has Detailed Structure |
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169 | (7) |
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7.4 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars Differ from Earth's |
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176 | (3) |
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7.5 Earth's Climate Is Changing |
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179 | (9) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Curiosity Rover Sees Signs of Vanishing Martian Atmosphere" |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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Exploration: Climate Change |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (30) |
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8.1 Giant Planets Are Large, Cold, and Massive |
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190 | (5) |
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Working it Out 8.1 Finding the Diameter of a Giant Planet |
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193 | (2) |
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8.2 The Giant Planets Have Clouds and Weather |
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195 | (7) |
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Working it Out 8.2 Measuring Wind Speeds on Distant Planets |
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200 | (2) |
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8.3 The Interiors of the Giant Planets Are Hot and Dense |
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202 | (3) |
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Working it Out 8.3 Internal Thermal Energy Heats the Giant Planets |
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204 | (1) |
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8.4 The Giant Planets Are Magnetic Powerhouses |
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205 | (3) |
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8.5 Rings Surround the Giant Planets |
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208 | (10) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Giant Propeller Structures Seen in Saturn's Rings" |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (3) |
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Exploration: Estimating Rotation Periods of Giant Planets |
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217 | (1) |
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9 Small Bodies of the Solar System |
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218 | (32) |
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9.1 Dwarf Planets May Outnumber Planets |
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220 | (2) |
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9.2 Moons as Small Worlds |
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222 | (7) |
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9.3 Asteroids Are Pieces of the Past |
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229 | (3) |
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9.4 Comets Are Clumps of Ice |
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232 | (6) |
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9.5 Comet and Asteroid Collisions Still Happen Today |
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238 | (3) |
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Working it Out 9.1 Finding the Radius of a Meteoroid |
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240 | (1) |
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9.6 Meteorites Are Remnants of the Early Solar System |
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241 | (9) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "The Rosetta Probe Has Officially Stopped Listening for Philae, Its Little Lost Comet Lander" |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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Exploration: Comparative Dwarf Planetology |
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249 | (1) |
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PART III STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION |
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250 | (30) |
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10.1 The Luminosity of a Star Can Be Found from the Brightness and the Distance |
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252 | (6) |
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Working it Out 10.1 Parallax and Distance |
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256 | (2) |
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10.2 Radiation Tells Us the Temperature, Size, and Composition of Stars |
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258 | (10) |
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10.3 The Mass of a Star Can Be Determined in Some Binary Systems |
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268 | (3) |
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10.4 The H-R Diagram Is the Key to Understanding Stars |
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271 | (9) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Mystery of Nearby SS Cygni Star System Finally Resolved" |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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Exploration: The H-R Diagram |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (28) |
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11.1 The Structure of the Sun Is a Matter of Balance |
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282 | (5) |
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Working it Out 11.1 How Much Longer Will the Sun "Live"? |
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284 | (3) |
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11.2 Energy in the Sun's Core Moves through Radiation and Convection |
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287 | (4) |
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11.3 The Atmosphere of the Sun |
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291 | (3) |
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11.4 The Atmosphere of the Sun Is Very Active |
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294 | (14) |
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Working it Out 11.2 Sunspots and Temperature |
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296 | (6) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Weather Forecast in Space: Not Sunny, with Solar Flares" |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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Exploration: The Proton-Proton Chain |
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307 | (1) |
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12 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars |
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308 | (28) |
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12.1 The Life of a Main-Sequence Star Follows a Predictable Path |
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310 | (3) |
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Working it Out 12.1 Estimating Main-Sequence Lifetimes |
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312 | (1) |
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12.2 A Star Runs Out of Hydrogen and Leaves the Main Sequence |
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313 | (3) |
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12.3 Helium Begins to Burn in the Degenerate Core |
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316 | (3) |
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12.4 The Low-Mass Star Enters the Last Stages of Its Evolution |
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319 | (6) |
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12.5 Binary Stars Sometimes Share Mass, Resulting in Novae and Supernovae |
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325 | (3) |
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12.6 Star Clusters Are Snapshots of Stellar Evolution |
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328 | (8) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Scientists May Be Missing Many Star Explosions" |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (3) |
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Exploration: Evolution of Low-Mass Stars |
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335 | (1) |
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13 Evolution of High-Mass Stars |
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336 | (34) |
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13.1 High-Mass Stars Follow Their Own Path |
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338 | (4) |
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13.2 High-Mass Stars Go Out with a Bang |
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342 | (3) |
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13.3 Supernovae Change the Galaxy |
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345 | (5) |
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13.4 Einstein Moved Beyond Newtonian Physics |
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350 | (5) |
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Working it Out 13.1 The Boxcar Experiment |
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353 | (2) |
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13.5 Gravity Is a Distortion of Spacetime |
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355 | (6) |
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13.6 Black Holes Are a Natural Limit |
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361 | (9) |
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Working it Out 13.2 Finding the Schwarzschild Radius |
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362 | (3) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "LIGO Is Back and It's on the Hunt for Gravitational Waves Again" |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (3) |
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Exploration: The CNO Cycle |
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369 | (1) |
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PART IV GALAXIES, THE UNIVERSE, AND COSMOLOGY |
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370 | (26) |
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14.1 Galaxies Come in Many Sizes and Shapes |
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372 | (5) |
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14.2 There Are Many Ways to Measure Distance |
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377 | (4) |
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14.3 We Live in an Expanding Universe |
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381 | (3) |
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Working it Out 14.1 Redshift: Calculating the Recession Velocities and Distances of Galaxies |
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383 | (1) |
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14.4 A Supermassive Black Hole Exists at the Heart of Most Galaxies |
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384 | (12) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Colliding Galaxies Swirl in Dazzling New Photo" |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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Exploration: Galaxy Classification |
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395 | (1) |
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15 Our Galaxy: The Milky Way |
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396 | (26) |
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15.1 Galaxies Are Mostly Dark Matter |
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398 | (6) |
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Working it Out 15.1 Finding the Mass of a Galaxy |
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402 | (2) |
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15.2 Stars Form in the Spiral Arms of a Galaxy's Disk |
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404 | (4) |
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15.3 Components of the Milky Way Reveal Its Evolution |
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408 | (6) |
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15.4 The Milky Way Offers Clues about How Galaxies Form |
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414 | (8) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Hyperfast Star Kicked Out of Milky Way" |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (3) |
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Exploration: Dark Matter in a Galaxy |
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421 | (1) |
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16 The Evolution of the Universe |
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422 | (28) |
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16.1 Hubble's Law Implies a Hot, Dense Beginning |
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424 | (4) |
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Working it Out 16.1 Expansion and the Age of the Universe |
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425 | (3) |
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16.2 The Cosmic Microwave Background Confirms the Big Bang |
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428 | (4) |
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16.3 The Expansion of the Universe Is Speeding Up |
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432 | (3) |
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16.4 The Earliest Moments of the Universe Connect the Very Largest Size Scales to the Very Smallest |
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435 | (5) |
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16.5 Inflation Solves Several Problems in Cosmology |
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440 | (2) |
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442 | (8) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Gravity May Have Chased Light in the Early Universe" |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (3) |
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Exploration: Hubble's Law for Balloons |
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448 | (2) |
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17 Formation of Structure |
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450 | (24) |
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17.1 Galaxies Form Groups, Clusters, and Larger Structures |
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452 | (3) |
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Working it Out 17.1 Mass of a Cluster of Galaxies |
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455 | (1) |
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17.2 Gravity Forms Large-Scale Structure |
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455 | (5) |
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17.3 The First Stars and Galaxies Form |
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460 | (3) |
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463 | (4) |
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17.5 Astronomers Think about the Far Future |
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467 | (7) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Massive Black Holes Sidle Up to Other Galaxies" |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (3) |
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Exploration: The Story of a Proton |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (2) |
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18.1 Life on Earth Began Early and Evolved over Time |
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476 | (7) |
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Working it Out 18.1 Exponential Growth |
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482 | (1) |
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18.2 Life beyond Earth Is Possible |
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483 | (7) |
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18.3 Scientists Search for Signs of Intelligent Life |
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490 | (4) |
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18.4 The Fate of Life on Earth |
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494 | (2) |
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Reading Astronomy News: "Scientists Find Signs That Saturn's Moon Enceladus Might Be Hospitable to Life" |
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496 | (2) |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (3) |
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Exploration: Fermi Problems and the Drake Equation |
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Appendix 1 Periodic Table of the Elements |
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1 | (1) |
Appendix 2 Properties of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons |
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2 | (3) |
Appendix 3 Nearest and Brightest Stars |
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5 | (2) |
Appendix 4 Star Maps |
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Glossary |
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1 | (1) |
Selected Answers |
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1 | (1) |
Credits |
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1 | (1) |
Index |
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1 | |