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El. knyga: Vitamin A and Carotenoids: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects

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Contributions by (Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann), Contributions by (CSIR-CFTRI, India), Contributions by , Contributions by , Contributions by (Queen's University), Edited by (King's College London, UK), Contributions by , Contributions by , Contributions by , Contributions by
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Vitamin A and Carotenoids delivers the latest high quality research information on these compounds across the scientific disciplines for chemists, analysts and health and nutritional scientists.


Vitamin A has an important role to play in vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division, and cell differentiation. With the focus on Vitamin A and Carotenoids, this book includes the latest research in these areas and starts with an overview putting the compounds in context with other vitamins, supplementation and discussing the importance of beta-carotene. Details of the chemistry, structure and biochemistry of the compounds begins with nomenclature followed by information on encapsulation, thermal degradation and occurrence. Developments in analytical and bioanalytical techniques concerning these compounds in plant, milk and human tissue systems are covered in detail. Finally, the book covers the extensive functions and effects of Vitamin A on eg developmental growth, immune function, cancer risk, the brain and lungs as well as vision. Delivering high quality information, this book will be of benefit to anyone researching this area of health and nutritional science. It will bridge scientific disciplines so that the information is more meaningful and applicable to health in general. Part of a series of books, it is specifically designed for chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, dieticians and health care workers, nutritionists, toxicologists and research academics. Due to its interdisciplinary nature it could also be suitable for lecturers and teachers in food and nutritional sciences and as a college or university library reference guide.
Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Context
Chapter 1 Retinol, Retinoic Acid, Carotenes and Carotenoids: Vitamin A Structure and Terminology
3(20)
Gerald Wollard
1.1 Introductory Remarks
3(1)
1.2 Structure and Function of Carotenoids
4(2)
1.2.1 Central Carotenoid Chain
4(1)
1.2.2 The End Ring Systems
5(1)
1.3 Biosynthesis
6(2)
1.3.1 Biosynthetic Pathway
6(1)
1.3.2 Key Observations for Carotenoid Biosynthesis
7(1)
1.4 Trivial Names of Carotenoids
8(1)
1.4.1 Origins of Trivial Names
8(1)
1.4.2 Major Nutritional Carotenoids
9(1)
1.4.3 Provitamin A Carotenoids
9(1)
1.4.4 Ambiguities in Trivial Names
9(1)
1.5 IUPAC Definitions
9(5)
1.5.1 Systematic Names
9(2)
1.5.2 Semi-systematic Names
11(3)
1.6 Stereochemistry of Carotenoids
14(1)
1.6.1 Stereoisomers
14(1)
1.6.2 Geometric Isomers
14(1)
1.7 Structure of Retinol
15(2)
1.7.1 Prototypical Vitamin A Compounds
15(1)
1.7.2 Chemical Nature of Retinol
15(1)
1.7.3 Retinol Systematic Name
16(1)
1.7.4 Retinol Semi-systematic Name
16(1)
1.7.5 Retinol Trivial Names
16(1)
1.7.6 Retinol cis-trans Isomerism
16(1)
1.7.7 Retinol from Symmetrical Cleavage of Carotenoids
17(1)
1.8 Retinoids: Derivatives of Retinol
17(6)
1.8.1 Retinal
18(1)
1.8.2 Retinoic Acid
18(1)
1.8.3 Retinoid Geometric Isomers
19(1)
Key Facts
20(1)
List of Abbreviations
21(1)
References
21(2)
Chapter 2 Vitamin A in the Context of Other Vitamins and Minerals
23(16)
Jennifer H. Lin
Kuang-Yu Liu
2.1 Sources of Vitamin A and Other Vitamins and Minerals
23(1)
2.2 Intakes of Vitamin A as well as Other Vitamins and Minerals Around the World
24(3)
2.2.1 In the Malnourished Countries
24(2)
2.2.2 In the USA and Europe
26(1)
2.3 Interaction of Vitamin A with Other Vitamins and Minerals
27(2)
2.3.1 Vitamin A and Zinc
27(1)
2.3.2 Vitamin A and Iron
28(1)
2.3.3 Vitamin A and Vitamin D
29(1)
2.4 Chronic Disease Prevention with Supplementation of Vitamin A Alone or in Combination with Other Vitamins and Minerals
29(4)
2.4.1 Cancer Prevention
31(1)
2.4.2 Prevention of Vascular Events
32(1)
2.4.3 Prevention of Other Diseases
32(1)
2.5 Conclusion
33(6)
Summary Points
33(1)
Key Facts
33(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
34(1)
List of Abbreviations
35(1)
References
35(4)
Chapter 3 The Importance of β-Carotene in the Context of Vitamin A
39(16)
Hans K. Biesalski
Donatus Nohr
3.1 Introduction
39(2)
3.2 β-Carotene as Antioxidant and/or Pro-oxidant
41(1)
3.2.1 Antioxidant/Pro-oxidant Activities
41(1)
3.2.2 Radical Scavenging Properties
41(1)
3.2.3 Singlet Oxygen Quenching
41(1)
3.3 Necessity of Vitamin A
42(2)
3.3.1 How Much β-Carotene is Needed to Ensure Sufficient Vitamin A Supply?
44(1)
3.3.2 For Embryonic Development and Pregnant Women
44(1)
3.4 β-Carotene as Provitamin A
44(11)
3.4.1 Natural Sources of β-Carotene
44(1)
3.4.2 Bioavailability of β-Carotene
45(1)
3.4.3 The Role of β-Carotene as Provitamin A for Vegetarians
46(1)
3.4.4 Supply of the Population with Preformed Vitamin A
47(1)
3.4.5 Basic Need for β-Carotene to Ensure a Sufficient Intake to Meet the Vitamin A Requirement?
48(2)
Summary Points
50(1)
Key Facts
50(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
51(1)
List of Abbreviations
51(1)
References
52(3)
Chapter 4 Vitamin A in the Context of Supplementation
55(18)
Frank T. Wieringa
Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen
Jacques Berger
4.1 The Rational for Vitamin A Supplementation
55(1)
4.2 Vitamin A Supplementation for Children between 6 and 59 Months of Age
56(2)
4.3 Vitamin A Supplementation for Whom? And does it Work?
58(3)
4.3.1 Vitamin A Supplementation of Newborns
58(1)
4.3.2 Vitamin A Supplementation for Women Directly after Delivery
58(1)
4.3.3 Vitamin A Supplementation of Pregnant Women
59(1)
4.3.4 Vitamin A Supplementation and HIV Infection
60(1)
4.3.5 Vitamin A Supplementation and Measles Infection
60(1)
4.4 Time for Reflection
61(1)
4.5 Vitamin A and the Immune System
62(11)
Summary Points
64(1)
Key Facts
64(2)
List of Abbreviations
66(1)
References
66(7)
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Chapter 5 The Chemistry of Vitamin A
73(17)
Alessandra Gentili
5.1 Introduction
73(3)
5.2 Physicochemical Properties
76(1)
5.2.1 Appearance and Solubility
76(1)
5.2.2 Chemical Stability
76(1)
5.3 Spectral Properties
77(5)
5.4 Mass Spectrometry
82(8)
Summary Points
84(1)
Key Facts
84(2)
List of Abbreviations
86(1)
References
86(4)
Chapter 6 Nomenclature of Vitamin A and Related Metabolites
90(7)
Niketa A. Patel
6.1 Introduction
90(3)
6.2 Nomenclature
93(4)
Summary Points
93(1)
Key Facts
94(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
94(1)
List of Abbreviations
94(1)
Acknowledgements
94(1)
References
94(3)
Analysis
Chapter 7 Structural Analysis of Vitamin A Complexes with DNA and RNA
97(16)
H. A. Tajmir-Riahi
P. Bourassa
7.1 Introduction
97(1)
7.2 Analytical Methods
98(2)
7.2.1 FTIR Spectroscopy
98(1)
7.2.2 CD Spectroscopy
98(1)
7.2.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
99(1)
7.2.4 Molecular Modelling
100(1)
7.3 Structural Characterization
100(13)
7.3.1 FTIR Spectra of Retinoid-DNA and Retinoid-RNA Complexes
100(1)
7.3.2 CD Spectra of Retinoid-DNA and Retinoid-RNA Complexes
100(2)
7.3.3 Fluorescence Spectra and Stability of Retinoid-DNA and Retinoid-RNA Complexes
102(5)
7.3.4 Docking Studies
107(2)
Summary Points
109(1)
Key Facts
110(1)
List of Abbreviations
110(1)
Acknowledgements
110(1)
References
110(3)
Chapter 8 Encapsulation of Vitamin A: A Current Review on Technologies and Applications
113(16)
Beatrice Albertini
Marcello Di Sabatino
Nadia Passerini
8.1 Introduction
113(2)
8.1.1 Vitamin A Supplementation: Aims and Problems
114(1)
8.1.2 Why Encapsulate Vitamin A?
114(1)
8.2 Encapsulation Technologies
115(2)
8.3 Development of Dietary Supplements
117(6)
8.3.1 Stabilization and Protection
117(5)
8.3.2 Bioavailability Enhancement
122(1)
8.4 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives
123(6)
Summary Points
124(1)
Key Facts
125(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
125(1)
List of Abbreviations
126(1)
References
126(3)
Chapter 9 Thermal Degradation of β-Carotene in Food Oils
129(13)
Alam Zeb
9.1 Introduction
129(2)
9.2 Thermal Degradation of β-Carotene in Oils
131(3)
9.2.1 Kinetics of β-Carotene Degradation
131(1)
9.2.2 Thermal Degradation Products of β-Carotene
132(2)
9.3 Role of β-Carotene during Thermal Degradation
134(2)
9.3.1 Antioxidant Action
134(1)
9.3.2 Pro-oxidant Action
134(2)
9.4 Fate of Food Oils
136(6)
Summary Points
137(1)
Key Facts
138(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
138(1)
List of Abbreviations
139(1)
References
139(3)
Chapter 10 Provitamin A Carotenoids: Occurrence, Intake and Bioavailability
142(20)
Torsten Bohn
10.1 Introduction
142(3)
10.2 Occurrence of Provitamin A Carotenoids in the Diet
145(2)
10.3 Dietary Intake of Provitamin A Carotenoids
147(1)
10.4 Detection of Provitamin A Carotenoids in Food Items and Body Tissues
147(2)
10.5 Aspects of Bioavailability of Provitamin A Carotenoids
149(13)
10.5.1 Overview of Provitamin A Carotenoid Absorption
149(7)
Summary Points
156(1)
Key Facts
156(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
157(1)
List of Abbreviations
158(1)
References
158(4)
Chapter 11 Vitamin A - Serum Vitamin A Analysis
162(22)
Ronda F. Greaves
11.1 Introduction
162(4)
11.1.1 Preamble
162(1)
11.1.2 Definitions, Nomenclature and Terminology
163(1)
11.1.3 Role of Vitamin A in the Body
164(1)
11.1.4 Pathophysiology
164(2)
11.2 Measurement
166(3)
11.2.1 Overview of Method
166(1)
11.2.2 Pre-analytical Considerations
167(1)
11.2.3 Sample Preparation for Analysis
167(1)
11.2.4 Chromatographic Analysis
168(1)
11.3 Standardisation
169(1)
11.3.1 Reference Measurement System
169(1)
11.3.2 Primary Calibrators
170(1)
11.3.3 Secondary Calibrators
170(1)
11.4 Interpretation of Results
170(2)
11.4.1 Reference Intervals
170(2)
11.4.2 Biological Variation
172(1)
11.4.3 Additional Analytes
172(1)
11.5 Method Validation
172(2)
11.5.1 Analytical Range
172(1)
11.5.2 Imprecision
173(1)
11.5.3 Recovery
173(1)
11.5.4 Interference
173(1)
11.6 Quality Specifications
174(1)
11.6.1 Internal Quality Control
174(1)
11.6.2 External Quality Assurance
174(1)
11.7 Needs and Opportunities
175(9)
Summary Points
175(3)
Key Facts
178(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
179(2)
List of Abbreviations
181(1)
Acknowledgements
181(1)
References
181(3)
Chapter 12 Liquid Chromatography-based Assay for Carotenoids in
Human Blood
Taiki Miyazawa, Kiyotaka Nakagawa and Teruo Miyazawa
184(1)
12.1 Introduction
184(2)
12.2 Occurrence of Carotenoids in Human RBC
186(8)
12.2.1 HPLC Analysis of Standard Carotenoids
186(2)
12.2.2 Extraction of Carotenoids from Human RBC
188(1)
12.2.3 HPLC Analysis of RBC Carotenoids
189(4)
12.2.4 Xanthophylls are a Potential Antioxidant in RBC
193(1)
12.3 Antioxidant Effect of Lutein towards Phospholipid Oxidation in RBC
194(4)
12.3.1 Lutein Supplementation Study
194(1)
12.3.2 Lutein Inhibits RBC Phospholipid Oxidation
195(3)
12.4 Conclusions
198(6)
Summary Points
199(1)
Key Facts
199(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
199(1)
List of Abbreviations
200(1)
References
200(4)
Chapter 13 Capillary Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Fat-soluble Vitamins and β-Carotene
204(17)
Sheng Zhang
Li Jia
13.1 Introduction
204(1)
13.2 CLC
205(3)
13.2.1 Features
205(1)
13.2.2 Instrumentation
205(3)
13.2.3 On-line Sample Pre-concentration
208(1)
13.3 Applications of CLC
208(4)
13.3.1 Fat-soluble Vitamins
208(3)
13.3.2 β-Carotene
211(1)
13.4 Future Prospects of CLC
212(9)
Summary Points
214(1)
Key Facts
215(2)
Definition of Words and Terms
217(1)
List of Abbreviations
218(1)
References
218(3)
Chapter 14 Assay of Carotenoid Composition and Retinol Equivalents in Plants
221(29)
Sangeetha Ravi Kumar
V. Baskaran
14.1 Introduction
221(2)
14.2 Assay Methods for Carotenoids
223(6)
14.2.1 Extraction of Carotenoids
223(2)
14.2.2 Purification by Open Column Chromatography
225(1)
14.2.3 TLC for Separation and Isolation of Carotenoids
225(1)
14.2.4 Spectrophotometric Estimation
225(3)
14.2.5 HPLC Analysis
228(1)
14.2.6 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Carotenoids [ LC-MS, Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)]
229(1)
14.3 Carotenoid Composition in Plants
229(2)
14.4 Calculation of RE in Plants
231(14)
14.5 Conclusions
245(5)
Summary Points
245(1)
Key Facts
246(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
247(1)
List of Abbreviations
247(1)
Acknowledgements
248(1)
References
248(2)
Chapter 15 LC-NMR for the Analysis of Carotenoids in Foods
250(11)
Chisato Tode
Makiko Sugiura
15.1 Introduction
250(1)
15.2 Sample Preparation Techniques for Carotenoids
251(2)
15.2.1 Sample Preparation
251(1)
15.2.2 LC-NMR
252(1)
15.3 Measurement of Extracted Samples
253(8)
15.3.1 Analysis of Sample 1 (Tomato Juice)
253(1)
15.3.2 Analysis of Sample 2 (Palm Oil)
254(2)
15.3.3 Analysis of Sample 3 (Satsuma Mandarin Orange Juice)
256(1)
Summary Points
257(1)
Key Facts
257(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
258(1)
List of Abbreviations
259(1)
References
260(1)
Chapter 16 LC-DAD-tandem MS Analysis of Retinoids and Carotenoids: Applications to Bovine Milk
261(21)
Alessandra Gentili
Fulvia Caretti
16.1 Introduction
261(2)
16.2 Practical Details and Techniques
263(4)
16.2.1 Chemicals and Materials
263(1)
16.2.2 Standard Solutions
263(1)
16.2.3 Analytical Techniques
263(2)
16.2.4 Sample Treatment
265(1)
16.2.5 Identification and Quantification of Vitamin A and Carotenoids by LC-DAD-MS
266(1)
16.2.6 Identification and Quantification of Retinyl Esters by LC-tandem MS
267(1)
16.2.7 Method Validation
267(1)
16.3 Concentrations of Retinoids and Carotenoids in Bovine Milk
267(8)
16.4 Methodological Considerations Summary Points
275(7)
Summary Points
276(1)
Key Facts
276(2)
Definition of Words and Terms
278(1)
List of Abbreviations
279(1)
References
279(3)
Chapter 17 HPLC-DAD-MS (ESI+) Determination of Carotenoids in Fruit
282(21)
Pasquale Crupi
Victor R. Preedy
Donato Antonacci
17.1 Introduction to Carotenoids
282(4)
17.1.1 Carotenoids in Foods: Presence and Structural Features
282(2)
17.1.2 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids
284(1)
17.1.3 Physiological and Nutritional Properties of Carotenoids
285(1)
17.2 Carotenoid Analysis in Fruit
286(17)
17.2.1 General Analytic Procedure
286(1)
17.2.2 HPLC Separation of Carotenoids
287(1)
17.2.3 DAD and ESI+-MS Identification and Quantification of Carotenoids
288(9)
Summary Points
297(1)
Key Facts
298(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
299(1)
List of Abbreviations
299(1)
References
300(3)
Chapter 18 Thin-layer Chromatographic Analysis of Pro-vitamin A Carotenoids
303(13)
Alam Zeb
18.1 Introduction
303(2)
18.2 TLC Analysis
305(5)
18.2.1 Stationary Phases
305(3)
18.2.2 Mobile Phases
308(1)
18.2.3 Applications of Scanning Densitometry
308(2)
18.3 Advantages of TLC Analysis of Pro-vitamin A Carotenoids
310(6)
Summary Points
311(1)
Key Facts
311(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
312(1)
List of Abbreviations
312(1)
Acknowledgements
312(1)
References
313(3)
Chapter 19 Extraction of Carotenoids from Plants: a Focus on Carotenoids with Vitamin A Activity
316(16)
Anita Oberholster
19.1 Introduction
316(1)
19.2 General Properties
317(2)
19.3 Preparation of the Sample
319(1)
19.4 Choice of Solvent and Extraction
320(1)
19.5 Saponification
321(3)
19.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
324(8)
Summary Points
327(1)
Key Facts
327(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
328(1)
List of Abbreviations
328(1)
References
329(3)
Chapter 20 Quantification of Carotenoids, Retinol, and Tocopherols in Milk and Dairy Products
332(23)
Beatrice Duriot
Benoit Graulet
20.1 Introduction
332(1)
20.2 Usual Concentrations in Milk and Dairy products and Variation Factors
333(3)
20.3 Determination
336(12)
20.3.1 Extraction Procedures
336(4)
20.3.2 Quantification
340(8)
20.4 Conclusion
348(7)
Summary Points
348(1)
Key Facts
349(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
349(1)
List of Abbreviations
350(1)
References
351(4)
Chapter 21 Simultaneous Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Vitamin A and Other Fat-soluble Vitamins to Assess Nutritional Status
355(26)
Fernando Granado-Lorencio
Inmaculada Blanco-Navarro
Belen Perez-Sacristan
21.1 Introduction
355(1)
21.2 Fat-soluble Vitamins and Related Compounds
356(3)
21.2.1 Vitamin A
356(2)
21.2.2 Vitamin E
358(1)
21.2.3 Vitamin D
358(1)
21.2.4 Coenzyme Q10
359(1)
21.3 Assessment of Nutritional Status
359(4)
21.3.1 Nutritional Status of Vitamin A
361(1)
21.3.2 Clinically Relevant Cut-Off Points for Vitamin A Markers in Serum
362(1)
21.4 Nutritional Status of Vitamin A and Other Fat-soluble-related Compounds: a Multi-marker Approach
363(1)
21.4.1 Assessment of Fat-soluble Nutritional Status: Analytical Perspective
363(1)
21.5 Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)
364(8)
21.5.1 Basic Concepts
364(1)
21.5.2 Analysis of Fat-soluble Status in Biological Matrices
365(7)
21.6 Concluding Remarks
372(9)
Summary Points
373(1)
Key Facts
374(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
375(1)
List of Abbreviations
375(1)
References
376(5)
Function and Effects
Chapter 22 Distribution and Concentrations of Vitamin A and their Metabolites in Human Tissue
381(15)
Ewa Czeczuga-Semeniuk
Janusz W. Semeniuk
Adrianna Semeniuk
22.1 Introduction
381(2)
22.2 Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Particular Human Organs
383(13)
22.2.1 General Reflections
383(1)
22.2.2 Liver
384(1)
22.2.3 Adipose Tissue
384(2)
22.2.4 Skin
386(1)
22.2.5 Eye
386(1)
22.2.6 Female Reproductive System
387(2)
22.2.7 Mammary Gland
389(1)
22.2.8 Human Milk
389(1)
22.2.9 Prostate Gland
390(1)
22.2.10 Sigmoid
390(1)
Summary Points
390(1)
Key Facts
391(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
392(1)
List of Abbreviations
392(1)
References
393(3)
Chapter 23 Vitamin A Deficiency: An Overview
396(21)
Teresa Barber
Guillermo Esteban-Pretel
Maria Pilar Marin
Joaquin Timoneda
23.1 Introduction
396(1)
23.2 Requirements
397(1)
23.3 Intertissular Transport and Metabolic Transformations of Vitamin A
398(2)
23.4 Vitamin A Deficiency
400(9)
23.4.1 Epidemiology and Incidence
401(2)
23.4.2 Vitamin A Deficiency and Tissue Damage
403(5)
23.4.3 Treatment and Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency
408(1)
23.5 Perspective and Future Directions
409(1)
23.6 Conclusions
410(7)
Summary Points
410(1)
Key Facts
411(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
411(2)
List of Abbreviations
413(1)
References
413(4)
Chapter 24 Retinoic Acid Receptors and their Modulators: Structural and Functional Insights
417(21)
Albane le Maire
William Bourguet
Hinrich Gronemeyer
Angel R. de Lera
24.1 Introduction
417(1)
24.2 Retinoid and Rexinoid Receptor Ligand-Binding Domains: Structure-Function Relationships
418(4)
24.2.1 Structural Basis of RXR Action and Modulation by Ligands
418(3)
24.2.2 Structural Basis of RAR Action and Modulation by Ligands
421(1)
24.3 RXR and RAR Heterodimers: Structure and Synergy
422(3)
24.3.1 Structural Basis of RAR-RXR LBD Heterodimers
422(1)
24.3.2 Subordination and Synergy in RAR-RXR Heterodimeric Interactions
422(2)
24.3.3 Structural Description of Full-length RXR Heterodimers
424(1)
24.4 Selective Retinoid and Rexinoid Receptor Modulators
425(6)
24.4.1 RXR vs. RAR Selectivity as a Function of the LBP Architectures
425(1)
24.4.2 Modulators of RAR-RXR Heterodimers Acting at the RAR Site
425(4)
24.4.3 Modulators of RAR-RXR Heterodimers Acting at the RXR Site
429(2)
24.4.4 Modulation at Both Sites of the RAR-RXR Heterodimer
431(1)
24.5 Summary and Perspectives
431(7)
Summary Points
432(1)
Key Facts
433(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
433(1)
List of Abbreviations
434(1)
Acknowledgements
434(1)
References
435(3)
Chapter 25 Retinoic Acid in Development
438(19)
Don Cameron
Trade Pennimpede
Martin Petkovich
25.1 Introduction
438(1)
25.2 RA Metabolism and Signalling
438(1)
25.3 RA in Development
439(1)
25.3.1 Role of the Retinoid Receptors
440(1)
25.4 RA Metabolism in the Control of Embryonic Development
440(4)
25.4.1 CYP26 Blocks RA Exposure to the Early Embryo
441(1)
25.4.2 CYP26 is Required for Early Head Development
441(1)
25.4.3 CYP26A1 and Caudal Development
442(2)
25.5 RA Signalling in Organogenesis
444(5)
25.5.1 Heart
444(1)
25.5.2 Eye
445(1)
25.5.3 Limb
446(3)
25.6 RA Signalling and Germ Cells
449(1)
25.7 Concluding Remarks
450(7)
Summary Points
450(1)
Key Facts
450(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
451(1)
List of Abbreviations
451(1)
References
452(5)
Chapter 26 Retinol/Vitamin A Signaling and Self-renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells
457(13)
Jaspal S. Khillan
Himanshu Bhatia
Liguo Chen
26.1 Introduction
457(1)
26.2 Regulation of Pluripotency of ES Cells by Retinol
458(1)
26.3 Retinol Up-regulates the Expression of Nanog and Oct4
459(1)
26.4 Self-renewal of ES Cells by Retinol is Independent of Retinoic acid
460(1)
26.5 ES Cells Lack Enzymes that Metabolize Retinol into Retinoic Acid
461(1)
26.6 Mechanism of Retinol Function in Self-renewal of ES Cells
462(8)
26.6.1 Retinol Function is Mediated via Activation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
462(2)
26.6.2 Retinol Activates PI3 kinase Signaling Pathway via IGF1 Receptor
464(1)
Summary Points
465(1)
Key Facts
465(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
466(1)
List of Abbreviations
467(1)
References
467(3)
Chapter 27 Retinoic Acids and their Biological Functions
470(15)
Joseph L. Napoli
27.1 Introduction
470(1)
27.2 Bioanalytical Analysis of RA Isomers
471(1)
27.3 9cRA as an Endogenous Pancreas Autacoid
472(1)
27.4 Pancreas 9cRA Varies Inversely with Blood Glucose
473(1)
27.5 Pancreas Islet β-cells Biosynthesize 9cRA
473(3)
27.6 Increased 9cRA in the Rbp1-null Mouse
476(1)
27.7 Function of 9cRA in the Pancreas Islet β-Cell
477(2)
27.8 Conclusions
479(6)
Summary Points
480(1)
Key Facts
481(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
481(1)
List of Abbreviations
481(1)
References
482(3)
Chapter 28 Vitamin A and Cancer Risk
485(16)
Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
Mi Kyung Kim
28.1 Introduction
485(1)
28.2 Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin A
486(1)
28.3 Epidemiological Studies on Vitamin A and Cancer Risk
487(4)
28.3.1 Breast Cancer
487(2)
28.3.2 Gastric Cancer
489(1)
28.3.3 Cervical Cancer
489(1)
28.3.4 Head and Neck Cancer
489(1)
28.3.5 Colorectal Cancer
490(1)
28.3.6 Lung Cancer
490(1)
28.3.7 Prostate Cancer
490(1)
28.4 Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Vitamin A and Cancer Risk
491(3)
28.5 Conclusions
494(7)
Summary Points
494(1)
Key Facts
495(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
495(1)
List of Abbreviations
496(1)
References
497(4)
Chapter 29 Vitamin A and Immune Function
501(15)
Charles B. Stephensen
29.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
501(1)
29.2 Vitamin A Deficiency and Childhood Mortality
502(1)
29.3 The Immune System
503(1)
29.4 Vitamin A and Innate Immunity
504(3)
29.4.1 Epithelial Surfaces
504(1)
29.4.2 Granulocytes
505(2)
29.4.3 Natural Killer Cells
507(1)
29.4.4 Monocytes/Macrophages
507(1)
29.5 Vitamin A and Adaptive Immunity
507(4)
29.5.1 Antigen-presenting Cells
507(2)
29.5.2 Thymic Function
509(1)
29.5.3 Peripheral T-cells
509(1)
29.5.4 Vitamin A and Mucosal Targeting of Immune Cells
510(1)
29.5.5 B-cells and Antibody Responses
510(1)
29.6 Conclusions
511(5)
Summary Points
511(1)
Key Facts
512(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
512(1)
List of Abbreviations
513(1)
References
514(2)
Chapter 30 Vitamin A and Brain Function
516(16)
Christopher R. Olson
Claudio V. Mello
30.1 Introduction
516(1)
30.2 Altered Vitamin A Signaling Affects Spatial Learning in Rodents
517(1)
30.3 Altered Vitamin A Signaling Affects Vocal Learning in Songbirds
518(3)
30.4 Vitamin A Metabolism is Regulated Within the Brain
521(11)
Summary Points
525(1)
Key Facts
526(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
527(1)
List of Abbreviations
528(1)
Acknowledgements
528(1)
References
529(3)
Chapter 31 The Importance of Vitamin A during Prgenancy and Childhood: Impact on Lung Function
532(23)
Hans K. Biesalski
Donatus Nohr
31.1 Introduction
532(1)
31.2 The Vicious Cycle
533(3)
31.2.1 Dietary Vitamin A Supply
533(3)
31.3 Vitamin A During Pregnancy and Lactation
536(4)
31.3.1 Concerns Against the Recommendation to Supply Vitamin A or Vitamin A-rich Food During Pregnancy
538(1)
31.3.2 Relevance of the Mother's Vitamin A/β-Carotene Intake for the Fetal Vitamin A Status
539(1)
31.4 The Influence of Vitamin A on the Maturation and Differentiation of the Lung
540(3)
31.4.1 Vitamin A Kinetics During Fetal Lung Development
541(1)
31.4.2 Consequences of Marginal Deficiency
542(1)
31.5 The Influence of Vitamin A Supply for the Postnatal Development of the Lung in Preterm Infants
543(3)
31.5.1 Retinol Serum Levels in Neonatals
544(1)
31.5.2 Relevance of Breastfeeding for the Vitamin A/β-Carotene Supply of the Newborn
545(1)
31.6 Supplementation of Newborns with Vitamin A
546(9)
Summary Points
547(1)
Key Facts
548(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
548(1)
List of Abbreviations
549(1)
References
549(6)
Subject Index 555
Victor Preedy is currently Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry and Director of Genomics Centre, King's College London and Professor of Clinical Biochemistry at King's College Hospital London. After graduating with a BSc degree in Physiology with Pharmacology and Biology, Professor Preedy carried out a period of research on protein metabolism in the Department of Nutrition at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. After the successful award of his PhD he studied aspects of cardiac protein metabolism at the National Heart Hospital. After 4 years, he then moved to the MRC Clinical Research Centre in Harrow, which was followed by his appointment as a lecturer to Kings College in 1988. He was promoted to Reader in 1995 and Professor in 2003. Professor Preedy has published over 550 articles, which includes over 160 peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research and 90 reviews as well as 35 books.
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