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El. knyga: Unlocking Constitutional and Administrative Law

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(University of Coventry, UK), (University of Coventry, UK)
  • Formatas: 694 pages
  • Serija: Unlocking the Law
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Feb-2023
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000819618
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Unlocking Constitutional and Administrative LawDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 694 pages
  • Serija: Unlocking the Law
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Feb-2023
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000819618
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Unlocking Constitutional and Administrative Law provides an indispensable foundation in this core law curriculum subject, ensuring that you grasp the main concepts with ease. Containing accessible explanations in clear and precise terms that are easy to understand, it provides an excellent foundation for learning and revising Constitutional and Administrative Law.

The information is clearly presented in a logical structure and the following features support learning, helping you to advance with confidence:





Clear aims and objectives at the beginning of each chapter set out the skills and knowledge you will need to get to grips with the subject Key Facts summaries throughout each chapter allow you to progressively build and consolidate your knowledge Diagrams to aid memory and understanding Cases and judgments are highlighted to help you find them and add them to your notes quickly End-of-chapter summaries provide a useful checklist for each topic Frequent activities and self-test questions are included so you can put your knowledge into practice Glossary of legal terminology clarifies important definitions.

This edition has been fully updated to include discussion of recent changes, issues and developments since the last edition, including an expanded section on Brexit, proposed changes to Judicial review, developments in Wales, Ireland and Scotland, recent Bills raising issues concerning the rule of law, and a new chapter on the constitutional impact of COVID-19.
Acknowledgements xxiii
Preface xxv
Guide to the book xxvii
Table of cases
xxix
Table of statutes
xlvii
Table of statutory instruments
lvii
Table of international legislation
lix
1 Introductory Concepts
1.1 The distinction between public law and private law
1(4)
1.1.1 Private law
2(1)
1.1.2 Private law involving other than private individuals
2(1)
1.1.3 Public law
2(1)
1.1.4 Public law and criminal law
3(1)
1.1.5 Public law and politics
3(1)
1.1.6 Public law and European Union law
4(1)
1.2 The distinction between constitutional and administrative law
5(2)
1.2.1 Constitutional law
5(1)
1.2.2 Administrative law
6(1)
2 Constitutions
2.1 Definition
7(1)
2.2 The contents of a constitution
8(3)
2.2.1 The establishment of the institutions of government together with their roles, powers and functions
8(1)
2.2.2 The establishment of the relationship between the different institutions of the state
9(1)
2.2.3 The establishment of the relationship between the state institutions and the individual
10(1)
2.2.4 The methods and procedures to change the constitution
10(1)
2.3 Entrenching constitutional law
11(1)
2.4 The purpose of a constitution
12(3)
2.4.1 To ensure stability and order
12(1)
2.4.2 To ensure that government operates by consent and has constitutional and moral legitimacy
12(2)
2.4.3 To represent a constitutional watershed
14(1)
2.4.4 A constitutional limit and control on governmental power
14(1)
2.4.5 To affirm particular values and goals
14(1)
2.5 Different types of constitutions
15(3)
2.5.1 Written and unwritten constitutions/codified and uncodified constitutions
15(1)
2.5.2 Rigid and flexible constitutions
16(1)
2.5.3 Federal and unitary constitutions
17(1)
2.6 Constitutionalism and acting `constitutionally'
18(5)
2.6.1 Introduction
18(1)
2.6.2 The basic principles of constitutionalism
19(4)
3 The Nature Of The British Constitution
3.1 Introduction and terminology
23(1)
3.2 Does the United Kingdom have a constitution?
24(3)
3.2.1 The absence of a codified constitutional document
24(1)
3.2.2 The factors which indicate a British constitution
24(1)
3.2.3 The five tenets of the British constitution
25(1)
3.2.4 A system of government rather than a constitution?
26(1)
3.3 The nature of the British constitution
27(2)
3.3.1 An uncodified constitution
27(1)
3.3.2 Why does the United Kingdom not have a codified constitution?
28(1)
3.3.3 The incremental development of the British constitution
28(1)
3.4 The key features of the British constitution
29(7)
3.4.1 An unwritten constitution?
29(1)
3.4.2 Law and convention as sources
29(1)
3.4.3 The legislative supremacy of Parliament
30(1)
3.4.4 No special legal or higher status
30(1)
3.4.5 A flexible constitution
31(1)
3.4.6 A unitary constitution
32(1)
3.4.7 A limited monarchy
33(1)
3.4.8 No strict separation of powers
33(1)
3.4.9 An independent and impartial judiciary
33(1)
3.4.10 A parliamentary executive
34(1)
3.4.11 Responsible and accountable government
34(1)
3.4.12 A bicameral legislature
35(1)
3.4.13 A representative democracy
35(1)
3.4.14 An acceptance of the rule of law and respect for human rights
35(1)
3.5 Conclusion
36(5)
4 The Sources of the British Constitution
4.1 Introduction
41(1)
4.2 The difficulties associated with the sources of the British constitution
42(4)
4.2.1 What is a constitutional issue?
42(1)
4.2.2 The lack of a clear demarcation between constitutional and ordinary laws
43(1)
4.2.3 A possible sub-division of constitutional law?
44(1)
4.2.4 All statutes passed in essentially the same manner
44(1)
4.2.5 No definitive list of statutes of a constitutional nature
45(1)
4.2.6 No Constitutional Court specifically to resolve issues of a constitutional nature
45(1)
4.3 The classification of the sources of the British constitution
46(1)
4.3.1 The classification of legal and non-legal sources
46(1)
4.4 Domestic primary legislation
47(6)
4.4.1 Acts of Parliament
47(1)
4.4.2 Acts of Parliament affecting the organs of the state
47(3)
4.4.3 Acts of Parliament conferring rights on the individual
50(1)
4.4.4 Acts of Parliament restricting the freedoms of the individual
51(1)
4.4.5 Laws LJ and Acts of Parliament with constitutional status
52(1)
4.5 Domestic delegated legislation
53(1)
4.5.1 The nature of delegated legislation
53(1)
4.5.2 Examples of delegated legislation
53(1)
4.6 Domestic legislation of local authorities and the devolved institutions
54(1)
4.6.1 Local authorities and delegated legislation
54(1)
4.6.2 Legislation and the devolved institutions
54(1)
4.7 Legislation of the European Union
54(2)
4.7.1 Primary sources
54(1)
4.7.2 Secondary sources
54(2)
4.8 Domestic case law
56(4)
4.8.1 The role of the courts
56(1)
4.8.2 The common law
57(2)
4.8.3 Statutory interpretation
59(1)
4.8.4 Statutory interpretation and the Human Rights Act 1998
60(1)
4.9 The royal prerogative
60(1)
4.10 European case law
61(2)
4.10.1 The Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg
61(1)
4.10.2 The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg
62(1)
4.11 The law and custom of Parliament
63(1)
4.12 Treaties and international law
64(1)
4.13 Constitutional conventions
64(10)
4.13.1 Definition of a constitutional convention
64(1)
4.13.2 Preliminary points to note about constitutional conventions
65(1)
4.13.3 Constitutional conventions in respect of Parliament
65(1)
4.13.4 Constitutional conventions in respect of the monarch/executive
66(1)
4.13.5 Constitutional conventions in respect of the judiciary
66(1)
4.13.6 The significance of constitutional conventions
66(1)
4.13.7 The purpose of constitutional conventions
67(1)
4.13.8 Why are constitutional conventions followed?
67(1)
4.13.9 The flexibility of constitutional conventions
68(1)
4.13.10 What are the origins of constitutional conventions?
68(1)
4.13.11 The distinction between laws and constitutional conventions
69(1)
4.13.12 The judicial recognition of constitutional conventions
69(2)
4.13.13 Converting constitutional conventions into laws
71(3)
4.14 Documents relating to the constitution
74(1)
4.15 Authoritative writers
74(1)
4.16 Acting unconstitutionally in the United Kingdom
74(7)
4.16.1 The difficulties associated with the term `unconstitutional' in the United Kingdom
74(1)
4.16.2 Examples of acting unconstitutionally in the United Kingdom
75(6)
5 The Separation of Powers
5.1 Introduction
81(1)
5.2 Definition
81(2)
5.2.1 Introduction
81(1)
5.2.2 A pure separation of powers
82(1)
5.2.3 A less than pure separation of powers
82(1)
5.3 The different powers of the state
83(2)
5.3.1 The legislative function
84(1)
5.3.2 The executive function
84(1)
5.3.3 The judicial function
84(1)
5.4 The relationship between the three powers in the United Kingdom
85(1)
5.4.1 The (imaginary) Crime Act 2025
85(1)
5.4.2 The (imaginary) Tax Act 2025
86(1)
5.4.3 The (imaginary) Public Order Act 2025
86(1)
5.5 What is the rationale behind the separation of powers?
86(2)
5.5.1 To avoid a concentration of public power in one body/institution
86(1)
5.5.2 To provide a system of checks and balances between the branches of government
87(1)
5.5.3 To provide efficient government
87(1)
5.5.4 To safeguard the independence of the judiciary
88(1)
5.6 The separation of powers in the United Kingdom
88(2)
5.6.1 The separation of powers as part of the British constitution
88(1)
5.6.2 The separation of powers not being part of the British constitution
89(1)
5.6.3 Initial observations on the separation of powers and the British constitution
89(1)
5.7 Aspects of the British constitution not in accord with the separation of powers
90(21)
5.7.1 The parliamentary executive (an overlap of the legislature and the executive)
90(2)
5.7.2 Delegated legislation (an overlap involving the executive performing a legislative function)
92(2)
5.7.3 The Crown/monarch is formally involved in all three branches of government (an overlap of the legislature, executive and judiciary)
94(1)
5.7.4 Judges as legislators (an overlap involving the judiciary performing a legislative function)
95(4)
5.7.5 Parliament exercises functions other than legislative (an overlap involving the legislature performing a judicial function)
99(1)
5.7.6 The law officers (an overlap involving members of the executive/government sitting in the legislature and performing a quasi-judicial function)
100(2)
5.7.7 The Privy Council (an overlap involving the executive performing legislative and judicial functions)
102(1)
5.7.8 Historically, the executive has exercised a judicial function (an overlap involving the executive performing a judicial function)
103(1)
5.7.9 The Lord Chancellor (an historical overlap of the legislature, executive and judiciary)
104(3)
5.7.10 The Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (an historical overlap involving the judiciary forming part of the legislature)
107(3)
5.7.11 Administrative tribunals (historically having a link with the executive)
110(1)
5.8 Aspects of the British constitution in accord with the separation of powers
111(6)
5.8.1 Introduction
111(1)
5.8.2 The existence of three state institutions
111(1)
5.8.3 The legislature and judiciary
111(4)
5.8.4 The judiciary and executive
115(2)
5.8.5 The executive and legislature
117(1)
5.9 Conclusion
117(6)
6 The Rule of Law
6.1 Definition
123(2)
6.2 The rule of law as a legal principle
125(2)
6.2.1 A legal principle and procedural mechanism
125(1)
6.2.2 The limitation of the procedural mechanism
126(1)
6.3 The rule of law as a political ideal/theory
127(3)
6.3.1 A formal view of the rule of law
127(1)
6.3.2 Raz and the rule of law
127(3)
6.4 The rule of law as a substantive concept
130(1)
6.5 The rule of law as the antithesis of anarchy and chaos
131(1)
6.6 The rule of law in international terms
132(2)
6.6.1 The rule of law and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
132(1)
6.6.2 The rule of law and the European Convention on Human Rights
132(1)
6.6.3 The Declaration of Delhi
133(1)
6.6.4 The European Union
133(1)
6.7 The rule of law in the British constitution
134(25)
6.7.1 Introduction to the rule of law in the United Kingdom
134(1)
6.7.2 Dicey and the rule of law
135(1)
6.7.3 Dicey's first aspect
135(2)
6.7.4 Critique of Dicey's first aspect (element 1)
137(1)
6.7.5 Critique of Dicey's first aspect (element 2)
138(5)
6.7.6 Dicey's second aspect
143(2)
6.7.7 Critique of Dicey's second aspect
145(2)
6.7.8 Dicey's third aspect
147(1)
6.7.9 Critique of Dicey's third aspect
148(3)
6.7.10 The role of the United Kingdom courts and the rule of law
151(6)
6.7.11 State power
157(2)
6.8 Conclusion
159(6)
7 Parliamentary Sovereignty
7.1 Introduction
165(1)
7.2 Terminology
166(2)
7.2.1 Legal sovereignty
166(1)
7.2.2 Political sovereignty
167(1)
7.3 The meaning and scope of legal sovereignty
168(3)
7.3.1 Introduction
168(1)
7.3.2 The origins of parliamentary sovereignty
168(2)
7.3.3 What constitutes an Act of Parliament?
170(1)
7.4 Dicey and parliamentary sovereignty
171(1)
7.5 Principle 1: The Queen in Parliament can legally pass any law
172(7)
7.5.1 Parliamentary sovereignty and the common law
172(1)
7.5.2 Parliamentary sovereignty and the law-making process
173(1)
7.5.3 Parliamentary sovereignty and the interpretation of legislation
173(1)
7.5.4 Parliamentary sovereignty and the constitution
174(2)
7.5.5 Parliamentary sovereignty and international law
176(2)
7.5.6 Parliamentary sovereignty and extra-territorial jurisdiction
178(1)
7.5.7 Parliamentary sovereignty and the conferring of powers onto the executive
178(1)
7.6 Non-legal restraints on Parliament
179(3)
7.6.1 Political restraints
179(1)
7.6.2 Political entrenchment
180(1)
7.6.3 Practical restraints
180(1)
7.6.4 Constitutional conventions
181(1)
7.7 Is there a limitation on the laws that Parliament can pass?
182(2)
7.8 Principle 2: the courts cannot challenge the authority of an Act of Parliament
184(4)
7.8.1 Introduction
184(2)
7.8.2 The courts may assume that Parliament did not intend to act unconstitutionally
186(1)
7.8.3 The surrender of parliamentary sovereignty?
187(1)
7.9 Principle 3: Parliament cannot bind its successors or be bound by its predecessors
188(3)
7.9.1 Introduction
188(1)
7.9.2 Express repeal
189(1)
7.9.3 Implied repeal
189(2)
7.10 Is legal entrenchment possible?
191(9)
7.10.1 Entrenchment in terms of subject matter
192(2)
7.10.2 Entrenchment in terms of the manner and form of later legislation
194(4)
7.10.3 The Jackson case
198(2)
7.11 Parliamentary sovereignty and devolution
200(1)
7.12 Parliamentary sovereignty and the Human Rights Act 1998
200(2)
7.13 Parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law
202(5)
8 Parliament I: Nature, Functions And Privilege
8.1 Introduction and terminology
207(3)
8.1.1 Parliamentary terms
207(1)
8.1.2 An early general election?
208(1)
8.1.3 A new Parliament
209(1)
8.1.4 Parliamentary sessions
209(1)
8.1.5 Prorogation
210(1)
8.2 A bicameral legislature
210(1)
8.2.1 Bicameralism
210(1)
8.2.2 Arguments in favour of bicameralism
210(1)
8.2.3 Arguments in favour of unicameralism
211(1)
8.3 The Queen in Parliament
211(1)
8.4 The functions of Parliament
211(4)
8.4.1 A legislative function (examining and passing proposals for law)
212(1)
8.4.2 A deliberative function (the scrutiny of executive policy and administration)
212(1)
8.4.3 A forum for debate (debating the major issues of the day)
213(1)
8.4.4 To provide for taxation/finance
213(1)
8.4.5 Other functions
214(1)
8.5 Parliamentary privilege
215(2)
8.5.1 Definition and types of privilege
215(1)
8.5.2 The origins, sources and constitutional rationale of parliamentary privilege
216(1)
8.6 Freedom of speech
217(5)
8.6.1 Article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1689
217(1)
8.6.2 Section 13 of the Defamation Act 1996
218(1)
8.6.3 What are `proceedings' in Parliament?
219(1)
8.6.4 `Proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court'
220(2)
8.7 Other privileges
222(4)
8.7.1 The right to determine their own composition
223(1)
8.7.2 The right to regulate their own internal proceedings
223(1)
8.7.3 The right to punish individuals for contempt or breach of privilege
224(2)
8.8 Members' interests and standards
226(7)
8.8.1 The register of members' financial interests
226(1)
8.8.2 Standards in public life
226(2)
8.8.3 The Parliamentary Standards Act 2009
228(5)
9 Parliament II: The House Of Commons
9.1 The functions of the House of Commons
233(3)
9.1.1 Bagehot and the functions of the House of Commons
233(1)
9.1.2 Modern functions of the House of Commons
234(2)
9.2 The size and composition of the House of Commons
236(3)
9.2.1 The number of seats in the House of Commons
236(1)
9.2.2 The House of Commons as a representative body?
237(2)
9.3 The Member of Parliament (MP)
239(4)
9.3.1 The role of an MP
239(1)
9.3.2 The qualifications required to be an MP
240(1)
9.3.3 The factors which disqualify a person from becoming an MP
240(2)
9.3.4 By-elections
242(1)
9.4 The electoral system
243(6)
9.4.1 The system of voting
243(1)
9.4.2 Election turnouts
244(1)
9.4.3 The advantages of the `first past the post' electoral system
245(1)
9.4.4 The disadvantages of the `first past the post' electoral system
246(2)
9.4.5 Parliamentary constituency boundaries
248(1)
9.5 The current political composition of the House of Commons
249(1)
9.6 The electorate
250(5)
9.6.1 The constitutional significance of voting
250(1)
9.6.2 Who can vote in parliamentary elections?
251(1)
9.6.3 Who is disqualified from voting?
252(3)
9.7 The supervision and conduct of elections and political parties
255(1)
9.7.1 The Electoral Commission
255(1)
9.7.2 Election broadcasts
256(1)
9.8 The constitutional significance of the electoral system
256(2)
9.9 An overview of the main elements of the House of Commons - a snapshot at November 2021
258(1)
9.10 Reform
258(5)
9.10.1 The electoral system
258(5)
10 Parliament III: The House of Lords
10.1 Introduction and size of the House of Lords
263(1)
10.2 The composition of the House of Lords
264(1)
10.3 Lords Spiritual
264(1)
10.4 The judicial life peers
265(1)
10.5 `Ordinary' life peers
266(2)
10.5.1 The Life Peerages Act 1958
266(1)
10.5.2 The creation of life peerages
267(1)
10.5.3 The appointment of party political peers
267(1)
10.5.4 The appointment of non-party political peers (independent peers)
267(1)
10.6 Hereditary peers
268(4)
10.6.1 The position before the House of Lords Act 1999
268(1)
10.6.2 The arguments for the removal of the hereditary peers
268(1)
10.6.3 The House of Lords Act 1999
269(2)
10.6.4 Renouncing a peerage
271(1)
10.7 The party political composition of the House of Lords
272(3)
10.7.1 Political breakdown of the composition of the House of Lords
272(1)
10.7.2 Government ministers in the House of Lords
273(1)
10.7.3 Independent/crossbench peers
273(1)
10.7.4 Other key personnel of the House
274(1)
10.8 Disqualification of membership of the House of Lords
275(1)
10.9 The functions of the House of Lords
276(5)
10.9.1 The judicial role of the House of Lords
277(1)
10.9.2 A forum for debate
277(1)
10.9.3 The revision of public Bills brought from the House of Commons
277(1)
10.9.4 The initiation of public legislation
278(1)
10.9.5 The consideration of subordinate legislation
278(1)
10.9.6 The scrutiny of the activities of the executive
278(1)
10.9.7 The scrutiny of private legislation
279(1)
10.9.8 Scrutiny in the context of the European Union
279(1)
10.9.9 A guardian of the constitution and watchdog of civil liberties and human rights
279(2)
10.10 The legal powers of the House of Lords
281(2)
10.10.1 Legal limitations
281(1)
10.10.2 The use of the Parliament Acts
282(1)
10.10.3 Is the Parliament Act 1949 legal?
282(1)
10.11 Limitations imposed by constitutional convention
283(3)
10.12 The relationship between the House of Lords and the House of Commons
286(3)
10.13 Reform since 1997
289(8)
11 The Executive
11.1 Introduction and terminology
297(2)
11.1.1 Definition of government
297(1)
11.1.2 The constitutional monarchy and the Crown
297(1)
11.1.3 The different forms of executive
298(1)
11.2 The political executive/Her Majesty's Government
299(5)
11.2.1 The monarch
299(1)
11.2.2 The Prime Minister
299(1)
11.2.3 The Cabinet
300(1)
11.2.4 Junior ministers
301(1)
11.2.5 Central government departments headed by a government minister
302(1)
11.2.6 The Privy Council
303(1)
11.3 The non-political or bureaucratic executive
304(5)
11.3.1 The Civil Service
304(3)
11.3.2 Executive agencies/the `next step agencies'
307(1)
11.3.3 Non-ministerial departments
307(1)
11.3.4 Non-departmental public bodies
308(1)
11.4 The executive in practical terms
309(1)
11.5 Other executive bodies in the British constitution
309(1)
11.6 The statistical breakdown of government ministers
310(1)
11.6.1 The parliamentary executive
310(1)
11.6.2 Government ministers in the House of Lords
310(1)
11.6.3 The executive and the separation of powers
311(1)
11.7 The functions of the executive
311(1)
11.8 The powers of the executive
312(2)
11.8.1 Statutory powers
312(1)
11.8.2 Common law powers
313(1)
11.9 The royal prerogative
314(18)
11.9.1 Definition
314(1)
11.9.2 The context of recent reform proposals
314(1)
11.9.3 The Public Administration Select Committee classification
315(6)
11.9.4 The 2009 Review
321(1)
11.9.5 The constitutional relationship between Parliament and the royal prerogative
321(2)
11.9.6 The constitutional relationship between the judiciary and the royal prerogative
323(3)
11.9.7 The constitutional significance of the royal prerogative
326(6)
12 Executive/Parliamentary Relations
12.1 The constitutional convention of ministerial responsibility
332(1)
12.1.1 Classification
332(1)
12.1.2 The Ministerial Code
332(1)
12.2 The constitutional convention of collective ministerial responsibility
333(3)
12.2.1 The loss of the confidence of the House of Commons
333(1)
12.2.2 The government speaks with one single voice
334(1)
12.2.3 Cabinet discussions remain secret
335(1)
12.3 The constitutional convention of individual ministerial responsibility
336(6)
12.3.1 Constitutional responsibility for professional conduct and departmental activity
336(1)
12.3.2 Resignations due to ministerial decisions or actions made as a minister
337(1)
12.3.3 Resignations due to the actions of departmental officials
337(1)
12.3.4 Constitutional responsibility for conduct in a minister's private life
338(2)
12.3.5 Uncertain aspects of individual ministerial responsibility
340(2)
12.4 Parliamentary questions
342(5)
12.4.1 Oral questions in the House of Commons
342(1)
12.4.2 Oral questions to the Prime Minister
342(1)
12.4.3 The advantages and disadvantages of PMQs
343(1)
12.4.4 Oral questions to other government ministers
344(1)
12.4.5 The advantages and disadvantages of oral questions to ministers
344(1)
12.4.6 Written questions in the House of Commons
345(1)
12.4.7 The advantages and disadvantages of written questions
345(1)
12.4.8 Oral and written questions in the House of Lords
346(1)
12.4.9 Urgent questions
346(1)
12.5 Parliamentary debates
347(4)
12.5.1 Debates in the House of Commons
348(1)
12.5.2 Debates in the House of Lords
349(1)
12.5.3 The advantages and disadvantages of parliamentary debates
350(1)
12.6 The parliamentary committee system
351(8)
12.6.1 Classification
351(1)
12.6.2 Departmental select committees
351(1)
12.6.3 The function of select committees
352(2)
12.6.4 The composition of select committees
354(1)
12.6.5 The powers of select committees
355(1)
12.6.6 Select committee reports
356(1)
12.6.7 Other select committees
356(1)
12.6.8 Joint committees
356(1)
12.6.9 Committees in the House of Lords
356(1)
12.6.10 The advantages and disadvantages of select committees
357(1)
12.6.11 Recent reforms
358(1)
12.7 Scrutiny during the legislative process
359(8)
12.7.1 Draft legislation
359(1)
12.7.2 The second reading
360(1)
12.7.3 The committee and subsequent stages
360(2)
12.7.4 Procedural matters
362(1)
12.7.5 Delegated legislation
363(4)
12.8 Scrutiny in the context of finance
367(1)
12.9 Scrutiny in the context of Europe
367(4)
13 The Judiciary
13.1 Introduction and definition
371(1)
13.2 The constitutional dimension of the judiciary
372(4)
13.2.1 The separation of powers
372(1)
13.2.2 Parliamentary sovereignty
373(1)
13.2.3 The rule of law and the protection of the individual
374(1)
13.2.4 Judicial review
375(1)
13.3 The appointment of the judiciary
376(2)
13.3.1 Judicial appointments
376(1)
13.3.2 Arguments against executive involvement in judicial appointments
376(1)
13.3.3 Arguments in favour of executive involvement in judicial appointments
377(1)
13.4 The independence of the judiciary
378(6)
13.4.1 Statutory protection
378(2)
13.4.2 Common law protection
380(3)
13.4.3 Parliamentary protection
383(1)
13.4.4 Protection through constitutional convention
383(1)
13.5 Judicial accountability
384(1)
13.6 The perception of judicial independence, neutrality and impartiality
384(9)
13.6.1 The composition of the judiciary
384(2)
13.6.2 Judges and civil liberties
386(2)
13.6.3 Judges and `difficult' cases
388(5)
14 The Decentralisation of Public Power
14.1 Introduction
393(2)
14.2 Local government
395(9)
14.2.1 Introduction
395(1)
14.2.2 The functions of local government
395(2)
14.2.3 The advantages of local government
397(1)
14.2.4 The disadvantages of local government
398(1)
14.2.5 The control of local government
399(3)
14.2.6 The relationship between central and local government
402(2)
14.3 Scottish devolution
404(13)
14.3.1 History
404(1)
14.3.2 Arguments for and against Scottish devolution
405(2)
14.3.3 The Scottish Parliament
407(2)
14.3.4 The Scottish administration
409(1)
14.3.5 Legislation
410(1)
14.3.6 Devolved and reserved matters
410(1)
14.3.7 Tax-varying powers
411(1)
14.3.8 Legislative competence
412(1)
14.3.9 Ensuring the Scottish Parliament legislates within its powers
413(1)
14.3.10 Challenging the actions of the Scottish government
414(1)
14.3.11 The European Convention and devolution
414(1)
14.3.12 The relationship with Westminster
415(1)
14.3.13 Parliamentary sovereignty and the Scottish Parliament
416(1)
14.4 Northern Irish devolution
417(7)
14.4.1 History
417(2)
14.4.2 The Northern Ireland Assembly
419(1)
14.4.3 The Northern Ireland Executive Committee
420(1)
14.4.4 Legislation and legislative competence
421(1)
14.4.5 Reserved, excepted and transferred matters
421(1)
14.4.6 Ensuring the Northern Ireland Assembly legislates within its powers
422(1)
14.4.7 Challenging the actions of the Northern Ireland Executive Committee
422(1)
14.4.8 The relationship with Westminster and parliamentary sovereignty
423(1)
14.4.9 Other strands to the Belfast Agreement
423(1)
14.5 Welsh devolution
424(6)
14.5.1 History
424(1)
14.5.2 The Welsh Parliament/Senedd Cymru
424(1)
14.5.3 The Welsh government
425(2)
14.5.4 Powers and responsibilities
427(1)
14.5.5 The competence of the institutions
428(1)
14.5.6 The relationship with Westminster and parliamentary sovereignty
429(1)
14.6 The position of England
430(8)
14.6.1 No English Parliament
430(1)
14.6.2 The English regions
431(1)
14.6.3 The London Mayor and Assembly
431(7)
15 The European Union
15.1 The Treaties
438(2)
15.1.1 A de facto constitution?
438(1)
15.1.2 The European Constitution/Treaty of Lisbon
439(1)
15.2 The institutions
440(3)
15.2.1 An outline of the institutions
440(1)
15.2.2 The separation of powers in Europe
440(1)
15.2.3 Democracy and the European institutions
441(2)
15.3 Sources of law
443(1)
15.3.1 Primary sources
443(1)
15.3.2 Secondary sources
443(1)
15.4 The Court of Justice of the European Union
444(3)
15.4.1 The distinctive nature of the Court
444(1)
15.4.2 The role of the Court of Justice of the European Union
445(2)
15.5 Individuals
447(1)
15.6 European Union law and parliamentary sovereignty
447(16)
15.6.1 Introduction
447(1)
15.6.2 The primacy of European Union law
447(1)
15.6.3 The reception of European Union law in the British constitution
448(2)
15.6.4 The Factortame litigation
450(3)
15.6.5 The constitutional impact of Factortame
453(2)
15.6.6 Brexit
455(8)
16 The European Convention On Human Rights
16.1 Introduction and background
463(2)
16.2 The European Court of Human Rights
465(1)
16.2.1 The composition of the European Court of Human Rights
466(1)
16.2.2 The Grand Chamber of the European Court
466(1)
16.3 The role of the European Court of Human Rights
466(2)
16.3.1 The effect of the European Court of Human Rights' judgments and their domestic effect
467(1)
16.3.2 The power to award just satisfaction
467(1)
16.4 State and individual applications
468(3)
16.4.1 Inter-state applications
468(1)
16.4.2 Individual applications
469(1)
16.4.3 The requirement to be a victim
469(1)
16.4.4 Admissibility of applications
469(1)
16.4.5 The admissibility criteria
469(2)
16.4.6 Friendly settlements and striking out
471(1)
16.5 Lawful and permissible interferences with Convention rights
471(6)
16.5.1 Prescribed by law/in accordance with law
471(2)
16.5.2 Legitimate aims
473(1)
16.5.3 Necessary in a democratic society
474(1)
16.5.4 The doctrine of proportionality
474(1)
16.5.5 The margin of appreciation
475(2)
16.6 Derogations and reservations
477(3)
16.6.1 Derogation in times of war or other public emergency
477(1)
16.6.2 Reservations
478(2)
16.7 The rights guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights
480(1)
16.7.1 Absolute and conditional rights
480(1)
16.8 Article 2 -- The right to life
480(3)
16.8.1 The scope of Article 2
480(1)
16.8.2 The duty to carry out an effective investigation
481(1)
16.8.3 The exceptions under Article 2.2
482(1)
16.8.4 Article 2 and the death penalty
483(1)
16.9 Article 3 -- Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment
483(3)
16.9.1 The scope of Article 3
483(1)
16.9.2 Definition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment
484(1)
16.9.3 Article 3 and corporal punishment
485(1)
16.9.4 Article 3 and deportation and extradition
485(1)
16.10 Article 4 -- Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
486(1)
16.10.1 The prohibition of slavery and servitude
486(1)
16.10.2 Prohibition of forced or compulsory labour
487(1)
16.11 Article 5 -- Liberty and security of the person
487(4)
16.11.1 Scope of the article
487(1)
16.11.2 Lawful detention after conviction
488(1)
16.11.3 Lawful arrest or detention for non-compliance of a lawful court order
488(1)
16.11.4 Lawful detention following arrest
488(1)
16.11.5 Other lawful restrictions
489(1)
16.11.6 Right to be informed of reasons for arrest and charge
489(1)
16.11.7 The right to be brought promptly before a judge for trial or release
490(1)
16.11.8 Right to challenge lawfulness of detention
490(1)
16.11.9 Right to compensation for breach of Article 5
491(1)
16.12 Article 6 -- The right to a fair and public hearing
491(4)
16.12.1 The scope of Article 6
491(1)
16.12.2 The right of access to the courts
492(1)
16.12.3 The right to a public hearing before an impartial court or tribunal
492(1)
16.12.4 The right to effective participation in the trial
493(1)
16.12.5 The presumption of innocence and the rule against self-incrimination
494(1)
16.12.6 The right to legal assistance
494(1)
16.12.7 The right to call and question witnesses
495(1)
16.13 Article 7 -- Prohibition of retrospective criminal law and penalties
495(2)
16.13.1 The scope of Article 7
495(1)
16.13.2 The exceptions to Article 7
496(1)
16.14 Article 8 -- Right to private and family life
497(2)
16.14.1 The scope of Article 8
497(1)
16.14.2 The right to respect for private life
497(1)
16.14.3 The right to respect for family life
498(1)
16.14.4 The right to respect for the home
498(1)
16.14.5 The right to respect for correspondence
499(1)
16.15 Article 9 -- Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
499(2)
16.15.1 The scope of Article 9
499(1)
16.15.2 Permissible restrictions
500(1)
16.16 Article 10 -- Freedom of expression
501(1)
16.16.1 The scope of Article 10
501(1)
16.16.2 Restrictions on freedom of expression -- Article 10(2)
501(1)
16.17 Article 11 -- Freedom of assembly and association
502(2)
16.17.1 The scope of Article 11
502(1)
16.17.2 Freedom of association
502(1)
16.17.3 Freedom of peaceful assembly
503(1)
16.18 Article 12 -- The right to marry
504(1)
16.18.1 The scope of Article 12
504(1)
16.18.2 Restrictions on the right to marry
504(1)
16.19 Article 1 of the First Protocol -- The right to property
504(1)
16.19.1 The scope of the right to property
505(1)
16.19.2 Lawful restrictions on the right to property
505(1)
16.20 Article 2 of the First Protocol -- The right to education
505(1)
16.21 Article 3 -- The right to free elections
506(1)
16.21.1 The scope of the right to vote
506(1)
16.21.2 Limitations on the right to vote
506(1)
16.22 Articles 13 and 14 -- The right to an effective remedy and freedom from discrimination
507(6)
16.22.1 The right to an effective remedy -- Article 13
507(1)
16.22.2 Prohibition of discrimination -- Article 14
508(1)
16.22.3 The scope of Article 14
508(1)
16.22.4 Justifiable discrimination
508(5)
17 The Human Rights Act 1998
17.1 Introduction
513(1)
17.2 Pre-Human Rights Act 1998 position
514(1)
17.2.1 The role of the courts in protecting civil liberties
514(1)
17.2.2 The role of Parliament in protecting civil liberties
514(1)
17.2.3 The criticisms of the traditional system
515(1)
17.3 The passing of the Human Rights Act 1998
515(3)
17.3.1 Central aims and provisions of the Act
516(1)
17.3.2 Retrospective effect of the Act
517(1)
17.3.3 The rights guaranteed under the Act
517(1)
17.4 Use of Convention case law by the domestic courts
518(2)
17.5 The doctrine of proportionality
520(3)
17.6 Interpreting statutory provisions in the light of the Convention
523(3)
17.6.1 The scope of Section 3
524(2)
17.7 Declarations of incompatibility
526(6)
17.7.1 Declarations of incompatibility in practice
527(3)
17.7.2 Statements of compatibility
530(1)
17.7.3 Remedial action
530(2)
17.8 Liability of public authorities under the Act
532(3)
17.8.1 Definition of `public authority'
533(1)
17.8.2 The `horizontal' effect of the Human Rights Act 1998
534(1)
17.9 Remedies under the Act
535(4)
17.9.1 Victims of a Convention violation
536(1)
17.9.2 Power to award an appropriate remedy
536(1)
17.9.3 Damages and the Human Rights Act 1998
537(2)
17.10 Freedom of expression and freedom of religion
539(1)
17.11 Derogations and reservations
540(9)
17.11.1 Derogations
540(1)
17.11.2 Reservations
541(1)
17.11.3 Proposals for reform of the Human Rights Act 1998
541(8)
18 Freedom Of Speech
18.1 The constitutional importance of free speech
549(2)
18.1.1 Introduction
549(1)
18.1.2 The justification for the principle of free expression
550(1)
18.2 Freedom of expression in the British Constitution
551(5)
18.2.1 The residual liberty of expression
551(1)
18.2.2 The interplay of freedom of speech with other competing interests
552(2)
18.2.3 The Human Rights Act 1998
554(1)
18.2.4 Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (1950)
554(2)
18.3 Free speech and the criminal law
556(4)
18.3.1 Protecting religious sensibilities
556(1)
18.3.2 Protecting the public from indecent material
557(1)
18.3.3 Controlling material which depraves and corrupts
558(1)
18.3.4 Protecting public order
559(1)
18.3.5 Protecting the administration of justice
559(1)
18.3.6 Protecting national security
560(1)
18.3.7 Online safety
560(1)
18.4 Free speech and the civil law
560(9)
18.4.1 The protection of reputation
560(2)
18.4.2 The protection of confidential and private information
562(7)
19 Judicial Review I: Rationale And Procedure
19.1 Administrative law
569(2)
19.1.1 Introduction
569(1)
19.1.2 Political control
570(1)
19.1.3 Legal control
571(1)
19.1.4 Other control/remedies
571(1)
19.2 Judicial review
571(9)
19.2.1 Definition
571(2)
19.2.2 A review and not an appellate jurisdiction
573(1)
19.2.3 The constitutional dimension of judicial review
574(2)
19.2.4 The controversial nature of judicial review
576(3)
19.2.5 A special `administrative court'?
579(1)
19.2.6 The mechanics of judicial review
580(1)
19.3 Bodies subject to judicial review
580(4)
19.3.1 Government/public bodies
581(1)
19.3.2 Judicial bodies
581(1)
19.3.3 Non-governmental bodies
581(2)
19.3.4 Private bodies and administrative principles
583(1)
19.4 Standing in judicial review
584(3)
19.4.1 Individuals
584(1)
19.4.2 Groups/organisations
585(1)
19.4.3 Local government/police
586(1)
19.4.4 When should standing be determined?
587(1)
19.5 A public law issue
587(4)
19.5.1 Public law issues
587(1)
19.5.2 Exclusive proceedings
588(1)
19.5.3 Collateral cases
589(1)
19.5.4 The use of a public law issue in an individual's defence
590(1)
19.5.5 Consent
590(1)
19.6 Procedure
591(4)
19.6.1 The Pre-action Protocol and claim
591(1)
19.6.2 Permission to apply for judicial review
591(1)
19.6.3 The time limit
592(1)
19.6.4 The substantive hearing
592(1)
19.6.5 Reform
593(2)
20 Judicial Review II: Grounds Of Review And Remedies
20.1 Grounds for judicial review
595(1)
20.2 The ground of illegality
596(15)
20.2.1 Definition and classification
596(1)
20.2.2 Simple ultra vires
596(3)
20.2.3 Wrongful delegation of power
599(3)
20.2.4 Improper purpose/motive
602(2)
20.2.5 Abuse of discretion
604(3)
20.2.6 Excess of jurisdiction
607(3)
20.2.7 Breach of the European Convention on Human Rights
610(1)
20.3 The ground of irrationality
611(4)
20.3.1 Origins and definition
611(2)
20.3.2 The controversial nature of irrationality
613(1)
20.3.3 Irrationality in practice
614(1)
20.4 The ground of proportionality
615(5)
20.4.1 Origins and definition
615(1)
20.4.2 Proportionality and irrationality compared
616(1)
20.4.3 Proportionality pre-Human Rights Act?
617(1)
20.4.4 Proportionality and the Human Rights Act 1998
618(1)
20.4.5 The demise of irrationality?
618(2)
20.5 The ground of procedural impropriety
620(15)
20.5.1 Definition
620(1)
20.5.2 Statutory requirements
621(2)
20.5.3 Common law requirements: nemo judex in re sua
623(4)
20.5.4 Common law requirements: audi alteram partem
627(8)
20.6 Remedies
635(2)
20.6.1 The different remedies available
635(2)
20.6.2 The discretionary nature of remedies
637(1)
20.7 The effectiveness of judicial review
637(2)
20.7.1 Factors which support its effectiveness
637(1)
20.7.2 Factors which question its effectiveness
638(1)
20.8 Judicial review checklist
639(4)
21 Grievance Mechanisms
21.1 Tribunals
643(7)
21.1.1 Definition and history
643(1)
21.1.2 Types of tribunals
644(1)
21.1.3 The constitutional position of tribunals
644(2)
21.1.4 Advantages of tribunals
646(1)
21.1.5 Disadvantages of tribunals
647(1)
21.1.6 Reform
647(1)
21.1.7 The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
648(2)
21.2 Inquiries
650(5)
21.2.1 Land inquiries
650(2)
21.2.2 Inquiries into national events/scandals
652(1)
21.2.3 Statutory inquiries into national events
653(1)
21.2.4 Non-statutory inquiries into national events
654(1)
21.3 Ombudsmen
655(16)
21.3.1 Origins
656(1)
21.3.2 Maladministration
656(1)
21.3.3 Jurisdiction
657(2)
21.3.4 The investigation process
659(4)
21.3.5 Ombudsman or Ombudsmouse?
663(1)
21.3.6 Accountability
664(1)
21.3.7 Other Ombudsmen
665(1)
21.3.8 Recent reform proposals
666(5)
22 Covid-19 And the Constitution
22.1 Introduction
671(1)
22.2 The legislative framework
671(2)
22.2.1 Primary legislation
671(1)
22.2.2 Secondary legislation
672(1)
22.3 Parliament
673(1)
22.4 Decentralisation of power
674(1)
22.5 The courts
674(1)
22.5.1 The court system
674(1)
22.5.2 Challenging the COVID-19 response in the courts
674(1)
22.6 Human rights
675(1)
22.7 Lessons from COVID-19?
676(3)
Glossary 679(2)
Index 681
Dr Mark Ryan BA, MA, PGCE, FHEA is an Assistant Professor in Constitutional and Administrative Law at Coventry University. He was Called to the Bar as a barrister and has over 25 years experience of teaching law at all levels. He has written extensively in the area of constitutional law including many journal articles and conference papers, and in addition has been quoted in various parliamentary select committee reports.

Dr Steve Foster LLM is an Associate Professor at Coventry University and an experienced author in constitutional law and human rights.
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