| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxii | |
| About the Authors |
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xxiv | |
| Chapter 1 Introduction to Victimology |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: Before the Victims' Rights Movement |
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1 | (1) |
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Victimology Across the Globe |
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2 | (2) |
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The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation, and Victim Provocation |
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4 | (5) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: The Victims' Rights Movement |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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10 | (1) |
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The Civil Rights Movement |
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10 | (1) |
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Contributions of the Victims' Rights Movement |
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10 | (3) |
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Early Programs for Crime Victims |
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11 | (1) |
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Development of Victim Organizations |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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The Causes of Victimization |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and the Criminal Justice System |
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14 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and Social Services |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
| Chapter 2 Extent, Theories, and Factors of Victimization |
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19 | (26) |
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19 | (9) |
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Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs) |
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20 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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20 | (1) |
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Crime as Measured by the UCR |
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20 | (1) |
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National Incident-Based Reporting System |
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21 | (1) |
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The National Crime Victimization Survey |
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21 | (4) |
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Extent of Crime Victimization |
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23 | (1) |
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The Typical Victimization and Victim |
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24 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Victimization Across the Globe |
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25 | (3) |
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The International Crime Victims Survey |
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26 | (1) |
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International Self Report Delinquency Study |
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26 | (1) |
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Crime Survey for England and Wales |
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27 | (1) |
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Theories and Explanations of Victimization |
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28 | (13) |
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The Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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28 | (1) |
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Victim and Offender Characteristics |
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28 | (1) |
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Explaining the Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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28 | (1) |
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Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (1) |
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Structural and Social Process Factors |
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32 | (3) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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Exposure to Delinquent Peers |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Immigration and Victimization, Are They Related? |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Social Interactionist Perspective |
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36 | (1) |
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The Life-Course Perspective |
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37 | (2) |
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The General Theory of Crime |
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37 | (1) |
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Age-Graded Theory of Adult Social Bonds |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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The Role of Alcohol in Victimization |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 The Victim-Offender Overlap |
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45 | (17) |
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Case Study: Will Pennsylvania Execute a Man Who Killed His Abusers? |
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45 | (2) |
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The Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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47 | (1) |
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Victim and Offender Characteristics |
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47 | (1) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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48 | (1) |
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Explaining the Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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48 | (5) |
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Dynamic Causal Perspective |
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48 | (3) |
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49 | (1) |
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Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Victimology in the News: Drug Dealers Report Being Victims of Armed Robbery |
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50 | (1) |
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Victim-Rationality Perspective |
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50 | (1) |
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Population Heterogeneity Perspective |
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51 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Theoretical Integration and the Victim-Offender Overlap |
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52 | (1) |
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The Victim-Offender Overlap and Specific Types of Victimization |
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53 | (7) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Victimology in the News: School Shooter Wanted to "Teach Everyone a Lesson" About Bullying |
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55 | (1) |
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Intimate Partner Violence |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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Special Case: The Role of Childhood Victimization in Offending and Victimization in Adulthood |
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57 | (1) |
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Focus on Research: The Incidence of Child Abuse in Serial Killers |
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58 | (1) |
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Special Case: Prostitution Courts |
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58 | (6) |
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Case Study: Lizzie's Story |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
| Chapter 4 Consequences of Victimization |
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62 | (22) |
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63 | (1) |
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Psychological Consequences |
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64 | (5) |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Pain, Suffering, and Lost Quality of Life |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Case Study: The Story of James |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
| Chapter 5 Recurring Victimization |
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84 | (16) |
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Types of Recurring Victimization |
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84 | (2) |
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Extent of Recurring Victimization |
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86 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Recurring Victimization |
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87 | (2) |
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The Time-Course of Recurring Victimization |
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87 | (1) |
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Crime-Switch Patterns and Victim Proneness |
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88 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Recurring Victimization |
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89 | (2) |
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Individual-Level Risk Factors |
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89 | (2) |
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Neighborhood-or Household-Level Risk Factors |
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91 | (1) |
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Theoretical Explanations of Recurring Victimization |
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91 | (3) |
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93 | (1) |
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Consequences of Recurring Victimization |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (3) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
| Chapter 6 Victims' Rights and Remedies |
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100 | (25) |
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100 | (8) |
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Common Victims' Rights Given by State |
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100 | (3) |
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Victims' Rights in Virginia |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Participation and Consultation |
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102 | (1) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Rights Related to Evidence |
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103 | (1) |
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Issues With Victims' Rights |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (4) |
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108 | (3) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Remedies and Rights in Court |
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111 | (11) |
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111 | (3) |
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Case Study: Excerpt From Stanford Rape Victim's Impact Statement |
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113 | (1) |
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Victim/Witness Assistance Programs |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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Victim-Offender Mediation Programs |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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Different Approaches in Different Locales |
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119 | (7) |
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Focus on International Issues: Canadian Victims Bill of Rights |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
| Chapter 7 Homicide Victimization |
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125 | (29) |
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The Story of Justin and Porsha |
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125 | (1) |
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Defining Homicide Victimization |
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126 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Homicide Victimization |
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128 | (6) |
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Homicide Victimization in the United States |
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128 | (4) |
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Uniform Crime Report (UCR] |
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128 | (1) |
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Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) |
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129 | (3) |
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National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) |
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132 | (1) |
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Homicide Victimization Across the Globe |
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132 | (2) |
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |
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132 | (1) |
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World Health Organization (WHO) |
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133 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for and Characteristics of Homicide Victimization |
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134 | (2) |
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Victims and Offenders |
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134 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Urbanity and Socioeconomic Status |
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135 | (1) |
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Victim-Offender Relationship |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Different Types of Homicide Victimization |
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136 | (7) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Felonious Homicide Risk and the Elderly |
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137 | (1) |
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Intimate Partner Homicide |
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137 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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Intimate Partner Homicide Followed by Suicide |
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138 | (7) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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142 | (1) |
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Homicides Involving Multiple Victims |
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142 | (1) |
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Victimology in the News: Sandy Hook Massacre |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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Victim Precipitation Theories |
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144 | (1) |
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Indirect (Secondary) Victimization |
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145 | (1) |
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Common Reactions to Homicide |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Legal and Community Responses to Homicide Victimization |
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146 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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Center for Homicide Bereavement |
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149 | (1) |
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Restorative Justice Efforts |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 Sexual Victimization |
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154 | (31) |
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What Is Sexual Victimization? |
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155 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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Case Study: Consensual Sex Between Teens |
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156 | (1) |
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Sexual Victimization Other Than Rape |
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156 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Sexual Victimization |
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158 | (4) |
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158 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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159 | (1) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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159 | (1) |
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Sexual Experiences Survey |
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159 | (1) |
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National College Women Sexual Victimization Study |
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160 | (1) |
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National Study of Drug or Alcohol Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape |
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161 | (1) |
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National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey |
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161 | (1) |
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AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct |
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162 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for and Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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162 | (4) |
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164 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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164 | (8) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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166 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Resistance/Self-Protective Action |
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167 | (1) |
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Consequences of Sexual Victimization |
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168 | (2) |
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Physical, Emotional, and Psychological Effects |
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168 | (1) |
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Behavioral and Relationship Effects |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Recurring Sexual Victimization |
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170 | (1) |
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Sexual Victimization of Males |
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170 | (1) |
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Sexual Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, and Transgender People |
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171 | (1) |
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Social Media and the Internet as Tools of Sexual Victimization |
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171 | (1) |
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Legal and Criminal Justice Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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172 | (8) |
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Legal Aspects of Sexual Victimization |
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172 | (1) |
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Violence Against Women Act (1994) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Sex Offender Registration and Notification |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Prosecuting Rape and Sexual Assault |
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178 | (2) |
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Prevention and Intervention |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
| Chapter 9 Intimate Partner Violence |
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185 | (27) |
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Defining Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse |
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186 | (3) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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Example of CTS-2 Questions |
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190 | (1) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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191 | (1) |
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National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey |
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191 | (1) |
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International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (4) |
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Gender and Intimate Partner Violence |
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192 | (1) |
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Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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Risk Factors and Theories for Intimate Partner Violence |
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196 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Associating With Known Criminals |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Psychological/Emotional Outcomes |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Why Abusive Relationships Continue |
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200 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Responses to Intimate Partner Violence |
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201 | (4) |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (1) |
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Legal and Community Responses |
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205 | (4) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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Domestic Violence Shelters |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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Family Violence Prevention and Services Act !FVPSA) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
| Chapter 10 Victimization at the Beginning and End of Life: Child and Elder Abuse |
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212 | (26) |
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212 | (13) |
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What Is Child Maltreatment? |
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213 | (2) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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215 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Child Maltreatment |
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215 | (2) |
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Who Are Victims of Child Maltreatment? |
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217 | (1) |
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Who Perpetrates Child Maltreatment? |
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217 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Consequences of Child Maltreatment |
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219 | (2) |
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Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Effects |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Effect on Criminality and Other Behaviors |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Responses to Child Maltreatment |
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221 | (4) |
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221 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (9) |
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What Is Elder Maltreatment? |
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225 | (2) |
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Case Study: Abuse of Durable Power of Attorney |
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227 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Elder Maltreatment |
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227 | (3) |
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Reports From Adult Protective Services |
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227 | (1) |
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Estimates Derived From Surveys |
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228 | (1) |
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Elder Maltreatment in Institutions |
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229 | (1) |
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Intimate Partner Violence of Older Women |
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229 | (1) |
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Financial Exploitation of the Elderly |
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229 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Elder Maltreatment? |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Elder Maltreatment Victimization |
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231 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Elder Maltreatment |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Routine Activities Theory |
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232 | (1) |
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Responses to Elder Maltreatment |
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232 | (6) |
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232 | (2) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
| Chapter 11 Victimization of Special Populations |
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238 | (28) |
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Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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238 | (11) |
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Defining Persons With Disabilities |
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239 | (1) |
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Extent of Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (3) |
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Violence Against Women With Disabilities |
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241 | (2) |
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Victimization of Youth With Disabilities |
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243 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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Patterns of Victimization |
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244 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization for Persons With Disabilities |
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245 | (1) |
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Responses to Victims With Disabilities |
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246 | (3) |
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248 | (1) |
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Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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249 | (5) |
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249 | (1) |
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Extent and Type of Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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249 | (3) |
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Why Are Persons With Mental Illness at Risk for Victimization? |
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252 | (1) |
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Responses to Victims With Mental Illness |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Victimization of the Incarcerated |
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254 | (9) |
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The Extent of Victimization of People in Jail and Prison |
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254 | (2) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization While Incarcerated |
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256 | (2) |
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Previous History of Victimization |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Lifestyle and Routine Activities |
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258 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Victimization of Incarcerated Persons |
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258 | (3) |
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Who Is Sexually Victimized? |
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259 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization in Prison and Jail |
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260 | (1) |
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Responses to Victimization in Prison |
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261 | (6) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (8) |
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Case Study: Farmer v. Brennan |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
| Chapter 12 Victimization at School and Work |
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266 | (25) |
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266 | (1) |
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Victimization at School: Grades K-12 |
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267 | (8) |
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268 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for School Victimization |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (4) |
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Psychosocial Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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271 | (1) |
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Violent Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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272 | (1) |
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Case Study: The Story of Phoebe Prince |
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272 | (1) |
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Responses to School Victimization |
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273 | (2) |
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273 | (3) |
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Florida's Bullying/Harassment, Cyberbullying, and Hazing Laws |
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274 | (1) |
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Victimization at School: College |
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275 | (6) |
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275 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at College |
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276 | (1) |
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Lifestyle/Routine Activities |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Responses to Campus Victimization |
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277 | (4) |
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277 | (2) |
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Campus Police and Security Measures |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (7) |
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Definition of Workplace Victimization |
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281 | (1) |
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Extent of Workplace Victimization |
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282 | (1) |
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Who Is Victimized at Work? |
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282 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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282 | (1) |
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Occupations With Greatest Risk |
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283 | (1) |
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Fatal Workplace Victimization |
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283 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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284 | (1) |
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Occupations and Workplaces With Greatest Risk |
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284 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at Work |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Consequences of Workplace Victimization |
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286 | (1) |
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Responses to Workplace Victimization |
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286 | (5) |
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286 | (1) |
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Legislation and Regulation |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
| Chapter 13 Contemporary Issues in Victimology: Victims of Hate Crimes, Human Trafficking, Terrorism, and Identity Theft |
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291 | (42) |
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291 | (11) |
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What Is Hate Crime Victimization? |
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291 | (2) |
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Extent of Hate Crime Victimization |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Who Are Hate Crime Victims? |
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293 | (3) |
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Individual Characteristics |
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293 | (1) |
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Type of Hate Crime Victimization Experienced |
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294 | (4) |
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296 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual-Orientation-Bias-Motivated Hate Crime Victimization |
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296 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Hate Crime Victimizations |
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296 | (1) |
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Case Study: Tara's Story of Experiencing Anti-LGBTQ Victimization |
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|
297 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Hate Crime Victimization |
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297 | (1) |
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Consequences of Hate Crime Victimization |
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|
298 | (1) |
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Consequences for Individuals |
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298 | (1) |
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Consequences for the Community |
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299 | (1) |
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Responses to Hate Crime Victimization |
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299 | (3) |
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299 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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Victims of Human Trafficking |
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302 | (10) |
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What Is Human Trafficking? |
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|
302 | (2) |
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Extent of Human Trafficking |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Focus on International Issues |
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306 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Human Trafficking |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
|
Country-Level Risk Factors |
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307 | (1) |
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Consequences for Victims of Human Trafficking |
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|
307 | (1) |
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Response to Human Trafficking Victims |
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|
308 | (4) |
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308 | (1) |
|
United States Governmental/Criminal Justice Response |
|
|
308 | (2) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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|
312 | (8) |
|
Extent of Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Who Are Victims of Terrorism? |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Terrorism Victimizations |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
314 | (1) |
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Victims of State Negligence and Violence |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
Consequences of Terrorism on Victims |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Responses to Victims of Terrorism |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Identity Theft Victimization |
|
|
320 | (9) |
|
Extent of Identity Theft Victimization |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Identity Theft |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Who Is Victimized by Identity Theft? |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Identity Theft Victimizations |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Identity Theft Victimization |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Identity Theft |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Responses to Identity Theft Victimization |
|
|
326 | (3) |
|
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Identity Theft Law, Illinois |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (2) |
| Glossary |
|
333 | (12) |
| References |
|
345 | (42) |
| Index |
|
387 | |
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