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El. knyga: Understanding Syntax

3.31/5 (114 ratings by Goodreads)
(University of Newcastle, UK)
  • Formatas: 366 pages
  • Serija: Understanding Language
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Dec-2019
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429513312
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Understanding SyntaxDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 366 pages
  • Serija: Understanding Language
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Dec-2019
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429513312
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Assuming no prior grammatical knowledge, Understanding Syntax explains and illustrates the major concepts, categories and terminology involved in the study of cross-linguistic syntax. Taking a theory-neutral and descriptive viewpoint throughout, this book:











introduces syntactic typology, syntactic description and the major typological categories found in the languages of the world;





clarifies with examples grammatical constructions and relationships between words in a clause, including word classes and their syntactic properties; grammatical relations such as subject and object; case and agreement processes; passives; questions and relative clauses;





features in-text and chapter-end exercises to extend the readers knowledge of syntactic concepts and argumentation, drawing on data from over 100 languages;





highlights the principles involved in writing a brief syntactic sketch of language.

This fifth edition has been revised and updated to include extended exercises in all chapters, updated further readings, and more extensive checklists for students. Accompanying e-resources have also been updated to include hints for instructors and additional links to further reading.

Understanding Syntax is an essential textbook for students studying the description of language, cross-linguistic syntax, language typology and linguistic fieldwork.

Recenzijos

'Understanding Syntax is an essential resource for any student of syntax. Written in a lively, accessible style, Tallerman uses a great range of examples from across the worlds languages to introduce the most important concepts in the study of grammar in a clear and comprehensive way. This is one of my favourite textbooks I cant recommend it highly enough.'

Diane Nelson, University of Leeds, UK "Understanding Syntax is an essential resource for any student of syntax. Written in a lively, accessible style, Tallerman uses a great range of examples from across the worlds languages to introduce the most important concepts in the study of grammar in a clear and comprehensive way. This is one of my favourite textbooks I cant recommend it highly enough."

Diane Nelson, University of Leeds, UK

List of tables and figures
x
Note to the instructor xi
Note to the student xii
Acknowledgements xiv
List of abbreviations used in examples
xv
1 What is syntax?
1(33)
1.1 Some concepts and misconceptions
1(10)
1.1.1 What is the study of syntax about?
1(6)
1.1.2 Language change
7(4)
1.2 Use of linguistic examples
11(8)
1.2.1 Why not just use examples from English?
11(2)
1.2.2 How to read linguistic examples
13(6)
1.3 Why do languages have syntax?
19(15)
1.3.1 Word order
19(3)
1.3.2 Promotion and demotion processes
22(2)
1.3.3 All languages have structure
24(3)
Further reading
27(1)
Exercises
27(7)
2 Words belong to different classes
34(43)
2.1 Identifying word classes
34(7)
2.1.1 How can we tell that words belong to different classes?
34(1)
2.1.2 Starting to identify nouns, adjectives and verbs
35(3)
2.1.3 An illustration: how do speakers of a language identify word classes?
38(3)
2.2 Verbs
41(7)
2.2.1 An introduction to verb classes
41(2)
2.2.2 Verbs and their grammatical categories
43(5)
2.3 Nouns
48(10)
2.3.1 Semantic roles for noun phrases
48(1)
2.3.2 Syntactic roles for noun phrases
49(4)
2.3.3 Nouns and their grammatical categories
53(3)
2.3.4 Nouns, definiteness and determiners
56(2)
2.4 Adjectives
58(5)
2.4.1 Positions and functions of adjectives
58(1)
2.4.2 Adjectives and intensifiers
59(1)
2.4.3 Adjectives and their grammatical categories
60(1)
2.4.4 Are adjectives essential?
61(2)
2.5 Adverbs
63(3)
2.5.1 Adverbs and adjectives
63(2)
2.5.2 The adjunct function
65(1)
2.6 Prepositions
66(2)
2.6.1 Identifying prepositions in English
66(2)
2.6.2 Postpositions
68(1)
2.6.3 Grammatical categories for adpositions
68(1)
2.7 Conclusion
68(9)
Further reading
69(1)
Exercises
70(7)
3 Looking inside sentences
77(40)
3.1 Finiteness and auxiliaries
77(12)
3.1.1 Independent clauses
77(1)
3.1.2 Finiteness
78(2)
3.1.3 Main verbs and verbal auxiliaries
80(2)
3.1.4 Ways to express the grammatical categories for verbs
82(2)
3.1.5 Non-finite verbs
84(3)
3.1.6 Co-ordination of clauses
87(1)
3.1.7 Summary
88(1)
3.2 Introduction to subordination
89(10)
3.2.1 Complement clauses
89(3)
3.2.2 Adjunct or adverbial clauses
92(1)
3.2.3 Identifying subordinate clauses
93(1)
3.2.4 Special properties of root clauses
94(3)
3.2.5 Some cross-linguistic variation in subordination
97(1)
3.2.6 Summary: properties of subordinate clauses and root clauses
98(1)
3.3 Major cross-linguistic variations
99(18)
3.3.1 The co-ordination strategy
99(1)
3.3.2 Nominalization
100(1)
3.3.3 Serial verbs
101(4)
3.3.4 Summary
105(1)
Further reading
105(1)
Exercises
105(12)
4 Heads and their dependents
117(37)
4.1 Heads and their dependents
117(12)
4.1.1 What is a head?
117(1)
4.1.2 The influence of heads on their dependents
118(2)
4.1.3 Summary: the properties of heads
120(1)
4.1.4 More about dependents: adjuncts and complements
121(2)
4.1.5 More about verb classes: verbs and their complements
123(2)
4.1.6 Other heads and their complements
125(2)
4.1.7 Summary: the main properties of complements vs. adjuncts
127(1)
4.1.8 Is the noun phrase really a determiner phrase?
128(1)
4.1.9 Phrases within phrases
128(1)
4.2 Where does the head occur in a phrase? Head-initial and head-final languages
129(3)
4.2.1 Head-initial languages
129(1)
4.2.2 Head-final languages
130(1)
4.2.3 An exercise on head-initial and head-final constructions
131(1)
4.3 Head-marking and dependent-marking languages
132(22)
4.3.1 Definitions and illustrations: syntactic relationships between heads and dependents
133(1)
4.3.2 Head adposition and its NP object
134(2)
4.3.3 The clause: a head verb and the arguments of the verb
136(2)
4.3.4 Head noun and dependent possessor NP
138(1)
4.3.5 Head noun and dependent AP
139(1)
4.3.6 An exercise on head-marking and dependent-marking
140(2)
4.3.7 Some typological distinctions between languages
142(2)
4.3.8 Summary
144(1)
Further reading
145(1)
Exercises
145(9)
5 How do we identify constituents?
154(34)
5.1 Discovering the structure of sentences
154(12)
5.1.1 Evidence of structure in sentences
154(2)
5.1.2 Some syntactic tests for constituent structure
156(5)
5.1.3 Introduction to constituent structure trees
161(5)
5.1.4 Summary
166(1)
5.2 Relationships within the tree
166(3)
5.3 Developing detailed tree diagrams and tests for constituent structure
169(12)
5.3.1 Verb classes and constituent structure tests
169(6)
5.3.2 The co-ordination test for constituency
175(2)
5.3.3 Do all languages have the same constituents?
177(1)
5.3.4 An introduction to the bar notation
178(3)
5.4 Summary
181(7)
Further reading
182(1)
Exercises
183(5)
6 Relationships within the clause
188(51)
6.1 Indicating grammatical relations in the clause
188(1)
6.2 Order of phrases within the clause
189(4)
6.2.1 Basic and marked orders
189(2)
6.2.2 Statistical patterns
191(2)
6.3 Case systems
193(8)
6.3.1 Ways of dividing core arguments
193(3)
6.3.2 Nominative/accusative systems
196(1)
6.3.3 Ergative/absolutive systems
197(1)
6.3.4 Splits in alignment systems I
198(3)
6.3.5 Marked and unmarked forms
201(1)
6.4 Agreement and cross-referencing
201(6)
6.4.1 What does verb agreement involve?
201(1)
6.4.2 Nominative/accusative agreement systems
202(3)
6.4.3 Ergative/absolutive agreement systems
205(1)
6.4.4 Split in alignment systems II
206(1)
6.5 Split intransitive systems
207(2)
6.6 Grammatical relations
209(12)
6.6.1 Investigating core grammatical relations
209(1)
6.6.2 Subjects: typical cross-linguistic properties
210(1)
6.6.3 An examination of subjects in specific languages
211(8)
6.6.4 Objects
219(2)
6.7 Free word order: a case study
221(3)
6.8 Summary
224(15)
Further reading
225(1)
Exercises
225(14)
7 Processes that change grammatical relations
239(38)
7.1 Passives and impersonals
239(7)
7.1.1 The passive construction and transitive verbs
239(6)
7.1.2 The impersonal construction
245(1)
7.2 The antipassive
246(8)
7.2.1 Basic facts
246(2)
7.2.2 Primary grammatical relations and grammatical pivots
248(6)
7.3 The applicative construction
254(4)
7.4 The causative construction
258(4)
7.5 Summary
262(15)
Further reading
263(1)
Exercises
263(14)
8 Wh-constructions: questions and relative clauses
277(31)
8.1 Wh-questions
277(8)
8.1.1 Languages with wh-movement
277(4)
8.1.2 Languages with wh-in-situ wh-questions
281(2)
8.1.3 Multiple wh-questions
283(2)
8.2 Relative clauses
285(9)
8.2.1 Relative clauses in English
285(3)
8.2.2 Cross-linguistic variation in relative clauses
288(6)
8.3 Focus movements and scrambling
294(2)
8.4 Some conclusions
296(12)
Further reading
297(1)
Exercises
297(11)
9 Asking questions about syntax
308(16)
9.1 Syntactic description: what questions to investigate
308(3)
9.2 A case study: grammatical sketch of Colloquial Welsh
311(7)
9.3 Some questions concerning syntax
318(4)
9.4 Last words: more syntax ahead
322(2)
Sources of data used in examples 324(3)
Glossary 327(6)
References 333(9)
Language index 342(3)
Subject index 345
Maggie Tallerman is Emerita Professor of Linguistics at Newcastle University, UK
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