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El. knyga: Urbanization in China: The Path to Harmony and Prosperity

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This book traces the history of urbanization in China and discusses major problems and challenges the country is facing as it undergoes a profound social transformation. The author argues that as China tries to build not just more but also better cities, i.e., cities that are not only economically competitive but also people- and environment-friendly, it should adopt urbanization strategies and policies that promote integrated development for both rural and urban areas, and coordination among otherwise disparate objectives – such as industrialization, ecological modernization, informatization and cultural heritage preservation – nationwide and at various scales.
1 Urbanization in China: A Historical Review 1(36)
1.1 Administrative Hierarchy in Chinese Towns and Cities
1(6)
1.2 Stages of Urbanization in China
7(7)
1.2.1 Oscillation (1950-1977)
7(1)
1.2.2 Steady Progress (1978-1995)
8(4)
1.2.3 Acceleration (1996-Present)
12(2)
1.3 Basic Characteristics of Urbanization in China
14(6)
1.3.1 Low Starting Point, Large Scale and Fast Rate
14(1)
1.3.2 Regional Disparity in Urbanization Rate
15(2)
1.3.3 The Rise of Urban Agglomeration as an Urbanization Model
17(1)
1.3.4 Rapid Development of Urban Infrastructure
18(1)
1.3.5 Urbanization as an Important Engine for Economic Growth
19(1)
1.4 Problems and Challenges
20(12)
1.4.1 The Hukou Urbanization of Farmers: Slow and Difficult
20(2)
1.4.2 Resource Intensity Versus Utilization Inefficiency
22(2)
1.4.3 Growing Pollution and Environmental Degradation
24(1)
1.4.4 Town and City Sprawl
25(2)
1.4.5 The Urban System Lacks Reason
27(1)
1.4.6 Unbalanced Regional Development
28(2)
1.4.7 Non-inclusiveness in Urbanization
30(2)
1.4.8 Homogenization in Urban Design and Management
32(1)
1.5 Review of China's Urbanization Strategy
32(2)
References
34(3)
2 The Essentials of the New Chinese Approach to Urbanization 37(18)
2.1 Scientific Foundation of the New Chinese Approach to Urbanization
37(4)
2.2 The Scientific Import of New Urbanization with Chinese Characteristics
41(6)
2.2.1 Putting the People and Their Interests First
42(1)
2.2.2 Efficient and Smart
43(1)
2.2.3 Green Development and Low Carbon Emissions
43(1)
2.2.4 Integrated Urban and Rural Development
44(1)
2.2.5 Coordinating Industrialization, Urbanization, IT Application and Agricultural Modernization
45(1)
2.2.6 Perpetuation of Cultural Heritage
46(1)
2.3 Basic Features of New Urbanization with Chinese Characteristics
47(6)
References
53(2)
3 Strategic Thinking About Urbanization in China 55(16)
3.1 China's Current Transitional Stage of Urbanization
55(3)
3.2 Urbanization in China: Trends and Targets
58(6)
3.2.1 Forecasts for Urbanization Rates in China by the End of 2050
59(1)
3.2.2 Analysis of and Forecasts for Urbanization Rates by Region
60(2)
3.2.3 Targets for Urbanization in China
62(2)
3.3 Main Tasks for New Urbanization
64(6)
3.3.1 Phasing in the Hukou Urbanization of Rural Migrants
64(2)
3.3.2 Strengthening the Ability of Towns and Cities to Support Industrial Growth and Overall Carrying Capacity
66(1)
3.3.3 Reducing Resource Consumption as Part of the Cost of Urbanization
67(1)
3.3.4 Optimizing City Size and Spatial Structures in the Urbanization Process
67(1)
3.3.5 Improving Urban Management Services
68(1)
3.3.6 Enhancing Institutional Innovation for Urbanization
69(1)
References
70(1)
4 Resizing Towns and Cities in China 71(28)
4.1 Polarization of Urbanization Across China
71(9)
4.1.1 Polarization in the Number of Large Versus Small Cities
72(2)
4.1.2 Polarization of Population Percentages by City Size
74(2)
4.1.3 Polarization in the Ability to Accommodate Migrants by City Size
76(4)
4.2 The Causes of Polarization from Multiple Perspectives
80(7)
4.2.1 The Effects of Traditional Ideas of Development
81(1)
4.2.2 Dual Bias in Resource Allocation
81(2)
4.2.3 The Polarization Effect of the Market
83(1)
4.2.4 Farmers' Willingness to Migrate
84(1)
4.2.5 Regulatory Ineffectiveness
85(2)
4.3 The Scientific Basis for Resizing Towns and Cities
87(5)
4.4 A Strategic Choice for Resizing Towns and Cities
92(4)
4.4.1 Establishing Scientifically-Sound City Size Standards
92(1)
4.4.2 Differentiating Population Control in Very Large Cities
93(1)
4.4.3 Unleashing the Potential of Urban Agglomerations as the Main Form of Urbanization
94(1)
4.4.4 Improving the Ability of Town Sand Small/Medium-Sized Cities to Accept New Migrants
95(1)
References
96(3)
5 Optimizing the Spatial Distribution of Cities in China 99(38)
5.1 Distribution of Chinese Towns and Cities: Agglomeration in Certain Areas
100(7)
5.1.1 High Densities of Cities and Urban Residents in Coastal Regions
101(2)
5.1.2 Urban Agglomerations
103(4)
5.2 Main Problems Caused by Lack of Co-agglomeration
107(7)
5.2.1 Too High or Low Urban Population Density
108(2)
5.2.2 Extremely Unbalanced Regional Development
110(2)
5.2.3 Interregional Transport of People and Commodities
112(2)
5.2.4 Heavy Pressure on Resources and the Environment in Certain Areas
114(1)
5.3 Analysis of the Lack of Co-agglomeration in Urbanization
114(7)
5.3.1 Interregional Differences in Natural Conditions
115(2)
5.3.2 Resource Agglomeration Effect
117(1)
5.3.3 A National Development Strategy in Favor of Cities and East China
118(1)
5.3.4 The Widening Interregional Gap in Economic Development
119(2)
5.4 Strategies to Improve the Distribution of Towns and Cities
121(13)
5.4.1 Accelerating Urbanization in Central and Western Regions
123(2)
5.4.2 Maintaining Tight Control Over the Spatial Expansion of Towns and Cities
125(2)
5.4.3 Implementing a Multi-center Network Development Strategy
127(3)
5.4.4 Building a System of Major Development Belts Characterized by Four Longitudinal and Four Latitudinal Belts
130(4)
References
134(3)
6 Administrative Levels and Size Growth of Chinese Cities 137(24)
6.1 Why Has China's City Size Control Policy Failed?
137(3)
6.2 Correlation Between Administrative Levels and Size Growth of Chinese Cities
140(7)
6.3 Consequences of Administrative Center Bias for City Size Growth
147(8)
6.4 Promoting Inter-city Equality in Opportunities and Rights/Benefits
155(3)
References
158(3)
7 Spatial Expansion Effect of Urbanization in China 161(24)
7.1 Theoretical Analysis of the Spatial Expansion Effect of Cities
161(3)
7.2 Correlation Between Spatial Expansion of Cities and Productivity
164(6)
7.3 Correlation Between Spatial Expansion of Cities, Car Increase and Carbon Emissions
170(4)
7.4 Correlation Between Spatial Expansion of Cities and Dual Urban Structures
174(3)
7.5 Correlation Between Optimal Urban Population Density and Potential for Land Conservation
177(4)
7.6 Choices for Optimizing City Structures in China
181(2)
References
183(2)
8 Recommendations for Comprehensive Improvements in Urban Development and Management 185(24)
8.1 Improving the Quality of Urban Development
185(4)
8.2 Modernizing Urban Management
189(3)
8.3 Addressing the Dual Spatial Structure of Cities
192(4)
8.3.1 Promoting the Rebuilding of Shanty Towns
193(1)
8.3.2 Enhancing Governance of "Villages in the City"
194(1)
8.3.3 Making Functional Improvements to Old Urban Areas
195(1)
8.4 Addressing Urban Sprawl
196(3)
8.5 Building New Types of Cities Across China
199(7)
8.5.1 Building Green Cities Across China
199(4)
8.5.2 Accelerating the Development of Cities of Culture
203(1)
8.5.3 Building Smart Cities
204(2)
References
206(3)
9 Pushing Institutional Innovation in Urbanization 209
9.1 Accelerating Household Registration System Reform
209(5)
9.1.1 Determining the Basic Direction of Household Registration System Reform
211(1)
9.1.2 Delinking Benefits Distribution from Household Registration Category
211(1)
9.1.3 Establishing a Uniform Residence Permit System in China
212(1)
9.1.4 Reforming the Household Registration System in a Localized, Phased Manner
213(1)
9.2 Improving the Urban and Rural Land Management Systems
214(4)
9.2.1 Establishing a Uniform Land Registration System
214(1)
9.2.2 Establishing a Uniform Urban and Rural Land Market
215(1)
9.2.3 Improving Policies for Expropriating Rural Land
216(1)
9.2.4 Implementing Uniform Urban and Rural Land Administration
217(1)
9.3 Improving Urban and Rural Employment Management Systems
218(4)
9.3.1 Removing All Barriers to Equal Employment
219(1)
9.3.2 Establishing a Uniform Urban and Rural Employment/Unemployment Registration System
220(1)
9.3.3 Building a Public Employment and Business Startup Service System Equally Accessible to Urban and Rural Residents
221(1)
9.4 Improving Urban and Rural Social Security Systems
222(9)
9.4.1 Building a Uniform Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban and Rural Residents
222(4)
9.4.2 Building a Uniform Basic Pension Insurance System for Urban and Rural Residents
226(3)
9.4.3 Building a Uniform Social Assistance System for Urban and Rural Areas
229(2)
9.5 Improving the Urban Administrative Area Management System
231(3)
9.5.1 Improving Administrative Division
231(2)
9.5.2 Simplifying Administrative Levels
233(1)
9.5.3 Achieving Urban and Rural Administration Under the Same Institutional Framework
233(1)
References
234
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