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El. knyga: Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar [Taylor & Francis e-book]

  • Formatas: 302 pages, 5 Tables, black and white; 8 Line drawings, black and white; 8 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Routledge Essential Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781315454610
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
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Vietnamese: An Essential GrammarDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 302 pages, 5 Tables, black and white; 8 Line drawings, black and white; 8 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Routledge Essential Grammars
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781315454610
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315454610
Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to modern Vietnamese. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language in short, readable sections.

Features include:











Clear and up-to-date examples of modern usage.





Special attention to those points which often cause problems to English-speaking learners.





Vietnamese / English comparisons and contrasts highlighted throughout.

The final section covers pronunciation, providing an introduction to the syllable structure of Vietnamese, and highlighting common errors made by English-speaking learners. Accompanying audio tracks for this chapter are available at www.routledge.com/9781138210707.

Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar is ideal for learners involved in independent study and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.
Preface xxvi
Introduction xxviii
1 Vietnamese language xxviii
2 How this book is organized xxix
3 Symbols, abbreviations, contractions and typography xxxi
Chapter 1 Nouns, noun phrases and their components
1(49)
1.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese nouns
1(1)
1.2 Classification of nouns
2(3)
1.2.1 Common nouns vs. proper nouns
2(2)
1.2.2 Concrete nouns vs. abstract nouns
4(1)
1.2.3 Countable nouns vs. uncountable nouns
4(1)
1.2.3.1 Abstract nouns denoting concepts
4(1)
1.2.3.2 Mass nouns denoting material and substance
5(1)
1.2.3.3 Collective nouns denoting groups of people and sets of items
5(1)
1.3 Noun phrases and their components
5(43)
1.3.1 Noun phrase # 1: number + classifier + noun
5(1)
1.3.1.1 Numbers
5(1)
1.3.1.1.1 Cardinal numbers
5(3)
1.3.1.1.2 Ordinal numbers
8(1)
1.3.1.1.3 Decimals, fractions and percentage
8(1)
1.3.1.1.4 Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
9(1)
1.3.1.1.5 Twice, twice as much/many three times + comparative adjective in Vietnamese
10(1)
1.3.1.1.6 Half and and a halfin Vietnamese
10(1)
1.3.1.1.7 Dates and clock time
11(5)
1.3.1.1.8 Approximations: several, a few, some; few, little, many, much in Vietnamese
16(2)
1.3.1.1.9 More than, over, fewer than, under and nearly used before a specified number or amount in Vietnamese
18(1)
1.3.1.1.10 Pair and couple in Vietnamese
19(1)
1.3.1.2 Classifiers
20(1)
1.3.1.2.1 Classifiers for different types of nouns
20(4)
1.3.1.2.2 Constructions in which no classifier is used
24(1)
1.3.2 Noun phrase #2: plural marker + classifier + noun
25(1)
1.3.2.1 Plural markers
26(1)
1.3.2.2 Determiners every, each, all, entire, whole in Vietnamese
27(1)
1.3.2.2.1 Ca
27(1)
1.3.2.2.2 Titca
28(1)
1.3.2.2.3 Moi
28(1)
1.3.2.2.4 MSi
29(1)
1.3.2.2.5 Tung
30(1)
1.3.2.2.6 Toan and toan b?
31(1)
1.3.2.3 Deu emphasizing the plurality
31(1)
1.3.3 Noun phrase #3: noun + attributive
32(1)
1.3.3.1 Adjectives as attributives
32(1)
1.3.3.1.1 Positive, comparative and superlative of the adjectives
33(2)
1.3.3.2 Adverbs of degree
35(1)
1.3.3.3 Demonstrative adjectives as attributives
35(1)
1.3.3.4 Question words gi and nao as attributives
36(2)
1.3.3.5 Nouns as attributives
38(1)
1.3.3.5.1 Introduction of nouns functioning as attributives
38(1)
1.3.3.5.2 Useofcua
39(1)
1.3.3.5.3 Possessive pronouns and personal pronouns
40(4)
1.3.3.5.4 Third personal pronouns
44(1)
1.3.3.5.5 Personal pronouns in the plural
45(1)
1.3.3.5.6 Other personal pronouns
45(1)
1.3.3.6 Verbs and verb phrases as attributives
46(2)
1.4 Main functions of nouns and noun phrases
48(2)
1.4.1 Subject of a sentence
48(1)
1.4.2 Direct object of a verb
48(1)
1.4.3 Indirect object of a verb
48(1)
1.4.4 Subject predicative
49(1)
1.4.5 Object predicative
49(1)
1.4.6 Complement of a preposition
49(1)
1.4.7 Modifier of a noun as its attributive
49(1)
Chapter 2 Verbs, verb phrases and their components
50(57)
2.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese verbs
50(1)
2.2 Types of verbs
50(3)
2.2.1 La and the English to be
51(1)
2.2.2 C6 and the English to have
52(1)
2.2.3 Semantic groups of verbs
53(1)
2.3 Verb phrase #1: tense / aspect marker + verb
53(9)
2.3.1 Tense markers
53(2)
2.3.2 Aspect markers
55(1)
2.3.2.1 Vira / moi / vara moi
55(1)
2.3.2.2 Sap
56(1)
2.3.2.3 Chua
56(1)
2.3.2.4 Van / con / van con
56(1)
2.3.2.5 Dang
57(1)
2.3.2.6 Van and van con referring to persistence
57(1)
2.3.2.7 Roi
58(1)
2.3.2.8 Xong
59(1)
2.3.2.9 Hit
60(1)
2.3.2.10 Han
61(1)
2.4 Verb phrase #2: verb + object
62(11)
2.4.1 Verbs of giving
62(1)
2.4.1.1 Verb + indirect object + direct object
62(1)
2.4.1.2 Verb + direct object + cho + indirect object
63(1)
2.4.1.3 Verb + cho + indirect object + direct object
63(1)
2.4.2 Verbs of receiving
64(1)
2.4.2.1 Verb + direct object + cua + indirect object
64(1)
2.4.2.2 Verb + cua + indirect object + modified direct object
65(1)
2.4.3 Causative verbs
65(3)
2.4.4 Verbs of speaking, thinking and perceiving
68(1)
2.4.4.1 Verb + object
68(1)
2.4.4.2 Verb, + verb
69(1)
2.4.4.3 Verb + preposition + noun / pronoun
69(3)
2.4.4.4 Verb + clause
72(1)
2.4.5 Verbs of equating
72(1)
2.5 Verb phrase #3: verb + adjective
73(2)
2.5.1 Adjective functioning as adverb of manner
73(1)
2.5.2 Positive, comparative and superlative of adjective modifying verb
74(1)
2.5.3 Bisyllabic adjectives modifying verb
74(1)
2.5.4 Adjectives following mot each
74(1)
2.6 Verb phrase #4: adverb + verb, or verb + adverb
75(6)
2.6.1 Adverbs of degree
75(1)
2.6.1.1 Adverbs of degree modifying verbs of feelings
75(1)
2.6.1.2 Preference
76(1)
2.6.1.3 [ Cang] ngay cang and moi luc mot
77(1)
2.6.1.4 Chi
78(1)
2.6.2 Adverbs of frequency
79(2)
2.7 Verbs of motion
81(8)
2.7.1 Di
81(1)
2.7.1.1 Di + destination
81(1)
2.7.1.2 Di + preposition + destination
81(1)
2.7.2 Other verbs of motion
82(4)
2.7.3 Verbs of motion and prepositions used with the geographical names of Vietnam
86(2)
2.7.4 Transitive verbs of motion with no direction
88(1)
2.8 Verbs of appearance, existence and disappearance
89(4)
2.8.1 Co
89(1)
2.8.2 Con
90(1)
2.8.3 Het
90(1)
2.8.4 Mat
91(1)
2.8.5 Xuat hien
92(1)
2.8.6 Xay ra and dien ra
92(1)
2.8.7 Bien mat
93(1)
2.9 Verbs of reaching or bringing to a particular state or condition
93(1)
2.10 Modal verbs
94(4)
2.10.1 Can
94(1)
2.10.2 Co the
95(1)
2.10.3 Dam
96(1)
2.10.4 Dinh
96(1)
2.10.5 Muon
97(1)
2.10.6 Nen
97(1)
2.10.7 Phai
98(1)
2.11 Imperatives
98(6)
2.11.1 Hay
99(1)
2.11.2 Cu
99(1)
2.11.3 Di
100(1)
2.11.4 Nhe
100(1)
2.11.5 Moi
101(1)
2.11.6 Da
102(1)
2.11.7 Dirng
102(1)
2.11.8 Khong and khong duoc
103(1)
2.11.9 Cho
103(1)
2.12 Verb constructions equivalent to the English passive voice
104(1)
2.13 Main functions of verbs and verb phrases
105(2)
2.13.1 Predicate of a sentence
105(1)
2.13.2 Subject of a sentence
106(1)
2.13.3 Object of a verb
106(1)
2.13.4 Modifier of a noun as its attributive
106(1)
Chapter 3 Adjectives, adjective phrases and their components
107(12)
3.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese adjectives
107(1)
3.1.1 Main distinction between a Vietnamese adjective and an English adjective
107(1)
3.1.2 Adjectives describing qualities and state of affairs
107(1)
3.1.3 Gradable and ungradable adjectives
108(1)
3.2 Adjective phrases and their components
108(8)
3.2.1 Adjective phrase # 1: adverb of degree + adjective
108(2)
3.2.2 Adjective phrase #2: adjective + adverb of degree
110(1)
3.2.2.1 Limvs.rlt
110(1)
3.2.3 Adjective phrase #3: adjective + comparison marker
111(1)
3.2.3.1 Vietnamese construction for English He is much older than me / than I am
112(1)
3.2.3.2 Vietnamese construction for English He is three years older than me / than I am. / He is three years my senior
112(1)
3.2.3.3 Hon as a full adjective
112(1)
3.2.3.4 Vietnamese constructions for English less + adjective and the least + adjective
112(1)
3.2.3.5 So voi denoting the comparative of the adjective
113(1)
3.2.4 Adjective phrase #4: aspect / tense marker + adjective or: adjective + aspect / tense marker
113(1)
3.2.5 Adjective phrase #5: adjective + object or: adjective + preposition + object
114(1)
3.2.6 Adjective phrase #6: adjective + number + weight / length / height / temperature measures
115(1)
3.2.7 Adjective phrase #7: adjective + verb of motion
116(1)
3.3 Main functions of adjectives and adjective phrases
116(3)
3.3.1 Modifier of a noun as its attributive
117(1)
3.3.2 Predicate of a sentence
117(1)
3.3.3 Modifier of a verb as an adverbial
117(2)
Chapter 4 Word-formation
119(33)
4.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese word
119(1)
4.2 Main processes of forming new words in Vietnamese
119(33)
4.2.1 Compounding
120(1)
4.2.1.1 Co-ordinate compounds
120(1)
4.2.1.2 Subordinate compounds
121(3)
4.2.2 Affixation
124(1)
4.2.2.1 Prefixation
125(3)
4.2.2.2 Suffixation
128(2)
4.2.3 Reduplication
130(1)
4.2.3.1 Whole resemblance
130(1)
4.2.3.1.1 Base word is completely repeated
130(1)
4.2.3.1.2 Tone changes
131(1)
4.2.3.1.3 Tone and final consonant change
131(1)
4.2.3.2 Partial resemblance
132(1)
4.2.3.2.1 Rhyme of reduplicated syllable changes
132(1)
4.2.3.2.2 Initial consonants change
132(2)
4.2.3.3 Trisyllabic reduplicatives
134(1)
4.2.3.4 Quadrisyllable reduplicatives
134(1)
4.2.3.5 None of the syllables convey any meaning
135(1)
4.2.3.6 Reduplicatives containing-iec
135(1)
4.2.3.7 Meanings of reduplicatives
135(1)
4.2.3.7.1 Nouns
135(1)
4.2.3.7.2 Adjectives
136(1)
4.2.3.7.3 Verbs
136(1)
4.2.3.7.4 Onomatopoeic words
137(1)
4.2.4 Borrowing
137(1)
4.2.4.1 Loanwords from Chinese
137(1)
4.2.4.1.1 From second century bc to seventh century ad
137(1)
4.2.4.1.2 From seventh to seventeenth centuries
138(5)
4.2.4.1.3 From seventeenth century on
143(1)
4.2.4.1.4 Loanwords from the dialects of Chinese
144(1)
4.2.4.1.5 Chinese monosyllabic loanwords as components for word-formation
145(1)
4.2.4.1.6 Chinese quadrisyllabic template
145(3)
4.2.4.2 Loanwords from French
148(2)
4.2.4.3 Loanwords from English
150(2)
Chapter 5 Sentences
152(77)
5.1 Introduction to the Vietnamese sentences
152(9)
5.1.1 The constituents of a sentence
152(1)
5.1.1.1 Subject and predicate
152(1)
5.1.1.2 Object and object predicative
153(1)
5.1.1.3 Adverbials
153(1)
5.1.1.3.1 Adverbial of manner
154(1)
5.1.1.3.2 Adverbial of place
154(1)
5.1.1.3.3 Adverbial of time
155(2)
5.1.1.3.4 Adverbial of frequency
157(1)
5.1.1.3.5 Adverbial of degree
157(1)
5.1.1.3.6 Adverbial of cause
158(1)
5.1.1.3.7 Adverbial of purpose
159(1)
5.1.1.3.8 Adverbial of means
159(1)
5.1.1.3.9 Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
159(1)
5.1.1.3.10 Sentence adverbials
160(1)
5.1.2 Classification of sentences
160(1)
5.1.2.1 Based on major purposes of communication
160(1)
5.1.2.2 Based on internal construction
160(1)
5.1.2.3 Positive and negative sentences
161(1)
5.1.2.4 Active and passive sentences
161(1)
5.2 Declarative sentences
161(5)
5.2.1 Positive declarative sentences
161(1)
5.2.1.1 Verbal predicate
161(1)
5.2.1.2 Adjectival predicate
162(1)
5.2.1.3 Nominal predicate
162(1)
5.2.2 Negative declarative sentences
162(1)
5.2.2.1 Negative sentences with verbal predicate
162(2)
5.2.2.2 Negative sentences with adjectival predicate
164(1)
5.2.2.3 Negative sentences with nominal predicate
164(1)
5.2.2.4 Double negative with meaning of affirmation
164(2)
5.3 Interrogative sentences
166(14)
5.3.1 Interrogative sentences that do not contain questions word
166(1)
5.3.1.1 Construction co... khong
166(1)
5.3.1.2 Construction co phai... khong
166(1)
5.3.1.3 Replies that begin with Yes, Yeah or No
167(1)
5.3.1.4 Construction da... chua
167(1)
5.3.1.5 Construction..., phai khong
168(1)
5.3.1.6 Construction co phai... khong
168(1)
5.3.1.7 Construction... a
169(1)
5.3.1.8 Construction... chu-
170(1)
5.3.1.9 Construction... duoc khong
170(1)
5.3.1.10 Construction... hay... meaning "or"
171(1)
5.3.1.11 Construction either... or... in Vietnamese
171(1)
5.3.2 Interrogative sentences containing question words
172(1)
5.3.2.1 Location
172(1)
5.3.2.2 Motion
172(1)
5.3.2.3 Time
173(1)
5.3.2.4 Cause
174(1)
5.3.2.5 Purpose
175(1)
5.3.2.6 Quantity
176(1)
5.3.2.7 Who and whom in Vietnamese
177(1)
5.3.2.8 What and which as question words in Vietnamese
177(2)
5.3.2.9 Plural marker nhtrng preceding question words ai, dau, gi
179(1)
5.3.3 Rhetorical questions
179(1)
5.4 Exclamatory sentences
180(1)
5.4.1 Qua, oi
180(1)
5.4.2 That
180(1)
5.4.3 That la
180(1)
5.4.4 Oi la
181(1)
5.5 Emphatic constructions
181(14)
5.5.1 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with cung
181(1)
5.5.1.1 Emphasized subject is denoted by the question word ai or the noun phrase noun + nao
181(1)
5.5.1.2 Emphasized object is expressed by the question word ai or the noun phrase noun + gi / nao
181(1)
5.1.1.3 Emphasized adverbials of place and time that are indicated by o dau, bau gio or the noun phrase noun + nao
181(1)
5.5.2 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with chang and cha following a question word
182(1)
5.5.3 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with bit cur / bat ki
182(1)
5.5.4 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with co
183(1)
5.5.5 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with co... moi...
183(1)
5.5.6 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with moi showing emphasis on the adverbial of time
183(1)
5.5.7 Emphatic positive declarative sentences with vira / moi / vua moi... da
184(1)
5.5.8 Not only... but also... in Vietnamese
184(1)
5.5.9 Emphatic co and nhung
185(1)
5.5.10 Emphatic chinh
186(1)
5.5.10.1 Subject
186(1)
5.5.10.2 Predicate with la
186(1)
5.5.10.3 Object
186(1)
5.5.10.4 Adverbials of cause and purpose
186(1)
5.5.11 Emphatic ngay
187(1)
5.5.12 Emphatic ngay ca
187(1)
5.5.13 Emphatic chi... la...
187(1)
5.5.14 Emphatic mai
187(1)
5.5.15 Emphatic tan
188(1)
5.5.16 Emphatic quantity bao nhieu la and toan la
189(1)
5.5.17 Emphatic negative declarative sentences
190(1)
5.5.17.1 He
190(1)
5.5.17.2 Specific construction "negation + verb + question word"
190(1)
5.5.17.3 English negative pronouns none, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, nor and negative adverbs never, nowhere in Vietnamese
191(2)
5.5.18 Emphatic constructions "topic - comment"
193(1)
5.5.18.1 Subject as topic
193(1)
5.5.18.2 Subject as topic followed by a sentence
194(1)
5.5.18.3 Predicate as topic
194(1)
5.5.18.4 Object as topic
195(1)
5.5.18.5 Place and time as topic
195(1)
5.6 Sentence particles
195(9)
5.6.1 Initial particles
196(1)
5.6.1.1 A
196(1)
5.6.1.2 Ay
196(1)
5.6.1.3 Da
196(1)
5.6.1.4 Ma
197(1)
5.6.1.5 Nao
197(1)
5.6.1.6 Oi
197(1)
5.6.1.7 Thaonao
198(1)
5.6.1.8 The a
198(1)
5.6.1.9 The thi
199(1)
5.6.1.10 Thi
199(1)
5.6.1.11 Thua
199(1)
5.6.2 Final particles
200(1)
5.6.2.1 A
200(1)
5.6.2.2 Ay
200(1)
5.6.2.3 Chu
201(1)
5.6.2.4 Day
201(1)
5.6.2.5 Day
201(1)
5.6.2.6 Ho
202(1)
5.6.2.7 Ma
202(1)
5.6.2.8 Nay
203(1)
5.6.2.9 Nhi
203(1)
5.6.2.10 Roi
203(1)
5.6.2.11 That
203(1)
5.6.2.12 Vay
204(1)
5.7 Compound sentences
204(5)
5.7.1 Listing of two or more events with co-ordinating conjunction va meaning "and"
204(1)
5.7.2 Contrasting two events with conjunctions nhirng or ma
205(1)
5.7.3 Introducing a choice with conjunctions hoac [ la] or hay [ la]
206(1)
5.7.4 Contrasting two events by confirming one and negating another with khong... ma... or... chu khong...
207(1)
5.7.5 Expressing parallel increase or decrease with cang... cang...
207(1)
5.7.6 Emphasizing a combination of two or more actions, events or features with vira... vira...
207(1)
5.7.7 Emphasizing two items denoted by nouns with ca... va...
208(1)
5.7.8 Emphasizing an added feature with da... lai [ con] ... [ nua]
208(1)
5.8 Complex sentences
209(20)
5.8.1 Nominal clauses
209(1)
5.8.1.1 Subordinate declarative clauses
209(1)
5.8.1.2 Subordinate interrogative clauses and the position of the question word in Vietnamese and English
210(1)
5.8.2 Relative clauses
211(1)
5.8.2.1 Conjunction ma
212(1)
5.8.2.2 Nod, khi and vi sao
212(1)
5.8.3 Adverbial clauses
213(1)
5.8.3.1 Place clauses
213(1)
5.8.3.2 Temporal (or time) clauses
214(2)
5.8.3.3 Conditional clauses
216(1)
5.8.3.3.1 Neu
216(2)
5.8.3.3.2 Gia su
218(1)
5.8.3.3.3 Gia [ nhu]
218(1)
5.8.3.3.4 Ma
219(1)
5.8.3.3.5 Hi cur... la/thi
219(1)
5.8.3.3.6 Tru phi
219(1)
5.8.3.3.7 Keo
220(1)
5.8.3.3.8 Muon... phai
220(1)
5.8.3.3.9 Nho
221(1)
5.8.3.4 Concessive clauses
221(1)
5.8.3.5 Reason clauses
222(1)
5.8.3.6 Result clauses
223(1)
5.8.3.7 Purpose clauses
224(1)
5.8.3.7.1 Be
224(1)
5.8.3.7.2 Ma
224(1)
5.8.3.7.3 Nham
224(1)
5.8.3.8 Manner clauses
225(1)
5.8.3.9 Proportion clauses
225(1)
5.8.3.10 Similarity clauses with correlative ai - nguoi ay, nao - ay, dau - day, the nao - the ay / sao - vay
225(1)
5.8.3.11 W-conditional clauses and no matter in Vietnamese
226(1)
5.8.3.11.1 Bit cur / bat ki... cung...
226(1)
5.8.3.11.2 Du... thi... cung
227(1)
5.8.3.11.3 No matter in Vietnamese
227(2)
Chapter 6 Problem words, phrases and constructions
229(44)
6.1 Con
229(1)
6.1.1 As a full verb meaning "have something left; there is / are left"
229(1)
6.1.2 As an aspect marker denoting a continuing action or state. Con is equivalent to the English still
229(1)
6.1.3 As an adverb of degree placed before an adjective in the comparative to refer to a greater extent or degree. Con is similar to the English even or still
230(1)
6.1.4 Asa conjunction that serves to switch from one subject to another one. Con is similar to the English and
230(1)
6.2 Cung and English also, too, as well and either (in a negative statement)
230(1)
6.3 Duac
231(3)
6.3.1 As a full verb meaning "receive, get." The object should be something favorable
231(1)
6.3.2 As a full verb meaning "gain something necessary for further movement or development"
231(1)
6.3.3 As a full verb meaning "win a lawsuit; win a card game and get money"
231(1)
6.3.4 As a full verb used before a number to suggest that a number or an amount has been reched
231(1)
6.3.5 As a verb placed in front of another verb to convey the meaning "have the right or permission to do something"
232(1)
6.3.6 As a verb placed in front of another verb to denote an opportunity or a chance to do something
232(1)
6.3.7 As a verb inserted between another verb and the object or placed at the end of a statement with the meaning "be able to do something"
232(1)
6.3.8 As a verb placed before a transitive verb to refer to an action that is expressed by the passive voice in English
233(1)
6.3.9 As an adjective meaning "good, suitable"
233(1)
6.3.10 As an adverb used after a verb to emphasize the favorable feature of an event or action. The event or action itself is favorable from the speaker's perspective
233(1)
6.3.11 As an adverb used after a negation and in front of an adjective to reduce the unfavorable feature of an event. The event itself is unfavorable from the speaker's point of view
233(1)
6.4 Lai
234(2)
6.4.1 As a full verb, lai conveys the meaning "come or go over, usually within a short distance" and is used chiefly in conversational Vietnamese
234(1)
6.4.2 Lai follows a verb
234(1)
6.4.2.1 To convey the sense of redoing something or performing an action again. In some cases, lai is similar to the English prefix re-
234(1)
6.4.2.2 To convey the sense of an action opposite of another action that was done before
234(1)
6.4.2.3 To convey the sense of an action directed towards one point
235(1)
6.4.2.4 To convey the sense of keeping something closed, locked or stopped; if the verb takes an object, the object is inserted between the verb and lai
235(1)
6.4.3 Lai follows some adjectives to convey the meaning of reduction in size or amount
235(1)
6.4.4 Lai serves as a conjuction to join two parts or a sentence to suggest that something is added to what has been spoken of before. Both parts should be either "favorable" or "unfavorable." D3 can be used before the first part to show emphasis on the addition. It is similar to the English and moreover
235(1)
6.4.5 Lai is an adverb placed before a verb to imply that what happened or is happening is unfavorable. It is similar to the English again
236(1)
6.4.6 Lai is an adverb placed after the question words of cause tai sao and sao to refer to the speaker's surprise
236(1)
6.5 Ma
236(3)
6.5.1 Ma serves as a conjunction
236(1)
6.5.1.1 To contrast two events, the second one of which is unexpected because of the first one
236(1)
6.5.1.2 To contrast two events. The first one is negated and the second one is confirmed
236(1)
6.5.1.3 To refer to a condition
237(1)
6.5.1.4 To refer to a purpose
237(1)
6.5.1.5 To show emphasis on the reason
237(1)
6.5.1.6 To be part of correlative conjunction khong nhung / khong chi... ma...con... and khong chi... ma ca...
237(1)
6.5.1.7 To connect a subornative relative clause to the main clause as
237(1)
6.5.1.7.1 Relative pronoun
237(1)
6.5.1.7.2 Relative adverb of place
238(1)
6.5.1.7.3 Relative adverb of time
238(1)
6.5.1.8 To join two phrases of a sentence to convey the speaker's surprise or warning that something is unusual or bad may happen
238(1)
6.5.2 Ma serves as an emphatic particle
238(1)
6.5.2.1 As an initial particle, ma is fronted in a second statement with the meaning "moreover, besides" to introduce something new that is added to the idea conveyed in the previous statement
238(1)
6.5.2.2 As a final particle, ma is placed at the end of a statement to show emphasis on the fact that has already happened or is going on. The statement explains the reason for what has been mentioned
238(1)
6.6 M(ri
239(1)
6.6.1 As an adjective meaning "new"
239(1)
6.6.2 As an aspect marker meaning "just"
239(1)
6.6.3 As an aspect marker to put emphasis on the adverbial of time
239(1)
6.6.4 As a corellative aspect marker used with da, moi shows emphasis on the quickness of the second action that took place right after the first action
239(1)
6.6.5 As a correlative word used with co, moi emphasizes the fulfillment of a requirement in order to perform an action
239(1)
6.6.6 As a correlative word used with thoi which is placed at the end of a statement, moi means "just, only" and refers to the past tense
239(1)
6.6.7 As an emphatic word placed before a number or a time to suggest that the number is too small or the time is too early; the word c6 can follow m6i and precede the number for more emphasis
240(1)
6.7 Phai
240(1)
6.7.1 As an adjective meaning "right": tay phai "right hand / arm;" chin phai "right leg / foot;" phai bin [ tay] phai "on the right side;" re [ tay] phai "turn right;" etc.
240(1)
6.7.2 As a modal verb placed in front of another verb to express advice or an obligation
240(1)
6.7.3 As an adverb inserted between the main verb and the object to suggest that the subject runs into something unpleasant
240(1)
6.8 R6i
241(1)
6.8.1 As an aspect marker that refers to the completion of an action that began in the past. With this function, roi is similar to the English already
241(1)
6.8.2 As an aspect marker that suggests that an event will be arriving in the future earlier than expected
241(1)
6.8.3 As a conjunction which denotes two actions occurring after one another. R6i is similar to the Engl ish and or and then
241(1)
6.8.4 Asa conjunction to join two parts of a sentence, the first of which serves as the reason or condition leading to the result in the second one. There is no equivalent in English
241(1)
6.8.5 As a final particle
241(1)
6.9 Thl
242(1)
6.9.1 As a correlative conjunction, thi is used together with neu, gia, ma and he in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of condition. The subordinate clause precedes the main clause, and thi comes at the beginning of the main clause. In some instances, thi is equivalent to the English then
242(1)
6.9.2 As a correlative conjunction, thi is used together with khi or trong khi in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of time. The subordinate clause precedes the main clause, and thi comes at the beginning of the main clause. With this function, thi does not have the English equivalent. The action is long-lasting in the subordinate clause and short in the main clause
242(1)
6.9.3 As an emphatic word used before the second action that took place right after the first one. This use of thi refers to the past tense
242(1)
6.9.4 As an emphatic word used after the question word of time that denotes the future tense. Thi shows emphasis on the speaker's expectation of an event that, in her / his opinion, should happen soon. Thi may also express the speaker's impatience. A parent may say to the child
242(1)
6.9.5 As an emphatic word used after the subject or the topic to introduce a comment on the subject or topic
243(1)
6.10 English and and Vietnamese va
243(1)
6.11 English good and Vietnamese tot
243(3)
6.11.1 Of High Quality. Vietnamese Uses Tot Only In In Some Phrases
243(1)
6.11.2 Having Or Showing Talent Or Skill. Vietnamese Uses Gioi, Not Tot
243(1)
6.11.3 Pleasant, Enjoyable. Vietnamese Uses Different Words Depending On The Nouns
244(1)
6.11.4 Convenient, Suitable. Vietnamese Used Different Words Depending On The Nouns
245(1)
6.11.5 Producing Or Promising To Produce A Favorable Result
245(1)
6.11.6 Used To Say How Long Something Will Continue Or Be Valid, Or Something Is Still Suitable To Eat Or Drink. Vietnamese Uses Different Expressions
245(1)
6.12 English for and Vietnamese cho
246(3)
6.12.1 For as a conjunction meaning "because" is used in formal speech. For is fronted in a subordinate clause to refer to the reason why the preceding statement is true. It does not suggest why an action was performed, but just gives a piece of additional information which explains it. Vietnamese uses vi for this function
246(1)
6.12.2 For as a preposition conveys many meanings. Only some of them correspond to the Vietnamese cho. The other ones are expressed by different words or phrases in Vietnamese
246(1)
6.12.2.1 Indicating That Something Is Intended To Be Given To Someone Or To Belong To Someone. Vietnamese Uses Cho
246(1)
6.12.2.2 Referring To An Employee Working For A Company Or A Player Of A Particular Team. Vietnamese Uses Cho
246(1)
6.12.2.3 Indicating That Someone Votes For Someone. Vietnamese Uses Cho
247(1)
6.12.2.4 Referring To A Place Someone Or Something Is Going To Or Towards. Vietnamese Uses Different Verbs Of Motion As Prepositions Or Just The Verb Di
247(1)
6.12.2.5 Indicating An Amount Of Time Or Space. Vietnamese Expresses This Meaning In Different Ways
247(1)
6.12.2.6 Indicating The Time An Event Is Scheduled For. Vietnamese Uses The Preposition Vao For A Date And Vao Luc For A Clock Time
247(1)
6.12.2.7 Indicating The Price Or Rate At Which One Pays. Vietnamese Does Not Use Any Preposition
248(1)
6.12.2.8 Showing The Purpose Of An Object Or Action. Vietnamese Uses De
248(1)
6.12.2.9 Used To Say What Someone Is (Un)Able To Do. Vietnamese Uses Dui Voi
248(1)
6.12.2.10 Used As A Preposition Of Reason. Vietnamese Chiefly Uses Vi
248(1)
6.12.2.11 There Are Several Frequently Used English Phrases Or Constructions Containing For, Whose Ideas Vietnamese Conveys (1) With Cho And (2) Without Cho
248(1)
6.13 English if and Vietnamese neu
249(1)
6.13.1 Indicating The Condition On Which An Action Can Or Cannot Be Done. Vietnamese Uses Niu
249(1)
6.13.2 Indicating The Concession, Meaning "Althogh, In Spite Of The Fact That." If Is Often Used With Even. Vietnamese Uses The Construction Du [ Cho] ... Thi... Cung [ Van]
250(1)
6.13.3 Making A Polite Request Or Suggestion. Vietnamese Does Not Have The Equivalent Construction And Uses Duroc Khong At The End Of The Question Instead
250(1)
6.13.4 Used In Reported Questions Meaning "Whether." Vietnamese Uses The Construction Co... Khong For The Present Or Future Tense And Da... Chira For The Past Tense That Encirles The Predicate
250(1)
6.14 English So
250(3)
6.14.1 Adverb so means
250(1)
6.14.1.1 To A Degree That Is Suggested Or Stated. So Is Used Before An Adjective. Vietnamese Uses Nhu The Or Nhu Vay After The Adjective
250(1)
6.14.1.2 To A Great Degree; Extremely. Vietnamese Uses Rat, Lam. That Or Vo Cung
251(1)
6.14.1.3 In The Same Way. Vietnamese Uses Cung The Or Cung Vay
251(1)
6.14.2 Pronoun so refers to something that has just been stated or suggested. Vietnamese uses nhu the or nhu vay
251(1)
6.14.3 Conjunction so
252(1)
6.14.3.1 Meaning "Therefore, For That Reason." Vietnamese Uses Vi Vay, Vi The, Nen Or Cho Nen
252(1)
6.14.3.2 Used To State The Purpose Of The Action Mentioned In The Previous Statement. Vietnamese Uses De
252(1)
6.14.3.3 Placed In Front Of A Statement Or A Question To Introduce Them. Vietnamese Uses The La For The Statement And The Nao For The Question. The La Is Not Followed By A Comma, But The Nao Is
252(1)
6.14.3.4 Used As An Unpolite Reply To A Statement Which Is Unimportant In The Speaker's Opinion. Vietnamese Uses Thi Da Sao [ Nao]
252(1)
6.14.4 Adjective So Functioning As The Predicate With The Meaning "True." Vietnamese Uses Different Expressions
253(1)
6.15 English that
253(3)
6.15.1 Demonstrative adjective that, those
253(1)
6.15.1.1 Used Before A Noun To Indicate Which Person, Thing Or Idea Is Being Shown, Pointed To Or Mentioned. Vietnamese Uses Ay Or Do, That Are Interchangeable, And Kia. For The Difference Between Ay / Do And Kia, Please See 1.3.3.3
253(1)
6.15.1.2 Used Before One Or Ones To Refer To The One That Is Far Away Or Less Familiar, Compared To The One Denoted By This. Vietnamese Uses Kia For That And Nay For This
253(1)
6.15.2 Demonstrative pronoun that
253(1)
6.15.2.1 Used Before The Verb To Be With The Same Meaning As In 6.14.1.1
253(1)
6.15.2.2 Used After A Verb Or A Preposition To Refer To An Action Or Event That Has Just Been Mentioned. Vietnamese Uses Dieu Ay / Do, Viec Ay / Do, Chuyen Ay /Do Or Just The / Vay After A Verb And Do / Day After A Preposition
254(1)
6.15.3 Conjunction That Connects A Nominal Declarative Subordinate Clause To The Main Clause. Vietnamese Uses Rang Or La
254(1)
6.15.4 Relative pronoun that connects a relative subordinate clause to the main clause. Vietnamese uses ma if that is not the subject of the subordinate clause
254(1)
6.15.5 Adverb of degree that placed in front of an adjective or another adverb, which is usually a quantifier, refers to the degree that is stated or suggested. Vietnamese uses (den] nhu the
255(1)
Glossary of grammatical terms
256(10)
Grammar index
266(7)
Chapter 7 Pronunciation
273(23)
7.1 Writing systems
273(2)
7.2 Vietnamese alphabet
275(1)
7.3 Structure of a Vietnamese syllable
276(17)
7.3.1 Tone
277(2)
7.3.2 Nuclear vowels
279(1)
7.3.2.1 Monophthong nuclear vowels
279(1)
7.3.2.1.1 Front vowels
279(1)
7.3.2.1.2 Central vowels
280(2)
7.3.2.1.3 Back vowels
282(1)
7.3.2.2 Diphthong nuclear vowels
283(1)
7.3.3 Initial consonants
284(1)
7.3.3.1 Initial consonants similar to English consonants
285(1)
7.3.3.2 Specific initial consonants
285(1)
7.3.3.2.1 Consonant [ t] <t>
285(1)
7.3.3.2.2 Consonant [ c] <ch>
285(1)
7.3.3.2.3 Consonant [ η] <nh>
286(1)
7.3.3.2.4 Consonant [ k] <c>/<k>/<qu>
286(1)
7.3.3.2.5 Consonant [ χ] <kh<
286(1)
7.3.3.2.6 Consonant [ γy] <g>/<gh>
287(1)
7.3.3.2.7 Consonant [ η] <ng>/<ngh>
287(1)
7.3.4 Labialization
288(1)
7.3.5 Finals
289(1)
7.3.5.1 Semivowel finals
289(1)
7.3.5.2 Consonant finals
289(4)
7.4 Difficulties of the Vietnamese sound system
293(3)
7.4.1 Tones
293(1)
7.4.1.1 Mid-level tone
293(1)
7.4.1.2 Mid-level tone in front of high-rising tone
293(1)
7.4.1.3 Vietnamese tones and English intonation
294(1)
7.4.2 Sounds
294(1)
7.4.2.1 Rounded and unrounded nuclear vowels
294(1)
7.4.2.2 Openness of the vowels
295(1)
Glossary of phonetic terms 296(5)
Bibliography 301
Binh Ngo is the Director of the Vietnamese Language Program in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University, USA.
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781315454610_pe.html
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