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El. knyga: Vengeance in Medieval Europe: A Reader

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How did medieval society deal with private justice, with grudges, and with violent emotions? This ground-breaking reader collects for the first time a number of unpublished or difficult-to-find texts that address violence and emotion in the Middle Ages.



How did medieval society deal with private justice, with grudges, and with violent emotions? This ground-breaking reader collects for the first time a number of unpublished or difficult-to-find texts that address violence and emotion in the Middle Ages.

The sources collected here illustrate the power and reach of the language of vengeance in medieval European society. They span the early, high, and later middle ages, and capture a range of perspectives including legal sources, learned commentaries, narratives, and documents of practice. Though social elites necessarily figure prominently in all medieval sources, sources concerning relatively low-status individuals and sources pertaining to women are included. The sources range from saints' lives that illustrate the idea of vengeance to later medieval court records concerning vengeful practices. A secondary goal of the collection is to illustrate the prominence of mechanisms for peacemaking in medieval European society.

The introduction traces recent scholarly developments in the study of vengeance and discusses the significance of these concepts for medieval political and social history.

Recenzijos

The editors are to be applauded for their outstanding efforts to make so many relevant texts available. Overall, the entire period of the Middle Ages is well covered, and we can easily grasp the long tradition on vengeance going back to the Old Testament. This proves to be a very useful textbook that will allow new approaches in university seminars. -- Mediaevistik

Daugiau informacijos

This rich collection explores one of the most critical and complex aspects of medieval social relations: violence and peacemaking. It goes far beyond most 'readers' to provide large extracts of basic legal and religious texts, chronicles, saints' lives, and-most remarkably-extracts from manuscript archival court documents of the Later Middle Ages. It will be an inexhaustible resource for teachers, students, and researchers not just in social and legal history, but in the history of medieval religion and literature. The history of vengeance will never be the same. -- Fredric L. Cheyette, Amherst College On the whole, this is the type of thorough and balanced sourcebook academics dream about. -- Susanna Throop, The Medieval Review The urge to avenge wrongs we think we have suffered is a human constant that is always tough to master. The ideas that helped the men and women of medieval Europe handle their neighbors without destroying their communities retain their relevance in a dangerous world. Vengeance is a very personal matter. Who has not had fleeting thoughts of divorcing his family or of flaying (literally) those who opposed him? To keep those thoughts inchoate, our medieval predecessors often resorted to violence but also crafted personal 'peace treaties.' Maybe we can learn from their own accounts, while we deepen understanding of their lives and culture. Smail and Gibson will delight readers struggling to penetrate medieval culture. We teachers extol to our students the joys and immediacy of primary sources. You should read your history raw, we say, forgetting how hard that is, how long it took us. Students will be thankful for the firm editorial guidance on what they need to know. Instructors will find themselves being introduced to texts they ought to have known themselves. Even the general reader can find instances of bizarre savagery and advice on life skills to shock us into reconsidering some of our modern stances. All will meet a splendidly intelligent selection of the writings that regulated tit-for-tat behavior, and which for the most part are complete and unabridged. -- Paul R. Hyams, Cornell University
INTRODUCTION xv
PART I. PROLOGUE: ANCIENT SOURCES FOR MEDIEVAL CONCEPTS OF VENGEANCE 1
CHAPTER ONE: THE OLD TESTAMENT
3
1. The Pollution of Kin-Slaying
3
2. The Law of the Talion
5
3. Vengeance and Emotion
6
a. Seek not revenge
6
b. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth
6
4. The Principle of Sanctuary
7
a. The three cities of sanctuary
7
b. Revenge is mine
8
5. The Levite's Concubine
9
6. Humiliation and the Lord's Vengeance
14
a. Psalm 68
15
b. Psalm 93
17
7. Restraining Vengeful Emotions
18
8. The Vengeance of the Maccabees
18
CHAPTER TWO: THE NEW TESTAMENT
27
9. Peacemaking and the Ties of Kinship
27
a. Blessed are the peacemakers
28
b. Dismantling the kin group
28
10. Humility as Vengeance?
28
CHAPTER THREE: ROMAN LAWS
29
11. Criminal Justice and Vengeance in the Theodosian Code and Sirmondian Constitutions
29
a. Accusations and inscriptions
30
b. The production and transfer of accused persons
33
c. The Julian law on public and private violence
34
d. The custody of private prisons
36
e. The Cornelian law on cutthroats
36
f. Parricides
37
g. Magicians, astrologers, and all other like criminals
38
h. The violation of tombs
38
i. The rape of virgins and widows
39
j. Malicious accusers
39
k. Persons who flee for sanctuary to the churches
40
12. Criminal Justice and Vengeance in Justinian's Digest
41
a. Gamblers
41
b. Witnesses
42
c. Obligations and actions
42
d. Criminal proceedings
42
e. The Julian law on punishing adulteries
43
f. The Julian law on violent crime
45
g. The Cornelian law on murderers and poisoners
45
h. The Pompeian law on parricides
47
i. Punishment
49
PART II. THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (400-1000) 51
CHAPTER FOUR: CODES, CAPITULARIES, AND PENITENTIALS
53
13. The Laws of the Salian Franks
54
a. Concerning wounds
54
b. Concerning disabling injuries
55
c. Concerning abusive terms
56
d. Concerning the killing of freemen
57
e. Concerning homicides committed by a band of men
58
f. Concerning the killing of one of a band of men
59
g. Concerning the chreiremula
59
h. Concerning him who wishes to remove himself from his kin group
60
i. Concerning the composition for homicide
61
j. Concerning the freeman killed while in the army
61
k. On killing a freeman and the manner in which the relatives receive composition for his life
61
14. The Lombard Laws
62
a. Rothair's edict
62
b. The laws of King Liutprand
65
15. Carolingian Capitularics
68
a. Sanctuary and enforcing the payment of the wergeld
69
b. Making amends for homicide
69
c. Compelling peace
70
d. Punishments for homicide
70
e. On giving aid to criminals
71
16. Early Medieval English Law
72
a. The laws of Ethelbert
72
b. The laws of King Athelstan
74
c. From Edmund's code concerning the bloodfeud
75
17. Emotion and Sin
76
a. Penitential of Theodore
77
b. Penitential ascribed by Albers to Bede
77
c. The Ecclesiastical Discipline of Regino of Priim
78
CHAPTER FIVE: SERMONS, EXEGESIS, AND LETTERS
79
18. Augustine on the Legitimacy of Fighting Back
79
19. Augustine on the Need to Await God's Vengeance
81
20. Jerome on Kindness and Cruelty
83
21. Law and the "Accursed Custom" of Vengeance in Theoderic's Italy
85
22. Isidore of Seville on the Law of the Talion
86
23. Pope Honorius Speaks of Justice as Vengeance
87
24. Smaragdus of St. Mihiel on Restraining Royal Anger
88
25. Hrabanus Maurus's Homily on Avoiding Anger and Homicide
90
26. Einhard on the Fear of Family Vengeance
93
a. Vengeance gets in the way of military service
93
b. A request to pay composition
94
27. Charles the Bald to Pope Nicholas on Vengeance without Violence
94
28. Vengeance for the "Hard Man"
98
CHAPTER SIX: SAINTS' LIVES, CHRONICLES, AND EPICS
101
29. Jordanes on Vengeance and the Vandal Wars of Conquest
102
30. Gregory of Tours on Feuding and Vengeance
104
a. The need for kings to keep peace
104
b. Sacrilege done in the church of St. Denis because of a woman
105
c. Queen Austrechild seeks an avenger
106
d. A feud in the Jewish community
106
e. Civil war among the citizens of Tours
107
f. The killing of Sichar
108
31. Gregory of Tours on God's Vengeance
110
a. The vengeance of the martyr Pancratius
110
b. The martyr Eugenius punishes an oathbreaker
110
c. Divine vengeance strikes some thieves
111
d. A thief is rescued from a stern judge
112
e. Count Gomacharius suffers God's vengeance
112
f. The wickedness of a heretic
113
32. Vengeance as the Devil's Work in the Life of Saint Sadalberga
114
33. Saint Amandus Rescues a Man from Judicial Vengeance
115
34. Saint Willibrord Forgoes Vengeance and Anger
116
35. History of the Lombards by Paul the Deacon
118
a. King Turisind prevents vengeance
118
b. Rosemunda avenges her father
119
36. Einhard on the Peace Inspired by the Relics of Saints Marcellinus and Peter
121
37. Saint Gerald of Aurillac Seeks Peace with His Enemies
122
38. Liutprand of Cremona's "Tit-For-Tat"
125
39. Heroic Vengeance
126
a. Grendel's mother pursues vengeance
126
b. Beowulf vaunts his vengeance
128
c. A sinful crime
130
CHAPTER SEVEN: FORMULARIES, CHARTERS, AND JUDGMENTS
133
40. Promise for Peace after a Murder
133
41. An Orderly Merovingian Judgment
134
42. Lombard Record ofJudgment at Pavia
135
PART III. THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000-1250) 139
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE EFFORT TO REGULATE VIOLENCE AND EMOTION
141
43. The Peace of God in Charroux
141
44. Penance for Homicide in the Decretum of Burchard of Worms
142
45. The Laws of the Family of St. Peter
145
46. The Penitential of Burchard of Worms
148
47. Truce of God in Arles
148
48. A Comital Peace Assembly of Barcelona
150
49. The Truce of God in Cologne
153
50. Peace of the Land in Mainz
156
51. The Laws of Henry I of England
157
a. The payment of compensation
157
b. Rules for determining who should bear the feud
157
c. Unintentional killings
159
d. Dealing with slayers
160
52. The Usatges of Barcelona
161
53. Rules for Trial by Combat in Brescia
165
54 The Penitential of Alain of Lille
166
55. The Penitential of Robert of Flamborough
168
56. General Constitution Concerning Judgments and Keeping the Peace
171
CHAPTER NINE: SERMONS AND LEARNED COMMENTARY ON ANGER AND VENGEANCE
173
57. Aelfric's Sermon on Anger and Peace
173
58. Wulfstan's "Sermon of the Wolf" on the Evils of His Day
175
59. Peter Damian on Restraining Anger
177
60. A Letter by Peter Damian on the Vengeance of Spiritual Leaders
180
61. William of Malmesbury on the Consequences of Resisting Peace
183
62. Pope Urban II Urges Vengeance on the Enemies of Christendom in Robert the Monk's History of Jerusalem
185
3. An Account of the Speech of Pope Urban II by Fulcher of Chartres
188
a. The council held at Clermont
188
b. The decree of Urban in the same council
189
c. Urban's exhortation concerning a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
189
64. A Sermon by Saint Francis on Hatred and Peace
191
65. The Wolf of Gubbio
192
66. Albertanus of Brescia on the Cost of Pursuing Private War
194
67. Thomas Aquinas on Homicide, Vengeance, and Anger
196
a. Question 64: Homicide
196
b. Question io8: Vengeance
201
c. Question 158: Anger
208
CHAPTER TEN: SAINTS' LIVES, CHRONICLES, AND EPICS
211
68. Rodulphus Glaber on the Truce of God
211
69. How the Emperor Conrad Pacified His Realm, According to Wipo
212
70. Adam of Bremen on the Attacks of Bishop Adalbert's Enemies
218
71. The Cattle Raid of Cooley
221
72. Feud between Bishop Gaudry and Baron Gerard in the Autobiography of Guibert of Nogent
226
73. The Murder of Charles the Good by Galbert of Bruges
237
74. Peter Abelard's "Story of My Adversities"
244
75. The Deeds of Louis the Fat by Suger of St. Denis
246
a. How Louis destroyed the castle of Le Puiset after he captured Hugh
246
b. The overthrow of Thomas of Marle's castles at Crecy and Nouvion
252
76. The Vengeance of Kings in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain
254
a. The vengeance of the sons of Constantine
254
b. The speech of Augusel
256
77. The Bloodfeud of Meingold and Albric
257
78. Hariulf on the Sweet Words of Arnulf of Soissons
260
79. Chronicle of the Slays by Helmold of Bosau
261
a. The story of Gottschalk
261
b. The murder of Cnut
263
80. Emotions Among the Military Aristocracy in Raoul of Cambrai
266
81. The Hatred of Kriemhild and Brunhild in The Nibelungenlied
271
82. Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach
275
83. Harald's Norway and the Flight to Iceland in the Laxdaela Saga
279
84. The Story of a Feud in Njal's Saga
280
CHAPTER ELEVEN: PEACE CHARTERS AND OATHS
301
85. Peace Oath Proposed by Bishop Warin of Beauvais to King Robert the Pious
301
86. Henry II Settles a Feud on Monastic Land
303
87. Attempted Settlement by Combat
305
88. Grant to the Norman Bishops of Fines Due from Breaches of the Truce of God
306
89. A Catalan Peace Settlement
308
90. A Twelfth-Century Forged Donation of King Dagobert III
309
91. A Peace Treaty from Avignon
310
PART IV. THE LATER MIDDLE AGES (1250-1500) 315
CHAPTER TWELVE: MUNICIPAL, TERRITORIAL, AND ROYAL LAWS CONCERNING VENGEANCE AND MURDER
317
92. Homicide in the Laws and Customs of England
317
93. From the Sachsenspiegel
322
a. The imperial landpeace of Mainz
322
b. Trial by combat
324
c. Penalties for crime
326
d. Legal procedures
329
94. Guarantees of Peace in the Customs of Touraine and Anjou
330
95. The Law of Homicide in the Fuero Real
332
96. Procedures for Private War in the Customs of Beauvaisis
334
97. The Statute of Homicide of Marseille, France
348
98. From the Statutes of Acqui, Italy
348
99. From the Statutes of Apricale, Italy
352
100. From the Statutes of Saone, Italy
353
101. From the Statutes of Cuneo, Italy
354
102. From the Statutes of Celle, Italy
357
103. The Perpetual Peace of the Land Proclaimed by Maximilian I
359
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: ECCLESIASTICAL AND SECULAR COMMENTARY ON PEACE AND THE RESTRAINT OF EMOTIONS
363
104. The Nature of Wrath According to a Preacher's Manual
363
105. A Sermon on Peace by Vincent Ferrer
372
106. Laudable Anger in Leonardo Bruni's Handbook of Moral Philosophy
374
107. Sermon on the Importance of Peace by Bernardino of Siena
376
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: SAINTS' LIVES, CHRONICLES, AND EPICS
381
108. Ambrose Sansedoni's Preaching of Peace Arouses Enmity
381
109. The Vengeful Miracles of Saint Bridget of Sweden
384
110. Saint Catherine of Siena as Peacemaker
385
111. Vengeance and Peace in the Life of Cola di Rienzo
388
112. Dino Compagni on the Florentine Factions
390
113. Trial by Combat in Froissart's Chronicles
393
114. The Vengeance of Our Lord
396
a. Vespasian seeks a cure for leprosy
397
b. Jaffet, a friendly Jew, joins Vespasian
398
c. A battle miracle
399
d. Pilate seeks mercy
400
e. Revenge against the Jews
403
f Pilate's punishment
405
115. A Miracle of the Blessed Virgin Mary
407
116. A Vision of Peacemaking in the Miracles of Saint Rose of Viterbo
408
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: COURT CASES AND NOTARIAL PEACE ACTS
409
117. The Peace Registers of the City of Tournai
409
a. Jakemins li Caudreliers foreswears Jehennet d'Eskelmes
410
b. The foreswearing of Watiers de la Plagne and company
410
c. The Polekins brothers foreswear Gillion Ghievart
411
d. The de Poukes brothers foreswear Colart de Poukes
411
e. jelians Liepus foreswears his nephew
411
f. Willaume Castagne foreswears his nephew
411
g. Henris Pourres foreswears Bauduin de Rengies
412
118. Tura Ranerii, of Florence, Creates a Procurator
412
119. Cases of Homicide in the Calendar of Coroner's Rolls, London
413
a. The death of John le Belringere
414
b. The death of Roger Herne
414
c. The abjuration of William, son of William le Toliere, and Roger le Leche
415
d. The deaths of William Gilemyn and Robert de Staunton
415
e. The abjuration of John, son of Richard Taillard, for two murders
416
120. Notarized Peace Acts and Related Acts from Marseille
417
a. Peace for the killing of Uguo Clalpin
417
b. Peace between Jacme Gavot and Folco de Nercio
418
c. Peace for the killing of Guilhem Turel
419
d. Peace for the killing of Adalays Rogeria
421
e. Peace between Guilhem Johan and the brothers Peire and Guilhem Tallarone
422
f Peace between Uguo Blanc and Peire Gontard
423
g. Peace for the killing of Adalays Borgone
424
h. A dowry act for Bertomieua Bohiera
426
i. Peace for the killing of Ugueta Roquiera
427
j. Guilhem de Bessa' declares vengeance
428
121. A Lawsuit by Nicolau Guilhem, a Cutler of Marseille
429
122. A Lawsuit against Lois Orlet of Marseille
433
123. A Lawsuit by Anhellon Faber, a Butcher of Marseille
441
124. An Inquest into the Murder of Bernart Berengier in Marseille
445
125. The Marseille City Council Makes a Ruling about Broken Sanctuary
455
126. Ignoring Due Process during a Feud in the Paston Letters
456
INDEX OF TOPICS 459
SOURCES 469
Daniel Lord Smail is Professor of History at Harvard University. He is the co-editor with Thelma Fenster of Fama: The Politics of Talk and Reputation in Medieval Europe (Cornell University Press, 2003), The Consumption of Justice: Emotions, Publicity, and Legal Culture in Marseille, 1264-1423 (Cornell University Press, 2003), and Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille (Cornell University Press, 1999). Kelly Gibson is a doctoral candidate in the Department of History at Harvard University.