| Acknowledgements |
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xii | |
| Guide to the hook |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xv | |
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xvi | |
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xxv | |
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xxvi | |
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xlviii | |
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1 Introduction To Company Law |
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1 | (40) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 What we mean by `company law' |
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2 | (11) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Securities regulation |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2.4 Corporate governance |
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6 | (7) |
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1.3 Sources of company law |
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13 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Foundation legal knowledge and company law |
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14 | (1) |
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1.4 Historical development of company law |
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15 | (5) |
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1.4.1 The first registered companies |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Limited liability for company members |
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16 | (1) |
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1.4.3 The model company for which company law was designed |
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17 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Single member and closely held companies |
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17 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Twentieth-century developments |
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18 | (2) |
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1.5 European Union company law initiatives |
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20 | (10) |
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1.5.1 Core company law harmonisation |
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21 | (3) |
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1.5.2 The Financial Services and Company Law Action Plans |
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24 | (1) |
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1.5.3 Freedom of establishment and cross-border mobility |
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25 | (3) |
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1.5.4 EU company law initiation after the 2008 financial crisis |
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28 | (2) |
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1.6 The Company Law Review and the Companies Act 2006 |
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30 | (1) |
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1.7 Evaluating the Companies Act 2006 |
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31 | (1) |
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1.8 Post-Companies Act 2006 developments |
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32 | (2) |
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1.9 The impact of Brexit on company law |
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34 | (7) |
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37 | (4) |
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2 Legal Structures Of Business Organisations |
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41 | (40) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2 Categorising private businesses in the UK |
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42 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Categorisation of private businesses by legal structure |
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42 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Categorisation of private businesses by size |
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43 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Categorisation relevant to determining applicable laws |
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44 | (3) |
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2.3 Unincorporated business organisation legal structures |
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47 | (5) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (4) |
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2.4 Incorporated business organisation legal structures |
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52 | (10) |
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2.4.1 Registered companies |
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52 | (8) |
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2.4.2 Limited liability partnerships (LLPs) |
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60 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Chartered and statutory corporations |
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62 | (1) |
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2.5 Partnerships, LLPs and registered companies compared and contrasted |
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62 | (4) |
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2.6 Social enterprise private legal structures |
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66 | (6) |
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2.6.1 Unincorporated associations |
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66 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Charitable incorporated organisations (CIO) |
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67 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Community interest companies (CIC) |
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68 | (2) |
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2.6.4 UK mutual societies |
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70 | (2) |
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2.7 European organisation legal structures |
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72 | (9) |
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2.7.1 European Economic Interest Group (EEIG) |
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73 | (1) |
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2.7.2 European Public Limited Liability Company or Societas Europaea (SE) |
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73 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Single-member Company (Societas Unius Personae (SUP)) |
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74 | (1) |
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2.7.4 European Co-operative Society (SCE) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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3 The Company As A Distinct And Legal Person |
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81 | (40) |
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3.1 The registered company as a corporation |
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81 | (1) |
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3.2 What is a corporation? |
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82 | (1) |
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3.3 The consequences of incorporation/separate legal personality |
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83 | (2) |
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3.4 Limited liability: a concept distinct from separate legal personality |
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85 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Limited and unlimited companies |
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86 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Shareholder payments to a company that is trading |
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86 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Shareholder payments to a company that is being wound up |
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87 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Justifications for limited liability |
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87 | (1) |
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3.5 Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd |
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88 | (3) |
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3.5.1 The first instance and Court of Appeal decisions |
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89 | (1) |
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3.5.2 The House of Lords decision |
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89 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Separate legal personality and insurance |
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90 | (1) |
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3.6 Limits on the implications of incorporation/separate legal personality |
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91 | (121) |
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91 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Self-help action to mitigate the consequences of incorporation |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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3.6.6 Statutory provisions providing alternative remedies |
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101 | (1) |
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3.6.7 Statutory provisions authorising piercing the corporate veil |
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102 | (1) |
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3.6.8 Piercing the corporate veil: court-developed limits on the consequences of incorporation |
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103 | (9) |
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112 | (5) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (2) |
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4 Company Formation And Linked Issues |
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121 | (24) |
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4.1 Registering a UK company |
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121 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Registration requirements: general |
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122 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Registration requirements: submitting an application to register |
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122 | (2) |
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4.2 Specialist company formation companies |
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124 | (1) |
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4.3 Company numbers and names |
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124 | (7) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (5) |
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4.3.3 Names and the phoenix syndrome |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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4.5 Transferring a business to a company |
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133 | (1) |
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4.6 Pre-incorporation contracts |
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134 | (4) |
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4.6.1 What is a pre-incorporation contract? |
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134 | (1) |
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4.6.2 What is meant by `subject to any agreement to the contrary'? |
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135 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Can the person made liable by s 51 enforce the contract? |
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136 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Can a company ratify or adopt a pre-incorporation contract? |
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137 | (1) |
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4.6.5 How can a company become a party to a pre-incorporation contract? |
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137 | (1) |
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4.7 Re-registration of a company |
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138 | (7) |
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4.7.1 From private to public |
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138 | (1) |
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4.7.2 From public to private |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (2) |
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5 The Constitution Of The Company |
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145 | (34) |
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5.1 What is the constitution of a company? |
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145 | (1) |
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5.2 The objects and capacity of a company |
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146 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Pre-Companies Act 2006 companies |
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146 | (4) |
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5.2.2 Companies registered under the Companies Act 2006 |
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150 | (2) |
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5.3 The articles of association |
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152 | (11) |
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5.3.1 What are the articles of association? |
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152 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Drafting articles and model articles |
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152 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Ascertaining the articles of association |
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152 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Content of the articles of association |
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152 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Effect of the articles of association |
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155 | (8) |
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5.4 Amending the articles of association |
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163 | (6) |
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5.4.1 Statutory provisions governing amendment |
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163 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Contractual provisions affecting amendment |
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163 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Court-developed restrictions on amendment |
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165 | (4) |
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5.5 Contracts with terms derived from the articles |
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169 | (2) |
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5.6 Shareholders' agreements |
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171 | (8) |
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5.6.1 Matters addressed in shareholders' agreements |
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172 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Who is party to a shareholders' agreement? |
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172 | (1) |
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5.6.3 Enforcing shareholders' agreements |
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173 | (1) |
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5.6.4 The effect of the enforceability of shareholders' agreements |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (16) |
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179 | (1) |
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6.2 Types of corporate financing |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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6.4 Debt financing: creditors |
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181 | (1) |
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6.4.1 Overdraft facilities |
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182 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Simple loan contracts |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.5 Equity financing: shareholders |
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187 | (4) |
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6.5.1 No shareholder right to receive payment for equity capital |
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188 | (1) |
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6.5.2 No shareholder right to receive share capital back from the company |
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189 | (1) |
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6.5.3 The composition of share capital |
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189 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Nature of the relationship between a shareholder and the company |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (4) |
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194 | (1) |
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7 Shareholders, Shares And Share Capital |
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195 | (32) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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7.2.1 Who is entitled to the residual wealth of a company? |
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196 | (1) |
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7.2.2 How may shareholders realise the residual wealth of the company? |
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196 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Who is required to contribute to a company with unpaid debts? |
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199 | (1) |
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7.3 Legal nature of a share |
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199 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Share as a bundle of rights and liabilities |
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199 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Presumption of equality of shares and classes of shares |
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200 | (8) |
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208 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Nominal value and premium |
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208 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Called-up share capital (s 547) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.5 Alteration of share capital |
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210 | (9) |
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7.5.1 Increasing the share capital |
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210 | (8) |
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7.5.2 Reduction of share capital |
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218 | (1) |
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7.6 Offering shares to the public |
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219 | (8) |
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225 | (2) |
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8 Capital Maintenance And Distributions |
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227 | (38) |
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227 | (6) |
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8.1.1 Can share capital protect a creditor against company trading losses? |
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228 | (3) |
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8.1.2 The relevance of share capital over the life of a company |
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231 | (1) |
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8.1.3 The meaning of `capital maintenance' |
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232 | (1) |
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8.2 Minimum share capital requirement |
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233 | (1) |
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8.2.1 Requirement to have a share capital |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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8.3 Statutory prohibition on reduction of share capital except in accordance with the Act and company articles |
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233 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Private company reduction of share capital |
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233 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Public company reduction of share capital |
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236 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Acquisition of own shares |
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237 | (3) |
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8.4 Is capital maintenance important to creditors? |
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240 | (1) |
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8.5 Regulation of distributions |
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241 | (10) |
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241 | (2) |
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8.5.2 Restrictions applicable to both private and public companies |
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243 | (2) |
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8.5.3 Additional limit on distributions by public company: net asset test |
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245 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Distributions in kind |
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246 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Remedies for payment of unlawful distributions |
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247 | (4) |
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8.6 Shareholder last principle on a winding up |
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251 | (1) |
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8.7 A broader concept of capital maintenance? |
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251 | (3) |
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8.7.1 Gratuitous payments to non-shareholdlers |
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251 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Gratuitous payments as ultra vires |
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251 | (1) |
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8.7.3 The `Cakes and Ale Case Law' |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (1) |
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8.9 Financial assistance for the purchase of its own shares |
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255 | (10) |
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8.9.1 Background to the current rules |
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255 | (1) |
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8.9.2 Reasons for the statutory prohibition |
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256 | (1) |
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8.9.3 Typical examples of financial assistance |
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256 | (1) |
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8.9.4 What is prohibited? |
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257 | (1) |
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8.9.5 Limits and exceptions to the prohibition |
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257 | (1) |
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8.9.6 Criminal sanctions for contravention |
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258 | (1) |
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8.9.7 Civil remedies for breach |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (46) |
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9.1 Introduction and key organs of governance of a company |
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265 | (2) |
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9.1.1 The UK corporate governance framework |
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265 | (2) |
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9.1.2 The key organs of governance of a company |
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267 | (1) |
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9.2 Shareholder governance |
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267 | (16) |
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267 | (4) |
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9.2.2 Division of powers in the articles |
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271 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Statutory powers of shareholders |
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273 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Default powers of shareholders |
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273 | (1) |
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9.2.5 How shareholders exercise their powers |
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274 | (9) |
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283 | (17) |
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9.3.1 Board powers and decision-making |
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283 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Definition and classification of directors |
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286 | (7) |
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9.3.3 Appointing and removing directors |
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293 | (3) |
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9.3.4 Remuneration of directors |
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296 | (4) |
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9.4 Company secretary and officers |
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300 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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9.5 A framework for corporate governance |
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302 | (9) |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (3) |
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10 Legally Binding The Company |
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311 | (30) |
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311 | (1) |
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10.2 Deeds that bind the company |
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312 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Requirements for a company to be bound by a deed |
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312 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Looking behind a deed |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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10.4 Contracts that bind the company |
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315 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Formal agreements (deeds) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (3) |
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10.5 Authority of the board of directors to bind the company |
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318 | (8) |
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10.5.1 The Companies Act 2006, s 40 and board authority |
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319 | (6) |
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10.5.2 The common law position and board authority |
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325 | (1) |
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10.6 Authority of individuals to bind the company |
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326 | (15) |
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326 | (3) |
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10.6.2 Ostensible authority |
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329 | (2) |
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10.6.3 Implied actual authority and ostensible authority contrasted |
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331 | (6) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (2) |
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11 Directors' Duties: General Considerations And Management Duties |
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341 | (28) |
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341 | (3) |
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11.1.1 Approach to the study of directors' duties |
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341 | (2) |
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11.1.2 Control of director conflicts of interest |
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343 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Control of directors management behaviour |
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343 | (1) |
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11.2 Legislative reform of directors' duties |
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344 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Statutory regulation of particular transactions |
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344 | (1) |
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11.2.2 General duty codification initiatives |
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344 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Rationale for the 2006 reform |
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345 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Have the general duties been codified? |
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346 | (2) |
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11.3 To whom do directors owe their duties? |
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348 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Directors' duties are owed to the company |
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348 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Enlightened shareholder value |
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348 | (1) |
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11.3.3 The interests of creditors |
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349 | (2) |
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11.4 Management duties of directors |
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351 | (18) |
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11.4.1 General management duties |
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354 | (10) |
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11.4.2 Key specific management duties |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (3) |
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12 Directors' Duties: Conflict Of Interest Duties |
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369 | (16) |
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369 | (2) |
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12.2 Directors' conflicts of interest |
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371 | (6) |
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12.2.1 Duty to avoid conflicts of interest |
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371 | (5) |
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12.2.2 Duty not to accept benefits from third parties |
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376 | (1) |
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12.3 Directors contracting with their companies |
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377 | (8) |
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12.3.1 Statutory declaration of interest to the board of directors |
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377 | (3) |
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12.3.2 Shareholder approval of specified transactions |
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380 | (4) |
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384 | (1) |
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13 Directors' Duties: Remedies And Reliefs And Director Disqualification |
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385 | (12) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (3) |
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13.2.1 Remedies for breach of duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence (s 174) |
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386 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Remedies for breach of the equity-based duties (ss 171--173 and 175--177) |
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386 | (2) |
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13.2.3 Remedies for failure to obtain shareholder approval for specific transactions |
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388 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Removal from office |
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389 | (1) |
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13.3 Relief from liability, indemnification, exclusion of liability and insurance |
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389 | (2) |
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13.3.1 Relief from liability |
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389 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Indemnification, exclusion of liability and insurance |
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390 | (1) |
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13.4 Director disqualification |
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391 | (6) |
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13.4.1 The basis for disqualification orders and undertakings |
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392 | (1) |
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13.4.2 The effect of disqualification orders and undertakings |
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393 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Compensation orders and undertakings |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (34) |
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397 | (2) |
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14.2 The proper claimant principle |
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399 | (3) |
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14.2.1 Majority rule and the business judgment rule |
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399 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Limits to the proper claimant principle |
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400 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Example: proper claimant principle |
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401 | (1) |
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14.3 Statutory derivative claims |
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402 | (6) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (4) |
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407 | (1) |
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14.4 Personal actions by shareholders |
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408 | (4) |
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14.4.1 Reflective loss: denial of the personal right to recover |
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409 | (3) |
|
14.5 Unfairly prejudicial conduct petitions |
|
|
412 | (11) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
14.5.2 Petitioners and respondents |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
14.5.3 The behaviour complained of |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
14.5.4 The interests of members |
|
|
415 | (4) |
|
14.5.5 Remedies and costs |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
14.5.6 Reform and alternative dispute resolution |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
14.6 Just and equitable winding-up petitions |
|
|
423 | (8) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
14.6.2 Foundation of the jurisdiction |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
14.6.3 Relationship with unfair prejudice claims |
|
|
424 | (4) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
15 Restructuring, Rescuing Troubled Companies And Takeovers |
|
|
431 | (30) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
15.2 Schemes of arrangement and reconstruction |
|
|
432 | (7) |
|
15.2.1 Section 110 schemes of reconstruction |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
15.2.2 Part 26 schemes of arrangement |
|
|
434 | (5) |
|
15.3 Company voluntary arrangements (CVA) and small company moratoria |
|
|
439 | (3) |
|
15.3.1 Company voluntary arrangements |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
15.3.2 The small company moratorium |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (5) |
|
15.4.1 Purpose of administration |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
15.4.2 Commencement of administration |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
15.4.3 Effect of administration |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
15.4.4 Ending the administration |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
|
|
447 | (14) |
|
15.5.1 Takeovers, mergers, acquisitions and disposals |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
15.5.2 Scope of application of the Code |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
15.5.3 The nature, purpose and general principles of the Code |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
15.5.4 Outline of the basic takeover bid process |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
15.5.5 Minority shareholder treatment |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
15.5.6 Key additional legal rules and problem areas in takeovers |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
15.5.7 Action by the target company board |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
15.5.8 The Panel on Takeovers and Mergers (the Panel) |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
16 Winding Up And Dissolution Of A Company |
|
|
461 | (38) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
16.2.1 Voluntary winding up |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
16.2.2 Compulsory winding up |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
16.2.3 Insolvent winding up |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
16.2.4 Sources of insolvency law |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
16.2.5 Effects of a winding-up order or appointment of a liquidator |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (13) |
|
16.3.1 Classification of loan security |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
16.3.4 Charges over book debts |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
16.3.5 Registration of charges |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
16.3.6 Priority of charges |
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
16.3.7 Fixed and floating charges compared and contrasted |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
16.4 Assets available for distribution |
|
|
476 | (13) |
|
16.4.1 Role of the liquidator |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
16.4.2 Avoidance of transactions |
|
|
477 | (10) |
|
16.4.3 Swelling the assets: applications for contributions |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
16.5 Distribution of the assets |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
16.5.1 Assets subject to fixed charges |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
16.5.2 The statutory order of distribution |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
16.6 Dissolution and restoration |
|
|
492 | (7) |
|
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (18) |
|
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
17.2 Public disclosure under the Companies Act 2006 |
|
|
501 | (7) |
|
17.2.1 Company registers available for public inspection |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (6) |
|
17.3 Public disclosure under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
17.3.1 Periodic disclosure |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
17.3.2 Disclosure of inside information |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
17.4 The Modern Slavery Act 2015 and the Late Payment Regulations |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
17.5.1 The audit requirement |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
17.5.2 Appointment and removal of auditors |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
17.6 Company investigations |
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
| Glossary of legal terminology |
|
517 | (7) |
| Index |
|
524 | |
