| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Victimology |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: Before the Victims' Rights Movement |
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1 | (1) |
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The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: The Victims' Rights Movement |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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The Civil Rights Movement |
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8 | (1) |
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Contributions of the Victims' Rights Movement |
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9 | (1) |
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Early Programs for Crime Victims |
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9 | (1) |
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Development of Victim Organizations |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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The Causes of Victimization |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and the Criminal Justice System |
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12 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and Social Services |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Extent, Theories, and Factors of Victimization |
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19 | (22) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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20 | (1) |
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Crime as Measured by the UCR |
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21 | (1) |
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National Incident-Based Reporting System |
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21 | (1) |
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The National Crime Victimization Survey |
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21 | (2) |
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Extent of Crime Victimization |
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23 | (1) |
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The Typical Victimization and Victim |
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24 | (1) |
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The International Crime Victims Survey |
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25 | (1) |
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Theories and Explanations of Victimization |
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26 | (1) |
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The Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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26 | (1) |
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Victim and Offender Characteristics |
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26 | (1) |
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Explaining the Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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26 | (1) |
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Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory |
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27 | (2) |
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Structural and Social Process Factors |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Exposure to Delinquent Peers |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Social Interactionist Perspective |
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32 | (1) |
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The Life-Course Perspective |
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33 | (1) |
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The General Theory of Crime |
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33 | (2) |
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Age-Graded Theory of Adult Social Bonds |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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The Role of Alcohol in Victimization |
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36 | (5) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Consequences of Victimization |
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41 | (20) |
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42 | (1) |
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Mental Health Consequences and Costs |
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42 | (1) |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
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43 | (2) |
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Self-Blame and Learned Helplessness |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Pain, Suffering, and Lost Quality of Life |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (9) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Recurring Victimization |
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61 | (14) |
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Types of Recurring Victimization |
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61 | (2) |
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Extent of Recurring Victimization |
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63 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Recurring Victimization |
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64 | (1) |
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The Time Course of Recurring Victimization |
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64 | (1) |
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Crime-Switch Patterns and Victim Proneness |
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65 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Recurring Victimization |
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65 | (1) |
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Individual-Level Risk Factors |
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66 | (1) |
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Neighborhood or Household-Level Risk Factors |
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67 | (1) |
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Theoretical Explanations of Recurring Victimization |
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68 | (1) |
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Consequences of Recurring Victimization |
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69 | (1) |
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Responses to Recurring Victimization |
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70 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Victims' Rights and Remedies |
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75 | (20) |
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76 | (1) |
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Common Victims' Rights Given by State |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Participation and Consultation |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Issues With Victims' Rights |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Remedies and Rights in Court |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Victim/Witness Assistance Programs |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Victim-Offender Mediation Programs |
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90 | (5) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Sexual Victimization |
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95 | (26) |
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What Is Sexual Victimization? |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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Sexual Victimization Other Than Rape |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Sexual Victimization |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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100 | (1) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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100 | (1) |
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Sexual Experiences Survey |
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100 | (1) |
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National College Women Sexual Victimization Study |
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101 | (1) |
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National Study of Drug or Alcohol Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape |
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102 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for and Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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102 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Resistance/Self-Protective Action |
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105 | (1) |
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Consequences of Sexual Victimization |
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106 | (1) |
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Physical, Emotional, and Psychological Effects |
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106 | (1) |
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Behavioral and Relationship Effects |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Recurring Sexual Victimization |
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107 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Victimization of Males |
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108 | (1) |
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Legal and Criminal Justice Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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109 | (1) |
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Legal Aspects of Sexual Victimization |
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109 | (1) |
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Violence Against Women Act (1994) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Sex Offender Registration and Notification |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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Prosecuting Rape and Sexual Assault |
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115 | (1) |
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Prevention and Intervention |
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116 | (5) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Intimate Partner Violence |
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121 | (26) |
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Defining Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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127 | (1) |
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National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Gender and Intimate Partner Violence |
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129 | (1) |
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Special Case: Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Risk Factors and Theories for Intimate Partner Violence |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Associating With Known Criminals |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Psychological/Emotional Outcomes |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Why Women Do Not Leave Abusive Relationships |
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136 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Responses to Intimate Partner Violence |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (2) |
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Legal and Community Responses |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Domestic Violence Shelters |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (4) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Victimization at the Beginning and End of Life: Child and Elder Abuse |
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147 | (26) |
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148 | (1) |
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What Is Child Maltreatment? |
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148 | (3) |
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Measurement and Extent of Child Maltreatment |
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151 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Child Maltreatment? |
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152 | (1) |
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Who Perpetrates Child Maltreatment? |
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153 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Consequences of Child Maltreatment |
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155 | (1) |
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Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Effects |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Effect on Criminality and Other Behaviors |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Responses to Child Maltreatment |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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What Is Elder Maltreatment? |
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159 | (2) |
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Measurement and Extent of Elder Maltreatment |
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161 | (1) |
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Reports From Adult Protective Services |
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162 | (1) |
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Estimates Derived From Surveys |
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162 | (1) |
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Special Case: Elder Maltreatment in Institutions |
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163 | (1) |
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Special Case: Intimate Partner Violence of Older Women |
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163 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Elder Maltreatment? |
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164 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Elder Maltreatment Victimization |
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164 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Elder Maltreatment |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Routine Activities Theory |
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165 | (1) |
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Responses to Elder Maltreatment |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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167 | (6) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Victimization of Special Populations |
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173 | (28) |
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Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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174 | (1) |
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Defining Persons With Disabilities |
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174 | (1) |
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Extent of Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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Violence Against Women With Disabilities |
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176 | (2) |
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Victimization of Youth With Disabilities |
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178 | (1) |
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Patterns of Victimization |
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178 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization for Persons With Disabilities |
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179 | (2) |
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Responses to Victims With Disabilities |
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181 | (2) |
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Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Extent and Type of Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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183 | (2) |
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Why Are Persons With Mental Illness at Risk for Victimization? |
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185 | (2) |
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Responses to Victims With Mental Illness |
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187 | (1) |
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Victimization of the Incarcerated |
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188 | (1) |
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The Extent of Victimization of People in Jail and Prison |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization While Incarcerated |
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190 | (1) |
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Previous History of Victimization |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Victimization of Incarcerated Persons |
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192 | (1) |
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Who Is Sexually Victimized? |
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192 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization in Prison and Jail |
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193 | (1) |
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Responses to Victimization in Prison |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (5) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Victimization at School and Work |
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201 | (26) |
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202 | (1) |
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Victimization at School: Grades K-12 |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for School Victimization |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Psychosocial Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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206 | (1) |
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Violent Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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207 | (1) |
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Responses to School Victimization |
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208 | (2) |
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Victimization at School: College |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at College |
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211 | (1) |
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Lifestyle/Routine Activities |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Responses to Campus Victimization |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Campus Police and Security Measures |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Definition of Workplace Victimization |
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216 | (1) |
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Extent of Workplace Victimization |
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217 | (1) |
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Who Is Victimized at Work? |
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217 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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217 | (1) |
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Occupations With Greatest Risk |
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218 | (1) |
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Special Case: Fatal Workplace Victimization |
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218 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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218 | (1) |
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Occupations and Workplaces With Greatest Risk |
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219 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at Work |
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219 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Harassment |
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220 | (1) |
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Consequences of Workplace Victimization |
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220 | (1) |
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Responses to Workplace Victimization |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Legislation and Regulation |
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222 | (5) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Property and Identity Theft Victimization |
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227 | (24) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Theft Victimization |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Extent of Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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230 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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231 | (1) |
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Who Are Motor Vehicle Theft Victims? |
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232 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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232 | (2) |
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Response to Motor Vehicle Theft |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Extent of Household Burglary |
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236 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Household Burglary |
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236 | (1) |
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What Households Are Burglarized? |
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237 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Household Burglary |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (3) |
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Extent of Identity Theft Victimization |
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241 | (1) |
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Who Is Victimized by Identity Theft? |
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242 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Identity Theft Victimizations |
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242 | (2) |
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Risk Factors for Identity Theft Victimization |
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244 | (1) |
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Consequences of Identity Theft |
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244 | (1) |
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Responses to Identity Theft Victimization |
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245 | (6) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Contemporary Issues in Victimology: Victims of Hate Crimes, Human Trafficking, and Terrorism |
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251 | (32) |
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252 | (1) |
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What Is Hate Crime Victimization? |
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252 | (1) |
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Extent of Hate Crime Victimization |
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253 | (1) |
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Who Are Hate Crime Victims? |
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254 | (1) |
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Individual Characteristics |
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254 | (1) |
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Type of Hate Crime Victimization Experienced |
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254 | (2) |
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Special Case: Sexual-Orientation-Bias-Motivated Hate |
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256 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Hate Crime Victimizations |
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257 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Hate Crime Victimization |
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258 | (1) |
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Consequences of Hate Crime Victimization |
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258 | (1) |
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Consequences for Individuals |
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259 | (1) |
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Consequences for the Community |
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259 | (1) |
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Responses to Hate Crime Victimization |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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261 | (1) |
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Victims of Human Trafficking |
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262 | (1) |
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What Is Human Trafficking? |
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262 | (2) |
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Extent of Human Trafficking |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Human Trafficking |
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266 | (1) |
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|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Country-Level Risk Factors |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Consequences for Victims of Human Trafficking |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Response to Human Trafficking Victims |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
United States Governmental/Criminal Justice Response |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Extent of Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Who Are Victims of Terrorism? |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Terrorism Victimizations |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Terrorism on Victims |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Responses to Victims of Terrorism |
|
|
274 | (9) |
|
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (3) |
| Glossary |
|
283 | (12) |
| References |
|
295 | (30) |
| Index |
|
325 | (18) |
| About the Author |
|
343 | |
