| Preface |
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xx | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction To Victimology |
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1 | (15) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: Before the Victims' Rights Movement |
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1 | (1) |
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The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation, and Victim Provocation |
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2 | (4) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: The Victims' Rights Movement |
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6 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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The Civil Rights Movement |
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8 | (1) |
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Contributions of the Victims' Rights Movement |
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8 | (2) |
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Early Programs for Crime Victims |
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8 | (1) |
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Development of Victim Organizations |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (4) |
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10 | (1) |
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The Causes of Victimization |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and the Criminal Justice System |
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11 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and Social Services |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Extent, Theories, And Factors Of Victimization |
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16 | (23) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (6) |
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17 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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17 | (1) |
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Crime as Measured by the UCR |
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18 | (1) |
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National Incident-Based Reporting System |
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18 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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19 | (2) |
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Extent of Crime Victimization |
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21 | (1) |
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The Typical Victimization and Victim |
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21 | (1) |
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International Crime Victims Survey |
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22 | (1) |
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Crime Survey for England and Wales |
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22 | (1) |
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Theories and Explanations of Victimization |
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23 | (12) |
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Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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23 | (1) |
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Victim and Offender Characteristics |
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23 | (1) |
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Explaining the Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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24 | (1) |
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Routine Activities and Lifestyles-Exposure Theories |
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24 | (3) |
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Structural and Social Process Factors |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Exposure to Delinquent Peers |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Immigration and Victimization: Are They Related? |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Social Interactionist Perspective |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Age-Graded Theory of Adult Social Bonds |
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32 | (1) |
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Biopsychosocial Factors and Victimization |
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33 | (1) |
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Role of Alcohol in Victimization |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Consequences Of Victimization |
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39 | (19) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Psychological Consequences |
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40 | (4) |
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41 | (1) |
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Pain, Suffering, and Lost Quality of Life |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Recurring Victimization |
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58 | (15) |
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58 | (1) |
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Types of Recurring Victimization |
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58 | (2) |
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Extent of Recurring Victimization |
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60 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Recurring Victimization |
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61 | (2) |
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Time Course of Recurring Victimization |
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61 | (1) |
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Crime-Switching Patterns and Victim Proneness |
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62 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Recurring Victimization |
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63 | (2) |
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Individual-Level Risk Factors |
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63 | (2) |
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Neighborhood or Household-Level Risk Factors |
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65 | (1) |
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Theoretical Explanations of Recurring Victimization |
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65 | (2) |
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Consequences of Recurring Victimization |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Preventing Recurring Victimization |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Victims' Rights And Remedies |
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73 | (20) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (7) |
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Common Victims' Rights Given by States |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Participation and Consultation |
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74 | (1) |
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Box 5.1 Victims' Rights in Virginia |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Rights Related to Evidence |
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76 | (1) |
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Issues With Victims' Rights |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Remedies and Rights in Court |
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83 | (7) |
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83 | (1) |
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Box 5.2 Excerpt From Chanel Miller's Victim Impact Statement |
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84 | (2) |
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Victim/Witness Assistance Programs |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Victim-Offender Mediation Programs |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Homicide Victimization: Written By Lisa R. Muftic And Revised By Leah E. Daigle |
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93 | (25) |
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93 | (1) |
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Denning Homicide Victimization |
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94 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Homicide Victimization |
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96 | (4) |
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Homicide Victimization in the United States |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Supplemental Homicide Reports |
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97 | (1) |
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National Center for Health Statistics |
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98 | (1) |
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Homicide Victimization Across the Globe |
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99 | (1) |
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |
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99 | (1) |
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World Health Organization |
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99 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for and Characteristics of Homicide Victimization |
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100 | (2) |
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Sociodemographic Characteristics of Victims and Offenders |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Urbanity and Socioeconomic Status |
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101 | (1) |
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Victim-Offender Relationship |
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101 | (1) |
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Homicide of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Individuals |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Types of Homicide Victimization |
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102 | (6) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Felonious Homicide Risk and the Elderly |
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103 | (1) |
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Intimate Partner Homicide |
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103 | (1) |
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Intimate Partner Homicide Followed by Suicide |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Box 6.1 2013 Vienna Declaration on Femicide |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Homicides Involving Multiple Victims |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Victim Precipitation Theories |
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108 | (1) |
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Indirect or Secondary Victimization |
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109 | (1) |
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Common Reactions to Homicide |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Legal and Community Responses to Homicide Victimization |
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110 | (4) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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Restorative Justice Efforts |
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113 | (1) |
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Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Programs |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Sexual Victimization |
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118 | (30) |
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118 | (1) |
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What Is Sexual Victimization? |
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119 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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Sexual Victimization Other Than Rape |
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120 | (1) |
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Box 7.1 The Case of Genarlow Wilson |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Sexual Victimization |
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123 | (4) |
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123 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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123 | (1) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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124 | (1) |
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Sexual Experiences Survey |
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124 | (1) |
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National College Women Sexual Victimization Study |
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125 | (1) |
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National Study of Drug or Alcohol Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape |
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125 | (1) |
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National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey |
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126 | (1) |
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AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct |
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127 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for and Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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127 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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130 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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Reporting to the Police and Others |
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130 | (1) |
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Resistance or Self-Protective Action |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Consequences of Sexual Victimization |
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133 | (1) |
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Physical, Emotional, and Psychological Effects |
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133 | (1) |
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Behavioral and Relationship Effects |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Recurring Sexual Victimization |
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134 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Victimization of Males |
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134 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, and Transgender People |
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135 | (1) |
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Legal and Criminal Justice Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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136 | (6) |
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Legal Aspects of Sexual Victimization |
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136 | (1) |
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Violence Against Women Act (1994) |
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137 | (1) |
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HIV and STI Testing and Condom Stealthing |
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137 | (2) |
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Sex Offender Registration and Notification |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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Prosecuting Rape and Sexual Assault |
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142 | (1) |
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Prevention and Intervention |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Intimate Partner Violence |
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148 | (25) |
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148 | (2) |
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Defining Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Box 8.1 Sample CTS-2 Questions |
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153 | (1) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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153 | (1) |
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National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey |
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154 | (1) |
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Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (4) |
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Gender and Intimate Partner Violence |
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155 | (1) |
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Special Case: Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Risk Factors and Theories for Intimate Partner Violence |
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158 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Associating With Knoum Criminals |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Psychological and Emotional Outcomes |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Why Abusive Relationships Continue |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Responses to Intimate Partner Violence |
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163 | (4) |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (1) |
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Legal and Community Responses |
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167 | (3) |
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167 | (1) |
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Domestic Violence Shelters |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Family Violence Prevention and Services Act |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Victimization At The Beginning And End Of Life: Child And Elder Abuse |
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173 | (26) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (13) |
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What Is Child Maltreatment? |
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174 | (2) |
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Measurement and Extent of Child Maltreatment |
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176 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Child Maltreatment? |
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177 | (1) |
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Who Perpetrates Child Maltreatment? |
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178 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Consequences of Child Maltreatment |
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180 | (1) |
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Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Effects |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Effect on Criminality and Other Behaviors |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Responses to Child Maltreatment |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (9) |
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What Is Elder Maltreatment? |
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186 | (1) |
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Box 9.1 Abuse of Durable Power of Attorney: Case Example |
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187 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Elder Maltreatment |
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188 | (1) |
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Reports From Adult Protective Services |
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188 | (1) |
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Estimates Derived From Surveys |
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189 | (1) |
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Special Case: Elder Maltreatment in Institutions |
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190 | (1) |
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Special Case: Intimate Partner Violence of Older Women |
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190 | (1) |
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Special Case: Financial Exploitation of the Elderly |
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190 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Elder Maltreatment? |
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191 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Elder Maltreatment Victimization |
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191 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Elder Maltreatment |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Routine Activities Theory |
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192 | (1) |
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Responses to Elder Maltreatment |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Victimization At School And Work |
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199 | (25) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Victimization at School: Grades K--12 |
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200 | (8) |
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201 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for School Victimization |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Psychosocial Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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204 | (1) |
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Violent Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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205 | (1) |
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Box 10.1 The Story of Phoebe Prince |
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205 | (1) |
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Responses to School Victimization |
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206 | (1) |
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Box 10.2 Florida's Bullying/Harassment, Cyberbullying, and Hazing Laws |
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206 | (2) |
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Victimization at School: College |
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208 | (5) |
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208 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at College |
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209 | (1) |
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Lifestyle/Routine Activities |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Responses to Campus Victimization |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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Campus Police and Security Measures |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (7) |
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Definition of Workplace Victimization |
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213 | (1) |
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Extent of Workplace Victimization |
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214 | (1) |
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Who Is Victimized at Work? |
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214 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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214 | (1) |
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Occupations With Greatest Risk |
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215 | (1) |
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Special Case: Fatal Workplace Victimization |
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215 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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216 | (1) |
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Occupations and Workplaces With Greatest Risk |
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216 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at Work |
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217 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Harassment |
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217 | (1) |
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Consequences of Workplace Victimization |
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218 | (1) |
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Responses to Workplace Victimization |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Legislation and Regulation |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Property Victimization, Identity Theft Victimization, And Cybervictimization |
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224 | (27) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (10) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Theft Victimization |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Extent of Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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227 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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227 | (2) |
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Who Are Motor Vehicle Theft Victims? |
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229 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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229 | (1) |
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Response to Motor Vehicle Theft |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Extent of Household Burglary |
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232 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Household Burglary |
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233 | (1) |
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What Households Are Burglarized? |
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233 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Household Burglary |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (7) |
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Extent of Identity Theft Victimization |
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236 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Identity Theft Victimizations |
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237 | (1) |
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Who Is Victimized by Identity Theft? |
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237 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Identity Theft Victimization |
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238 | (1) |
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Consequences of Identity Theft |
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238 | (1) |
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Responses to Identity Theft Victimization |
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239 | (1) |
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Box 11.1 CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 |
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240 | (1) |
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Box 11.2 Identity Theft Law, Illinois |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (7) |
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Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence |
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241 | (2) |
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Technology-Based Coercive Control (Digital Coercive Control) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Cyberbullying? |
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246 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Cyberbullying |
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246 | (1) |
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Consequences of Cyberbullying |
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247 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Response and Prevention |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Victimization Of Special Populations |
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251 | (26) |
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251 | (1) |
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Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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251 | (10) |
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Defining Persons With Disabilities |
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252 | (1) |
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Extent of Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Violence Against Women With Disabilities |
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254 | (1) |
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Victimization of Youth With Disabilities |
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255 | (1) |
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Patterns of Victimization |
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256 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization for Persons With Disabilities |
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257 | (1) |
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Responses to Victims With Disabilities |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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261 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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Extent and Type of Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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261 | (1) |
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Why Are Persons With Mental Illness at Risk for Victimization? |
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262 | (2) |
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Responses to Victims With Mental Illness |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Victimization of the Incarcerated |
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265 | (8) |
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Extent of Victimization of People in Jail and Prison |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization While Incarcerated |
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266 | (1) |
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Previous History of Victimization |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Lifestyles and Routine Activities |
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269 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Victimization of Incarcerated Persons |
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269 | (1) |
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Who Is Sexually Victimized? |
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269 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization in Prison and Jail |
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270 | (1) |
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Responses to Victimization in Prison |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Box 12.1 The Case of Farmer v. Brennan |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Victimology From A Comparative Perspective: Written By Lisa R. Muftic And Revised By Leah E. Daigle |
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277 | (18) |
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277 | (1) |
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Victimology Across the Globe |
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278 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Victimization Across the Globe |
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279 | (3) |
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International Crime Victims Survey |
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280 | (1) |
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International Self-Report Delinquency Study |
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280 | (1) |
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British Crime Survey/Crime Survey for England and Wales |
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281 | (1) |
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International Violence Against Women Survey |
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282 | (1) |
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Justice System Responses to Victimization |
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282 | (4) |
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Victims and the United Nations |
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282 | (1) |
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International Court of Justice |
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283 | (1) |
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International Criminal Court |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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Victims' Rights and Assistance Programs |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Different Approaches in Different Locales |
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287 | (4) |
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Box 13.1 Canadian Victims Bill of Rights |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Contemporary Issues In Victimology |
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|
295 | (29) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (11) |
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What Is Hate Crime Victimization? |
|
|
296 | (1) |
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Extent of Hate Crime Victimization |
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297 | (1) |
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Who Are Hate Crime Victims? |
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|
297 | (1) |
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Individual Characteristics |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Type of Hate Crime Victimization Experienced |
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|
298 | (2) |
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Special Case: Sexual-Orientation-Bias-Motivated Hate Crime Victimization |
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|
300 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Hate Crime Victimizations |
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301 | (1) |
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Box 14.1 Tara's Story of Experiencing Anti-LGBTQ Victimization |
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|
301 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Hate Crime Victimization |
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302 | (1) |
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Consequences of Hate Crime Victimization |
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|
303 | (1) |
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Consequences for Individuals |
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303 | (1) |
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Consequences for the Community |
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303 | (1) |
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Responses to Hate Crime Victimization |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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304 | (1) |
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Box 14.2 California's Hate Crime Law Provisions, Penal Code § 422.6 |
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|
305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Victims of Human Trafficking |
|
|
306 | (9) |
|
What Is Human Trafficking? |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
Extent of Human Trafficking |
|
|
108 | (201) |
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|
|
309 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Human Trafficking |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Consequences for Victims of Human Trafficking |
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311 | (1) |
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Response to Human Trafficking Victims |
|
|
311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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United States Governmental and Criminal Justice Response |
|
|
312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (5) |
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Extent of Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
315 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Terrorism? |
|
|
315 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Terrorism Victimizations |
|
|
316 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
316 | (1) |
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Consequences of Terrorism on Victims |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Responses to Victims of Terrorism |
|
|
318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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|
323 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
324 | (12) |
| References |
|
336 | (43) |
| Index |
|
379 | (24) |
| About the Author |
|
403 | |
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