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El. knyga: Visual Soil Evaluation: Realising Potential Crop Production with Minimum Environmental Impact [CABI E-books]

Contributions by (CETAB, Canada), Contributions by (Federal University of Technology-Paranį, Brazil), Contributions by (Independent consultant, UK), Contributions by (SRUC, UK), Edited by (Aarhus University, Denmark), Contributions by (The Blackland Centre, UK), Edited by (SRUC, UK), Contributions by (Harper Adams University, UK), Contributions by (ZALF, Germany)
  • Formatas: 172 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Oct-2015
  • Leidėjas: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781780644707
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • CABI E-books
  • Kaina: 114,00 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
Visual Soil Evaluation: Realising Potential Crop Production with Minimum Environmental ImpactDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 172 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Oct-2015
  • Leidėjas: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781780644707
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Wiley OnlineMore info about CABI e-books
Visual Soil Evaluation provides land users and environmental authorities with the tools to assess soil quality for crop performance. An important tool for ensuring food security, this book appraises the use of visual soil evaluation in determining the potential of different land types for carbon storage, greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient leaching. Providing a guide to diagnosing and rectifying soil problems, it includes: - Full colour illustrations throughout to show variation of soil quality and aid evaluation - A broad range of land types, from abandoned peats to prime arable land - Assessment of soil structure after quality degradation such as compaction, erosion or organic matter loss Essential reading for students, researchers and scientists interested in soil science and crop production, this book is also a valuable tool for policy makers and environmental authorities. A useful handbook assessing yield potential across a range of scales, it places visual soil evaluation in the context of the future sustainable intensification of agriculture.
List of Contributors
ix
Preface xi
1 Describing Soil Structures, Rooting and Biological Activity and Recognizing Tillage Effects, Damage and Recovery in Clayey and Sandy Soils
1(14)
Anne Weill
Lars J. Munkholm
1.1 Evaluation of Soil Structure
2(8)
1.1.1 Evaluation of the structure of clayey soils
2(2)
1.1.2 Evaluation of the structure of sandy soils
4(3)
1.1.3 Observation of the structure in the entire 0.6 or 1 m of the profile
7(2)
1.1.4 Soils with natural structural limitation
9(1)
1.2 Observation of Roots: Density, Deformation, Concentration in Cracks or Between Layers
10(1)
1.2.1 Root development in clayey soils
10(1)
1.2.2 Root development in sandy soils
11(1)
1.3 Other Criteria for Recognizing Compaction
11(2)
1.3.1 Evaluation of soil aeration using soil colour
11(1)
1.3.2 Evaluation of biological activity
11(2)
1.4 Conclusions
13(2)
2 Assessing Structural Quality for Crop Performance and for Agronomy (VESS, VSA, SOILpak, Profil Cultural, SubVESS)
15(16)
Tom Batey
Rachel M.L. Guimaraes
Josephine Peigne
Hubert Boizard
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Visual Evaluation of Soil Structure (VESS) for Topsoil
16(1)
2.3 Visual Soil Assessment (VSA) for Topsoil
17(2)
2.4 SOILpak Method for Topsoil and Subsoil
19(1)
2.4.1 Validation and future development
20(1)
2.5 `Le Profil Cultural' or Agronomic Profile Method
20(4)
2.5.1 Le profil cultural -- evaluation and limitations
24(1)
2.6 The Numeric Visual Evaluation of Subsoil Structure (SubVESS)
24(1)
2.7 Recommendations
25(3)
2.8 Conclusions
28(3)
3 Reduction of Yield Gaps and Improvement of Ecological Function through Local-to-Global Applications of Visual Soil Assessment
31(18)
David C. McKenzie
Mansonia A. Pulido Moncada
Bruce C. Ball
3.1 Introduction
31(2)
3.2 Yield Gap Analysis
33(2)
3.3 Soil Structure Assessment Using VSE
35(1)
3.4 Soil Structure -- Its Relationship with Soil Water Status and Hydrological Cycles
36(1)
3.5 Land Management Frameworks Related to Soil Productivity, Yield Gap Assessment and Ecological Function
37(7)
3.5.1 Frameworks for agricultural land management linked with VSE techniques at field scale
39(2)
3.5.2 Packages for land management at the landscape scale with potential to be more effective if inter-linked with VSE techniques
41(1)
3.5.3 A possible new and broad conceptual approach for yield gap reduction and ecological improvement based on VSE techniques
41(3)
3.6 Relating Visually Assessed Soil Conditions to Crop Growth and Selection of Soil Management Inputs
44(1)
3.7 Training of Practitioners
44(1)
3.8 Conclusions
45(4)
4 Visual Evaluation of Grassland and Arable Management Impacts on Soil Quality
49(17)
Lars J. Munkholm
Nicholas M. Holden
4.1 Introduction
49(1)
4.2 Evaluation of Arable Management Impact
49(5)
4.2.1 Biological factors
51(1)
4.2.2 Mechanical factors
52(2)
4.3 Evaluation of Grassland Management Impact
54(5)
4.3.1 Biological factors
56(2)
4.3.2 Mechanical impacts
58(1)
4.3.3 Drainage/water status
58(1)
4.3.4 Management intensity
58(1)
4.4 Aspects Requiring Further Development
59(3)
4.4.1 Assessment of pores
59(1)
4.4.2 Taking account of soil layering
59(1)
4.4.3 Extraction and separation of soil blocks for assessment
60(1)
4.4.4 Faunal activity
60(1)
4.4.5 Need for specific methods or interpretations for grassland soils
61(1)
4.5 Conclusions
62(4)
5 Choosing and Evaluating Soil Improvements by Subsoiling and Compaction Control
66(20)
Richard J. Godwin
Gordon Spoor
5.1 Introduction
66(2)
5.2 Identification of Compaction Problems and Alleviation Requirements
68(1)
5.3 Basic Action of Soil Loosening and Mole Drainage Equipment
69(4)
5.3.1 Narrow tine disturbance and critical depth
69(1)
5.3.2 Winged tine disturbance
69(3)
5.3.3 Leg disturbance for subsoiling vs moling
72(1)
5.4 Soil Disturbance with Multiple Tine Arrangements
73(1)
5.5 Draught Forces and Power Requirements
74(2)
5.6 Implement Selection, Adjustment and In-field Evaluation
76(2)
5.6.1 Implement selection
76(1)
5.6.2 Implement adjustment
77(1)
5.6.3 In-field evaluation
78(1)
5.7 Minimizing and Alleviating Recompaction
78(4)
5.7.1 Reduced weight and inflation pressure
79(1)
5.7.2 Controlled traffic farming
80(2)
5.8 Conclusions
82(4)
6 Valuing the Neglected: Lessons and Methods from an Organic, Anthropic Soil System in the Outer Hebrides
86(17)
Mary Norton Scherbatskoy
Anthony C. Edwards
Berwyn L. Williams
6.1 Introduction
86(2)
6.2 Background
88(3)
6.2.1 Geology, slope and rainfall
88(1)
6.2.2 Physical structure
88(2)
6.2.3 Microbiological processes
90(1)
6.2.4 Cultivation
90(1)
6.2.5 Crofting: an agricultural and social system
90(1)
6.2.6 Maintaining soil fertility within a mixed system
91(1)
6.2.7 Current situation
91(1)
6.3 Tools for Visual Evaluation
91(8)
6.3.1 Methods
91(4)
6.3.2 Blackland Index
95(2)
6.3.3 Blackland Vegetation Scoring (BVS)
97(1)
6.3.4 Von Post Humification Scale
97(2)
6.3.5 Evaluation
99(1)
6.4 Return to Use
99(1)
6.5 Conclusion
100(3)
7 Evaluating Land Quality for Carbon Storage, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Nutrient Leaching
103(19)
Joanna M. Cloy
Bruce C. Ball
T. Graham Shepherd
7.1 Introduction
103(1)
7.2 Soil Properties Regulating Carbon Storage, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Nutrient Leaching and their Relationship with Soil Structure
103(9)
7.2.1 Soil carbon storage and soil structure
104(1)
7.2.2 Soil greenhouse gas exchange and soil structure
105(6)
7.2.3 Soil nutrient leaching and soil structure
111(1)
7.3 Estimation of Soil C Storage, GHG Emissions and Nutrient Leaching using Visual Techniques
112(6)
7.3.1 Soil C storage
112(2)
7.3.2 GHG emissions
114(3)
7.3.3 Nutrient leaching
117(1)
7.4 Future Directions
118(1)
7.5 Conclusions
119(3)
8 Soil Structure under Adverse Weather/Climate Conditions
122(20)
Rachel M.L. Guimaraes
Owen Fenton
Brian W. Murphy
Cassio A. Tormena
8.1 Introduction
122(1)
8.2 Climate Change
123(2)
8.3 Soil Structure under Intensive Rainfall
125(5)
8.3.1 Erosion and soil quality screening toolkit
126(4)
8.4 Wet Weather Conditions and Soil Compaction
130(3)
8.5 Periods of Droughts
133(1)
8.6 Extreme Temperature
134(1)
8.7 The Further Role of VSE
135(1)
8.8 Conclusion
136(6)
9 The Expanding Discipline and Role of Visual Soil Evaluation
142(13)
Bruce C. Ball
Lars J. Munkholm
9.1 Introduction
142(1)
9.2 The Scale and Scope of VSE and the Relationship with Crop Yield
142(1)
9.3 Improving and Harmonizing VSE Methods
143(2)
9.4 Expanding the Role of VSE
145(7)
9.4.1 Sustainability, environmental conservation and climate change
145(1)
9.4.2 Soil monitoring and resilience
146(2)
9.4.3 Improvement of arable and grassland soils
148(1)
9.4.4 Improvement of marginal and urban soils
149(2)
9.4.5 Soil science
151(1)
9.5 Conclusions
152(3)
Index 155
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