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El. knyga: Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light: Working Environment and Well-Being [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(Central Institute for Labour Protection, National Research Institute, Poland), (University of Technology, Poland), (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland)
  • Formatas: 202 pages, 9 Tables, black and white; 59 Line drawings, black and white; 14 Halftones, black and white
  • Serija: Occupational Safety, Health, and Ergonomics
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003027249
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Kaina: 193,88 €*
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Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light: Working Environment and Well-BeingDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 202 pages, 9 Tables, black and white; 59 Line drawings, black and white; 14 Halftones, black and white
  • Serija: Occupational Safety, Health, and Ergonomics
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003027249
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003027249
"The publication will present the impact of light in the working environment on human well-being and health. It will define the consequences of inadequate lighting on visual comfort, eye strain and shifts in the circadian cycle and their consequences forsafety and health. This book will be useful for any professional or aspiring professional in the field of lighting, occupational psychology and health, medicine, physiology, chronobiology, as well as interior design. Postgraduate students, lighting designers, employers, services, employment law and supervisors determining the tolerance of work by individuals with health issues"--

The introduction of artificial lighting extends the time of wakefulness after dark and enables work at night, thus disturbing the human circadian rhythm. The understanding of the physiological mechanisms of visual and non-visual systems may be important for the development and use of proper light infrastructure and light interventions for different workplace settings, especially for shift work conditions.

Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light: Working Environment and Well-Being

presents the impact of lighting in the working environment on human health, well-being and visual performance. The physiological explanation of the visual and non-visual effects of light on humans which discusses the biological bases of image and non-image forming vision at the cellular level may be of particular interest to any professional in the field of medicine, physiology, and biology. It is one of the intentions of this book to put forward some recommendations and examples of lighting design which take into account both the visual and non-visual effects of light on humans. These may be of particular interest to any professional in the field of lighting, occupational safety and health, and interior design.

"What effects on health can a light ‘overdose’ or light deficiency have? What is bad light? The authors of the monograph provide answers to these questions. Just as for a physicist, the dual nature of light comprises an electromagnetic wave and a photon, the duality of light for a physician comprises visual and non-visual effects."

--------------------------------------------------------Prof Jacek Przybylski, Medical University of Warsaw

"This is a unique publication in the field of lighting technology. The authors have skillfully combined both the technical and biomedical aspects involved, which is unprecedented in the literature available. As a result, an important study has been created for many professional groups, with a significant impact on the assessment of risks associated with LED sources."

--------------------------------------------Prof Andrzej Zajac, Military University of

Technology, Warsaw

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Authors xv
Series Editor xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(6)
1.1 Common Definitions of Light
1(1)
1.2 Visual and Non-Visual Response to Light
1(2)
1.3 Light and Circadian Rhythm
3(1)
1.4 LED Lighting and Potential Health Hazard
3(1)
1.5 New Idea of Lighting Design -- Human-Centric Lighting (HCL)
4(1)
1.6 What Is This Book About?
5(2)
Chapter 2 The Biological Bases Of Photoreception In The Process Of Image Vision
7(16)
2.1 Optics of the Eye -- From the Pupil to the Retina
7(2)
2.2 Photoreceptors
9(2)
2.3 Cellular Organization of the Visual Pathways
11(5)
2.3.1 Synaptic Connections -- Photoreceptor Cells -- Bipolar Cells
11(1)
2.3.2 Synaptic Connections -- Bipolar Cells -- Horizontal Cells (Ribbon Synapse)
12(1)
2.3.3 Synaptic Connections -- Horizontal Cells
13(1)
2.3.4 Synaptic Connections -- The Cone Synapse
13(1)
2.3.5 Synaptic Connections -- The Role of Amacrine Cells
14(1)
2.3.6 Synaptic Connections -- From Rods and Cones to Ganglion Cells
14(2)
2.4 Calculation of Color at the Level of Ganglion Cells
16(1)
2.5 Higher Visual Processing
17(2)
2.6 The Role of Purinergic Signaling in the Retina
19(1)
2.7 Age-Related Changes in the Optics and Retina of the Eye
20(1)
2.7.1 Loss of Lens Elasticity -- Loss of Accommodation
20(1)
2.7.2 Lens Yellowing -- Changes of Perceived Colors
20(1)
2.7.3 Damage of Photoreceptor and Ganglion Cells
20(1)
2.7.4 Structural Changes in the Optics
20(1)
2.7.5 Disturbed Rod Pigment Regeneration
20(1)
2.8 Summary
20(3)
Chapter 3 The Biological Basis Of Non-Image-Forming Vision
23(12)
3.1 Introduction
23(1)
3.2 The Discovery, Function, and Diversity of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs); Some Interactions with the Conventional Photoreceptors
23(2)
3.3 Brain Regions Innervated by ipRGCs
25(2)
3.4 Phototransduction by ipRGCs, Physiological Role of Melanopsin, Clinical Implications of Melanopsin Pathways
27(2)
3.5 The Neurobiology of Circadian Rhythms -- Do We Need Light?
29(3)
3.6 The Alerting Effects of Light
32(1)
3.7 Summary
33(2)
Chapter 4 Lighting Quality And Well-Being
35(18)
4.1 What Do We Mean by Lighting Quality and Well-Being?
35(4)
4.1.1 Well-Being
35(1)
4.1.2 Lighting Quality
35(2)
4.1.3 Standardization Concerning Lighting Design
37(1)
4.1.3.1 International/European Lighting Standards
37(1)
4.1.3.2 Standard for Building Design
38(1)
4.2 Lighting Intensity
39(4)
4.3 Spatial Distribution of Light
43(5)
4.3.1 Luminance Distribution
43(1)
4.3.2 Discomfort Glare at Indoor Workplaces
44(4)
4.4 Color Aspects
48(4)
4.4.1 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) and Illuminance Level
49(2)
4.4.2 Color Perception
51(1)
4.5 Perception of Flicker and the Stroboscopic Effect
52(1)
4.6 Summary
52(1)
Chapter 5 Visual Performance
53(24)
5.1 Visual Performance: Definition and Recommendations
53(1)
5.2 Weber's Fraction and Contrast
53(2)
5.2.1 The Weber Fraction
53(2)
5.2.2 Luminance Contrast
55(1)
5.3 Contrast Sensitivity
55(4)
5.3.1 Contrast Sensitivity Function
55(2)
5.3.2 Contrast Sensitivity and Suprathreshold Visibility
57(2)
5.4 Visual Acuity
59(1)
5.5 Relative Visual Performance (RVP)
60(1)
5.6 The Lateral Inhibition Phenomenon
61(2)
5.7 Flicker and Stroboscopic Effect as a Hazardous Problem of Performance
63(3)
5.7.1 Critical Fusion Frequency
65(1)
5.8 Color Rendering
66(4)
5.8.1 Artificial Light Sources
66(1)
5.8.2 Color Space
67(1)
5.8.3 Color Rendering Index Ra
67(1)
5.8.4 Color Fidelity Index Rf and Color Gamut Rg
68(2)
5.9 Light Sources and Their Impact on Well-Being and Visual Performance
70(5)
5.9.1 Classification of Solid-State Light Sources
71(1)
5.9.2 LEDs and Their Properties
72(1)
5.9.2.1 LED Advantages
72(2)
5.9.2.2 LED Disadvantages
74(1)
5.10 Summary
75(2)
Chapter 6 New Metrics For Circadian Lighting
77(18)
6.1 Introduction
77(1)
6.2 α-Opic Metrics
77(4)
6.3 Circadian Light and Circadian Stimulus
81(5)
6.4 Equivalent Melanopic Lux
86(2)
6.5 Circadian Action Factor
88(1)
6.6 Circadian Efficiency
89(1)
6.7 Universal Illuminance
89(2)
6.8 Relative Spectral Effectiveness (RSE)
91(1)
6.9 Circadian Potency
91(1)
6.10 Effective Watts and Melanopic-Photopic Ratios
92(2)
6.11 Summary
94(1)
Chapter 7 Lighting Design Taking Into Account The Non-Visual Effects Of Light
95(20)
7.1 Living in Biological Darkness
95(1)
7.2 What Do We Expect from Healthy Lighting?
96(1)
7.3 Dynamic Lighting
96(9)
7.3.1 Daylight Oriented -- Horizontal Illuminance Controlled
97(1)
7.3.2 Supporting Occupants' Activity -- Horizontal Illuminance Controlled
98(4)
7.3.3 Diurnal Synchronization -- Vertical (at the Eye) Illuminance Controlled
102(3)
7.4 Lighting Design with Circadian Metrics
105(8)
7.4.1 Circadian Stimulus (CLA Model) in Lighting Design
106(1)
7.4.1.1 Examples of Dynamic Lighting Schedules
107(2)
7.4.1.2 Desktop Lighting for Delivering Circadian Stimulus
109(1)
7.4.2 Equivalent Melanopic Lux in Lighting Design
109(1)
7.4.3 Comparison of CS and EML
110(3)
7.5 Summary
113(2)
Chapter 8 The Biology Of Shift Work And The Role Of Lighting In The Workplace
115(26)
8.1 Shift Work and Health
115(4)
8.1.1 Shift Work Tolerance
115(2)
8.1.2 Shift Work Disorder
117(2)
8.2 Shift Work Lighting
119(20)
8.2.1 Dealing with Conflicting Visual and Non-Visual Needs
119(1)
8.2.2 Lighting Protocols Supporting the Occupant's Activity
120(1)
8.2.2.1 Short-Term (Rotating) Night Shift Work
120(3)
8.2.2.2 Rotating "Swing Shift" Night Work
123(2)
8.2.2.3 Long-Term (Permanent) Night Shift Work
125(1)
8.2.2.4 Circadian Stimulus in Designing Lighting for Shift Work
126(1)
8.2.3 Practical Examples of Shift Work Lighting
127(1)
8.2.3.1 Desktop Luminaire
127(1)
8.2.3.2 Localized Luminaire
127(10)
8.2.3.3 General Lighting
137(2)
8.3 Summary
139(2)
Chapter 9 Human-Centric/Integrative Lighting Design
141(12)
9.1 The Philosophy of Human-Centric Lighting
141(1)
9.2 General Guidelines
142(1)
9.3 Visual Effects of Light
143(1)
9.3.1 Standard Lighting Code-Based Design
143(1)
9.3.2 Principles Beyond the Standard Lighting Codes
143(1)
9.4 Non-Visual Effects of Light
144(2)
9.4.1 Circadian Lighting Guidelines
144(1)
9.4.2 Cognitive and Creative Performance vs Some Lighting Aspects
145(1)
9.5 Importance of Room Surface Reflectance and Color
146(1)
9.6 Possible "Traps" in Lighting Assumptions
147(4)
9.6.1 CCT vs Spectral Power Distribution (SPD)
147(2)
9.6.2 Cautious Exposure to Blue Light
149(1)
9.6.3 Circadian Lighting and Glare
150(1)
9.7 Estimated Benefits of Circadian Lighting for Employers
151(1)
9.8 Summary
152(1)
Chapter 10 Measurements And Assessment Of Lighting Parameters And Measures Of Non-Visual Effects Of Light
153(22)
10.1 Basic Classification
153(1)
10.2 Periodic Fast-Changing Light Intensity Over Time (Temporal Distribution)
153(4)
10.2.1 Flicker Assessment
153(2)
10.2.2 Stroboscopic Effect Assessment
155(2)
10.3 Spatial Distribution of Luminance in the Field of View (Luminance Map)
157(2)
10.4 Glare Assessment
159(5)
10.4.1 Subjective Assessment of Glare
160(1)
10.4.2 Simulation Assessment of Glare
160(1)
10.4.3 Objective Assessment of Glare at Indoor Workplaces
161(1)
10.4.4 Uncertainty of UGR Determination
162(1)
10.4.5 UGR Determination -- the Problem of the Angular Size of Glare Sources
163(1)
10.5 Spectral Power Distribution of Light (SPD)
164(3)
10.5.1 Spectroradiometric Method
164(1)
10.5.2 Radiometric/Dosimetric Method
165(2)
10.6 Measurement of Psychophysiological Response to Light
167(4)
10.6.1 Basic Assessment Methods
167(1)
10.6.2 Brain Activity Recognition: EEG and fMRI
168(1)
10.6.3 Light Impact on Alertness
169(1)
10.6.4 Signals from Which Electrodes Should Be Considered in the Alertness Assessment
170(1)
10.7 Summary
171(4)
References 175(22)
Index 197
Agnieszka Wolska, PhD (Eng), DSc, Head of Optical Radiation Laboratory in the Central Institute for Labour Protection National Research Institute. She was graduated from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (specialization: Lighting Engineering) at the Warsaw University of Technology (Poland). In 1997 she prepared her dissertation (Ph.D.): Environmental luminance in the visual field of VDT operators and visual fatigue and in 2014 she prepared her D.Sc. monograph Optical radiation in the working environment, both at Technical University of Biaystok.

She carries out activities in the area of lighting engineering, influence of lighting on psychophysiology of vision (experimental studies concerning evaluation of visual fatigue, visual comfort, psychomotor performance and alertness related to lighting of different parameters), visual ergonomics, hazards of optical radiation, risk assessment at the work stands.

She is an expert of Group for Physical Agents (optical radiation) of Polish Interdepartmental Commission for MAC and MAI Values (from 2009). She is also a member of CIE Division 1 (Vision and colour), Polish Ergonomics Society, Polish Committee on Illumination, European experts network of occupational safety and health EUROSHNET.

Dariusz Sawicki, PhD (Eng), DSc, Head of Department of Information-Measuring Systems in Warsaw University of Technology. He was graduated from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (specialization: Metrology) at the Warsaw University of Technology (Poland). In 1987 he prepared his dissertation (Ph.D.): Komputerowa metoda graficznego przedstawiania powierzchni opisanych równaniami parametrycznymi and in 2008 he prepared his D.Sc. monograph Wybrane problemy symulacji figury jasnych punktów z wykorzystaniem metody ledzenia promieni, both at Warsaw University of Technology.

He carries out activities in the area of computer graphics, ray tracing, global illumination, ray tracing application in lighting technology, human visual system and color perception, human computer interaction, lighting measurement, especially glare. He is a member of CIE Division 8 (Image technology), IEEE (Computer Society), Senior Member of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and Polish Society of Informatics.

Magorzata Tafil-Klawe, PhD, D.Med.Sc., Head of Human Physiology Department of Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru (Poland). She was graduated from the faculty of Medicine (specialization Human Physiolgy) at the Medical University in Warsaw, Poland. In 1982 she prepared her dissertation (Ph.D. med. Sc.) and in 1991 she prepared her D.Sc med. Sc at Medical University University of Warsaw. She got the scientific title of Professor in 2006.

She carries out activities in the area of: human physiology, chronobiology with elements of chronomedicine, sleep physiology, cardiovascular regulation, respiratory medicine.
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