| About the Author |
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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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1 Engineering Suggestions Based on Experience |
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1 | (24) |
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1.1 What Should We Learn from This Book? |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 We All Contribute to Each Other's Success |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Why Performing Calculations is Important to an Engineer's Career |
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5 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 How an Engineering Consultant Can Help Your Company |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5 The Benefit of Keeping Complex Problems Simple |
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10 | (5) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.6 Taking Risks and Making High-Level Presentations |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7 Searching the Literature for Data |
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16 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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1.7.4 Accuracy of the Data |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.8 Cautions to New to Industry Technical Personnel |
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19 | (3) |
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1.8.1 The Wrong Frequency |
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19 | (1) |
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1.8.2 Using the Incorrect Measuring Technique |
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20 | (1) |
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1.8.3 Never Under-Estimate the Value of Experienced People |
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20 | (1) |
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1.8.4 Check and Double Check Your Design |
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20 | (1) |
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1.8.5 Some Understand the Equipment Much Better Than You |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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1.9 A Method for Analyzing Catastrophic Type Failures |
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22 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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2 Evaluating Failures and Designs |
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25 | (28) |
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2.1 Twenty Rules to Remember |
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25 | (4) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2 How to Avoid Being Overwhelmed in a Failure Situation |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.3 Catastrophic Failures and the Human Factor |
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31 | (4) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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2.4 The Importance of Alliances and Networking |
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35 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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2.5 Personal Checklists are Important |
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37 | (1) |
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2.6 Checklist for Vibration Analysis |
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37 | (3) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.7 Checklist for New Piping System Installations |
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40 | (1) |
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2.8 Checklists for Pumps and Compressors |
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40 | (1) |
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2.9 Understanding What the Failure Data Is Telling You |
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41 | (8) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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2.9.5 Brittle Fracture Failures |
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45 | (1) |
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2.9.6 Anti-Friction Bearing Failures |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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2.10 Phantom Failures and Their Dilemma |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.11 Various Types of Equipment and Their Failure Loads |
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50 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (63) |
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3.1 Preventing Crankshaft Failures in Large Reciprocating Engines |
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53 | (4) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 Structural Collapse of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.3 Failure Analysis Computations Differ from Design |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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3.4 Crack Growth and the Bending Failures of a Hollow Shaft |
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64 | (4) |
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3.4.1 An In-Service Failure Example |
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66 | (1) |
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3.4.2 The Assumptions and Comparisons |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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3.5 Why Did a Small Piece of Foam Cause the Shuttle Columbia to Crash? |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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3.6 Can the Aircraft Cowling Contain a Broken Turbine Blade? |
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71 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.7 Why Did My Car Windshield Break from a Very Small Stone? |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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3.8 Momentum or Why a Car Is Harder to Push and Then Easier When Rolling |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.9 Bearing Failure Due To Design Error |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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3.10 What Is the Shortest Stopping Distance for My Car? |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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3.11 How Hot Do Brake Disks Get in a Panic Stop? |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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3.12 Will the Turbocharger Disk Go Through its Housing? |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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3.13 Failure of an Agitator Gearbox |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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3.14 Failure of an Extruder Screw |
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82 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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3.15 Failure of a Steam Turbine Blade |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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3.16 How Long Will It Last? |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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3.17 Gear Life With a Load |
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90 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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3.18 Analyzing the Life of a Gear |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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3.19 Predicting the Cause of a Gear Tooth Crack Growth Past and Future |
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94 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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3.20 Nonlinear and Linear Impact Problems |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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3.21 Phantom Failure of an Expander-Dryer |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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3.22 Cracking of a Rail Hopper Car Due to Couple-Up |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (1) |
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3.23 Loss of Oil Supply and Gear Set Destruction |
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106 | (4) |
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109 | (1) |
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3.24 Analyzing the Total Collapse of a Multi-Story Building |
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110 | (6) |
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115 | (1) |
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4 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Examples |
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116 | (35) |
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4.1 Addressing Heat Exchanger Tube Leaks |
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116 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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4.2 Explaining Flow Through Piping Using the Poiseuille Equation |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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4.3 A Local Flooding Event at a Plant Site |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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4.4 Examining Fan System Pulsations |
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122 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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4.5 The Dynamics of How an Aircraft Flies |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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4.6 How Much Wind Does It Take to Blow Over a Motor Coach? |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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4.7 How Much Wind Force to Buckle an Aircraft Hanger Door? |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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4.8 How Much Water on a Road to Float a Car? |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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4.9 How Fast Does an Object Hit the Ground? |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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4.10 Collapse of a Bubble and the Excitation Force on a Structure |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (1) |
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4.11 Failure of a Cooling Tower Pump Due to Water Hammer |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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4.12 Braking Resistor Burn-Out on a Locomotive |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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4.13 Will a Small Ice Air Conditioner Work? |
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144 | (4) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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4.14 Prototype of Smallest Air Ice Cooler |
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148 | (3) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (14) |
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5.1 Why Does a Baseball Curve? |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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5.2 How Far Does a Baseball Go When Hit with Drag? |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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5.3 What Is the Force of a Batted Baseball? |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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5.4 Why Doesn't a Baseball Catcher's Arm Break with a 100-mph Fastball? |
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155 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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5.5 Dynamics of a Billiard Ball |
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157 | (1) |
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5.6 How Far Can a Golf Ball Go? |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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5.7 What Causes an Ice Skater to Spin so Fast? |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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5.8 Why Don't High Divers Get Injured? |
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160 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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5.9 How Hard Is a Boxers Punch? |
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163 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (21) |
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6.1 Energy in Steam Boiler Explosions |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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6.2 Delayed Fireball-Type Explosions |
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167 | (4) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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6.3 Method for Investigating Hydrocarbon Explosions |
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171 | (8) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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6.4 Pipeline Explosion Critical Zone |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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6.5 Pneumatic Explosion Debris Range |
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180 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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6.6 How Are the Effect of Massive Energy Releases Compared? |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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6.7 Engine Air Intake Manifold Explosion |
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183 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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7 Vibration and Impact: The Cause of Failures |
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186 | (33) |
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7.1 Investigating a Possible Cause for a Coupling Failure in a Centrifugal Compressor |
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186 | (7) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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1.2 Sudden Power Interruption to a System |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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7.3 Effect of Liquid Slug in a Centrifugal Compressor |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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7.4 Weld Failures in Vibrating Equipment |
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198 | (4) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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7.5 Effect of Gear Chatter on Pinion Teeth Impact |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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7.6 Holzer Method for Calculating Torsional Multi-mass Systems |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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1.1 What to do When the Vibration Levels Increase on Large Gearboxes |
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204 | (5) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.8 How Vibratory Torque Relates to Bearing Cap Vibration in a Gearbox |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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1.9 Vibration of a Polymer Extruder Gearbox |
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211 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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7.10 Processing and Wear Load Increase in a Polymer Extruder |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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7.11 Vibration Charts Can Give Faulty Information |
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214 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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7.12 Have Torsional Vibrations Caused the Gearbox Pinion to Fail? |
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216 | (3) |
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218 | (1) |
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8 Examining the Human Body |
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219 | (28) |
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8.1 What Causes Football Brain Injuries? |
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219 | (4) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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8.2 Life Assessment Diagrams |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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8.3 Assessing the Cumulative Damage Done by Head Impacts |
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224 | (5) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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8.4 What Happens When I Hit My Head and See Stars? |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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8.5 How Does the Body Keep Cool? |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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8.6 How Do Our Muscles Work? |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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8.7 Why Do People Die from Heatstroke in a 75°F Car? |
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234 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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8.8 What Damage Can a Safety Airbag Do to a Human? |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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8.9 How Is Blood Pressure Measured? |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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8.10 How Does the Heart Work? |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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8.11 Restricting the Spread of a Virus |
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241 | (5) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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8.12 Why Do Some Survive a Freefall Out of an Aircraft? |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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9 Other Curious Catastrophic Failures Related to Earth |
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247 | (21) |
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9.1 Can an Asteroid Be Deflected from Hitting Earth? |
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247 | (3) |
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249 | (1) |
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9.2 What Size Crater Does a Large Asteroid Make When It Hits Earth? |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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9.3 What Is an Earthquake? |
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253 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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9.4 Earthquakes Are so Strong Why Don't They Do More Damage? |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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9.5 Concerns on the Super-Volcano Under Yellowstone National Park |
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258 | (3) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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9.6 What Is a Tsunami and How Do They Form? |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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9.8 Can a Tornado Really Lift a House? |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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9.9 Can Straw Penetrate a Tree in a Tornado? |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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9.10 What Is a Hurricane? |
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266 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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10 Strange Occurrences and Other Interesting Items |
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268 | (33) |
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10.1 What in the Force of a Ship Hitting a Whale? |
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268 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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10.2 How Much Wind to Blow Over a Tree |
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270 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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10.3 Why Do Objects Appear Smaller Than They Are? |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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10.4 Do We Feel a Force When Near Large Objects? |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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10.5 Why Does the Moon Sometimes Appear So Big on the Horizon? |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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10.6 How Does an Air Conditioner Operate? |
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276 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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10.7 How Fast to Heat Up a Room? |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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10.8 How Do I Size an Air Conditioner for a Garage? |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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10.9 At What Speed Does a Locomotive Become De-railed? |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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10.10 Are Those Huge Cruise Ships Stable? |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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10.11 Why Are Arches Used? |
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281 | (4) |
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285 | (1) |
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10.12 Why Don't Bighorn Sheep Die When Banging Their Heads? |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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10.13 Why Can't We Walk on Water? |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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10.14 How to Predict the Outcome of the Stock Market |
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288 | (5) |
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292 | (1) |
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10.15 Things Aren't as Random as They May Appear |
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293 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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10.16 Why Do Certain Events Seem to Happen Quite Often? |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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10.17 Occurrences on Machines and Structures |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (1) |
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10.18 How Long Does It Take to Thaw a Frozen Turkey and to Cook It? |
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298 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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11 Magic Tricks Using Engineering Principles |
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301 | (11) |
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11.1 Surface Tension and Floating Metal |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (1) |
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11.2 Acceleration of Gravity and the Money Challenge |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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11.4 The Belt Balancing Act |
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306 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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11.5 How Can It Be Held Up by Threads? |
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308 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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11.6 Pulling the Tablecloth |
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310 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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12 Useful Forms of the Equations Used in this Book |
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312 | (7) |
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12.1 The Equations of Motion |
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312 | (1) |
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12.2 Newton's First Law of Force |
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312 | (1) |
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12.3 Newton's Second Law of Force |
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313 | (1) |
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12.4 Newton's Third Law of Force |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
12.5 Newton's Gravitation Theory |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
12.7 Momentum and Impulse |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
12.10 Conservation of Energy |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
12.11 Bernoulli's Equation |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
12.12 Specific Heat Equation |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
12.13 Conduction Equation |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
12.14 Convection Equation |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
12.16 Theories of Material Failure |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
12.17 Archimedes Principle |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
13 A Little About Some Famous Scientists Mentioned in This Book |
|
|
319 | (6) |
|
13.1 Isaac Newton (1642-1726 AD) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
13.2 Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782 AD) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
13.3 Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
13.4 William Rankine (1820-1872 AD) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
13.5 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519 AD) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
13.7 Stephan Timoshenko (1878-1972) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
13.8 Jacob P. Den Hartog (1901-1989) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
13.9 Wilson, Ker, William |
|
|
322 | (3) |
| Index |
|
325 | |
