| About the Authors |
|
v | |
| Preface |
|
xxiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxvii | |
| Foreword |
|
xxix | |
| 1 Introduction to Wastewater Treatment and Process Analysis |
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1 | (56) |
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1-1 Evolution of Wastewater Treatment |
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4 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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Current Health and Environmental Concerns |
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5 | (1) |
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Sustainability Considerations |
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5 | (1) |
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1-2 Evolution of Regulations of Significance to Wastewater Engineering |
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6 | (3) |
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Establishment of Environmental Protection Agency |
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6 | (1) |
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Important Federal Regulations |
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6 | (3) |
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Other Federal Regulations |
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9 | (1) |
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State and Regional Regulations |
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9 | (1) |
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1-3 Characteristics of Wastewater |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Types of Collection Systems |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1-4 Classification of Wastewater Treatment Methods |
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10 | (2) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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Biological Unit Processes |
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12 | (1) |
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1-5 Application of Treatment Methods |
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12 | (5) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Typical Treatment Process Flow Diagrams |
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13 | (4) |
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1-6 Status of Wastewater Treatment in the United States |
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17 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1-7 Introduction to Process Analysis |
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19 | (3) |
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19 | (2) |
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Application of the Mass-Balance Analysis |
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21 | (1) |
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1-8 Reactors Used in Wastewater Treatment |
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22 | (4) |
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22 | (2) |
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Hydraulic Characteristics of Reactors |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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1-9 Modeling Ideal Flow in Reactors |
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26 | (3) |
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Ideal Flow in Complete-Mix Reactor |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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1-10 Introduction to Process Kinetics |
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29 | (13) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Effects of Temperature on Reaction Rate Coefficients |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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Rate Expressions Used in Wastewater Treatment |
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34 | (5) |
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Analysis of Reaction Rate Coefficients |
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39 | (3) |
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1-11 Introduction to Treatment Process Modeling |
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42 | (15) |
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Batch Reactor with Reaction |
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43 | (1) |
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Complete-Mix Reactor with Reaction |
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43 | (1) |
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Complete-Mix Reactors in Series with Reaction |
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44 | (3) |
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Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Reaction |
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47 | (1) |
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Comparison of Complete-Mix and Plug-Flow Reactors with Reaction |
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48 | (2) |
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Plug-Flow Reactor with Axial Dispersion and Reaction |
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50 | (1) |
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Other Reactor Flow Regimes and Reactor Combinations |
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51 | (2) |
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Problems and Discussion Topics |
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53 | (4) |
| 2 Wastewater Characteristics |
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57 | (126) |
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2-1 Wastewater Characterization |
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60 | (1) |
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Wastewater Properties and Constituents |
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60 | (1) |
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Constituents of Concern in Wastewater Treatment |
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60 | (1) |
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2-2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures |
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60 | (13) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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Units of Expression for Physical and Chemical Parameters |
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66 | (1) |
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Useful Chemical Relationships |
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66 | (7) |
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73 | (17) |
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Sources of Physical Properties |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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Particle Size and Particle Size Measurement |
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76 | (4) |
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Particle Size Distribution |
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80 | (3) |
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Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Relationship Between Turbidity and TSS |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
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Thermal Energy Content of Wastewater |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Weight |
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89 | (1) |
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2-4 Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents |
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90 | (21) |
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Sources of Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (5) |
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103 | (8) |
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2-5 Metallic Constituents |
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111 | (3) |
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Sources of Metallic Constituents |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Sampling and Methods of Analysis |
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114 | (1) |
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Typical Effluent Discharge Limits for Metals |
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114 | (1) |
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2-6 Aggregate Organic Constituents |
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114 | (17) |
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Sources of Aggregate Organic Constituents |
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114 | (1) |
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Measurement of Organic Content |
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114 | (1) |
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
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115 | (8) |
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Total and Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD and SCOD) |
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123 | (1) |
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Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon (TOC and DOTC) |
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123 | (1) |
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UV-Absorbing Organic Constituents |
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124 | (1) |
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Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) |
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125 | (1) |
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Interrelationships between BOD, COD, and TOC |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Chemical Energy in Wastewater and Biosolids |
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129 | (2) |
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2-7 Individual Organic Compounds |
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131 | (5) |
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Sources of Individual Organic Compounds |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals |
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133 | (1) |
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Unregulated Trace Organic Compounds |
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133 | (1) |
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Analysis of Individual Organic Compounds |
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133 | (3) |
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2-8 Radionuclides in Wastewater |
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136 | (3) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Description of Isotopes Found in Wastewater and Sludge |
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137 | (1) |
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Treatment Technologies for the Removal of Radionuclides |
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137 | (2) |
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2-9 Biological Constituents |
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139 | (22) |
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Sources of Microorganisms in Wastewater |
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140 | (4) |
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Enumeration and Identification of Microorganisms |
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144 | (7) |
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Pathogenic Organisms and Prions |
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151 | (10) |
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Evolving Pathogenic Microorganisms |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (22) |
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161 | (1) |
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Evolution and Application of Toxicity Testing |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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Analysis of Toxicity Test Results |
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165 | (2) |
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Application of Toxicity Test Results |
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167 | (2) |
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Identification of Toxicity Components |
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169 | (2) |
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Problems and Discussion Topics |
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171 | (12) |
| 3 Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings |
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183 | (80) |
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3-1 Wastewater Sources and Flowrates |
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185 | (15) |
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185 | (1) |
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Domestic Wastewater Sources and Flowrates |
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186 | (3) |
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Strategies for Reducing Interior Water Use and Wastewater Flowrates |
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189 | (5) |
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Water Use in Other Parts of the World |
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194 | (1) |
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Sources and Rates of Industrial (Nondomestic) Wastewater Flows |
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194 | (1) |
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Variations in Wastewater Flowrates |
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195 | (3) |
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Long-Term Multiyear Variations Due to Conservation |
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198 | (2) |
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Impact of Water Conservation on Future Planning |
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200 | (1) |
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3-2 Impact of Collection System on Wastewater Flowrates |
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200 | (8) |
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200 | (2) |
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Inflow into Collection Systems |
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202 | (2) |
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Exfiltration from Collection Systems |
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204 | (1) |
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Combined Collection System Flowrates |
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205 | (2) |
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Direct Measurement of Combined Sewer Flowrates and Wastewater Characteristics |
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207 | (1) |
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Calculation of Combined Sewer Flowrates |
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207 | (1) |
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3-3 Analysis of Wastewater Flowrate Data |
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208 | (6) |
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Statistical Analysis of Flowrate Data |
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208 | (3) |
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Developing Design Parameters from Flowrate Data |
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211 | (1) |
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Observed Variability in Influent Flowrates |
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212 | (2) |
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3-4 Analysis of Wastewater Constituents |
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214 | (12) |
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Wastewater Constituents Discharged By Individuals |
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214 | (4) |
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Constituent Concentrations Based on Individual Mass Discharges |
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218 | (1) |
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Mineral Increase Resulting from Water Use |
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218 | (1) |
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Composition of Wastewater in Collection Systems |
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219 | (1) |
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Variations in Constituent Concentrations |
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219 | (6) |
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Statistical Analysis of Constituent Concentrations |
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225 | (1) |
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Observed Variability in Influent Constituent Concentrations |
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225 | (1) |
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3-5 Analysis of Constituent Mass Loading Data |
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226 | (6) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (2) |
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Effect of Mass Loading Variability on Treatment Plant Performance |
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231 | (1) |
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3-6 Selection of Design Flowrates and Mass Loadings |
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232 | (9) |
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234 | (6) |
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240 | (1) |
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3-7 Flow and Constituent Load Equalization |
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241 | (22) |
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Description/Application of Flow Equalization |
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242 | (1) |
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The Benefits of Flow Equalization |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (10) |
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Equalization of Constituent Mass Loading Rates |
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253 | (1) |
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Equalization of Sludge and Biosolids Processing Return Flows |
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253 | (1) |
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Problems and Discussion Topics |
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254 | (9) |
| 4 Wastewater Treatment Process Selection, Design, and Implementation |
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263 | (42) |
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4-1 Planning for New and Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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265 | (9) |
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Need to Upgrade Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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265 | (1) |
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Planning for New Wastewater Treatment Plants |
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266 | (4) |
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Treatment Process Design Considerations 266Owner Needs |
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270 | (1) |
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Environmental Considerations |
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270 | (1) |
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Compatibility with Existing Facilities |
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271 | (1) |
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Energy and Resource Requirements |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Other Design Considerations |
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273 | (1) |
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4-2 Considerations in Process Selection |
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274 | (5) |
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Important Factors in Process Selection |
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274 | (2) |
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Process Selection Based on Reaction Kinetics |
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276 | (1) |
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Process Selection Based On Mass Transfer |
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277 | (1) |
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Process Design Based on Loading Criteria |
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277 | (1) |
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Bench-Scale Tests and Test-Bed Pilot-Scale Studies |
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277 | (1) |
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Wastewater Discharge Permit Requirements |
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278 | (1) |
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4-3 Treatment Process Reliability and Selection of Design Values |
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279 | (12) |
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Variability in Wastewater Treatment |
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280 | (6) |
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Selection of Process Design Parameters to Meet Discharge Permit Limits |
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286 | (3) |
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Performance of Combined Processes |
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289 | (2) |
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4-4 Elements of Process Design |
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291 | (6) |
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291 | (1) |
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Treatment Process Flow Diagrams |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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4-5 Implementation of Wastewater Management Programs |
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297 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Facilities Startup and Operation |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (6) |
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Long-Term Municipal Debt Financing |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Problems and Discussion Topics |
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300 | (5) |
| 5 Physical Unit Processes |
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305 | (150) |
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310 | (15) |
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Classification of Screens |
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310 | (1) |
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Screenings Characteristics and Quantities |
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311 | (1) |
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Coarse Screens (Bar Racks) |
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312 | (6) |
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318 | (5) |
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323 | (1) |
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Screenings Handling, Processing, and Disposal |
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324 | (1) |
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5-2 Coarse Solids Reduction |
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325 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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5-3 Mixing and Flocculation |
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327 | (17) |
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Continuous Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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328 | (1) |
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Continuous Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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329 | (1) |
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Energy Dissipation in Mixing and Flocculation |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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Types of Mixers Used for Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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332 | (3) |
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Types of Mixers Used for Maintaining Solids in Suspension in Wastewater Treatment and Chemical Mixing |
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335 | (3) |
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Types of Mixers Used for Flocculation in Wastewater Treatment |
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338 | (3) |
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Types of Mixers Used for Continuous Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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341 | (3) |
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New Developments in Mixing Technology |
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344 | (1) |
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5-4 Gravity Separation Theory |
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344 | (21) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (4) |
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Discrete Particle Settling |
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350 | (4) |
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Flocculent Particle Settling |
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354 | (2) |
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Inclined Plate and Tube Settling |
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356 | (4) |
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360 | (4) |
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364 | (1) |
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Gravity Separation in an Accelerated Flow Field |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (17) |
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Wastewater Grit Characteristics |
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366 | (4) |
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Grit Separators for Wastewater |
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370 | (9) |
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Grit Separators for Combined Wastewater and Stormwater |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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Solids (Sludge) Degritting |
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382 | (1) |
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5-6 Primary Sedimentation |
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382 | (16) |
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383 | (8) |
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Sedimentation Tank Performance |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (4) |
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Characteristics and Quantities of Solids (Sludge) and Scum |
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397 | (1) |
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5-7 High-Rate Clarification |
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398 | (5) |
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Enhanced Particle Flocculation |
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398 | (1) |
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Analysis of Ballasted Particle Flocculation and Settling |
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399 | (2) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (5) |
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404 | (2) |
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Design Considerations for Dissolved-Air Flotation Systems |
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406 | (2) |
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5-9 New Approaches for Primary Treatment |
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408 | (3) |
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Microscreening of Raw Wastewater |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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Primary Effluent Filtration |
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410 | (1) |
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5-10 Gas Liquid Mass Transfer |
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411 | (8) |
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Historical Development of Gas Transfer Theories |
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411 | (1) |
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The Two-Film Theory of Gas Transfer |
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412 | (3) |
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Absorption of Gases Under Turbulent Conditions |
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415 | (2) |
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Absorption of Gases Under Quiescent Conditions |
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417 | (1) |
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Desorption (Removal) of Gases |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (36) |
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419 | (2) |
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Evaluation of Alpha (a) Correction Factor |
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421 | (3) |
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Types of Aeration Systems |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (12) |
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436 | (3) |
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Energy Requirement for Mixing in Aeration Systems |
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439 | (1) |
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Generation and Dissolution of High-Purity Oxygen |
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440 | (3) |
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443 | (5) |
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Problems and Discussion Topics |
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448 | (7) |
| 6 Chemical Unit Processes |
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455 | (96) |
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6-1 Role of Chemical Unit Processes in Wastewater Treatment |
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458 | (2) |
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Applications of Chemical Unit Processes |
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458 | (1) |
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Considerations in the Use of Chemical Unit Processes |
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459 | (1) |
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6-2 Fundamentals of Chemical Coagulation |
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460 | (13) |
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461 | (1) |
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Nature of Particles in Wastewater |
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461 | (1) |
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Development and Measurement of Surface Charge |
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462 | (1) |
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Particle-Particle Interactions |
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463 | (3) |
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Particle Destabilization and Aggregation with Polyelectrolytes |
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466 | (2) |
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Particle Destabilization and Removal with Hydrolyzed Metal Ions |
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468 | (5) |
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6-3 Chemical Precipitation for Improved Plant Performance |
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473 | (8) |
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Chemical Reactions in Wastewater Precipitation Applications |
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474 | (3) |
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Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) |
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477 | (1) |
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Independent Physical-Chemical Treatment |
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478 | (1) |
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Estimation of Sludge Quantities from Chemical Precipitation |
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479 | (2) |
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6-4 Chemical Phosphorus Removal |
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481 | (11) |
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Chemicals Used for Phosphorus Removal |
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481 | (6) |
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Phosphorus Removal from the Liquid Stream with Metal Salts |
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487 | (2) |
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Phosphorus Removal from the Liquid Stream with Calcium |
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489 | (2) |
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Strategies for Chemical Phosphorus Removal |
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491 | (1) |
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6-5 Chemical Formation of Struvite for Ammonium and Phosphorus Removal |
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492 | (6) |
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Chemistry of Struvite Formation |
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493 | (3) |
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Control and/or Mitigation Measures for the Formation of Struvite |
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496 | (1) |
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Enhanced Struvite Formation for Nutrient Removal |
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496 | (2) |
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6-6 Chemical Precipitation for Removal of Heavy Metals and Dissolved Substances |
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498 | (3) |
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498 | (2) |
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Co-precipitation with Phosphorus |
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500 | (1) |
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6-7 Conventional Chemical Oxidation |
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501 | (9) |
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Applications for Conventional Chemical Oxidation |
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501 | (1) |
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Oxidants Used in Chemical Oxidation Processes |
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501 | (2) |
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Fundamentals of Chemical Oxidation |
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503 | (5) |
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Chemical Oxidation of Organic Constituents |
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508 | (1) |
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Chemical Oxidation of Ammonium |
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508 | (2) |
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Chemical Oxidation Process Limitations |
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510 | (1) |
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510 | (11) |
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Applications for Advanced Oxidation |
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510 | (3) |
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Processes for Advanced Oxidation |
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513 | (4) |
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Basic Considerations for Advanced Oxidation Processes |
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|
517 | (3) |
|
Advanced Oxidation Process Limitations |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
|
521 | (8) |
|
Applications for Photolysis 521Photolysis Processes |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Basic Considerations for Photolysis Processes |
|
|
522 | (6) |
|
Photolysis Process Limitations |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
6-10 Chemical Neutralization, Scale Control, and Stabilization |
|
|
529 | (7) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Scaling Potential |
|
|
530 | (5) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
6-11 Chemical Storage, Feeding, Piping, and Control Systems |
|
|
536 | (15) |
|
Chemical Storage and Handling |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
Dry Chemical Feed Systems |
|
|
538 | (4) |
|
Liquid Chemical Feed Systems |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Gas Chemical Feed Systems |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
544 | (7) |
| 7 Fundamentals of Biological Treatment |
|
551 | (146) |
|
7-1 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
555 | (6) |
|
Objectives of Biological Treatment |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Types of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
556 | (5) |
|
7-2 Composition and Classification of Microorganisms |
|
|
561 | (10) |
|
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Microorganism Identification and Classification |
|
|
565 | (3) |
|
|
|
568 | (3) |
|
7-3 Introduction to Microbial Metabolism |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Carbon and Energy Sources for Microbial Growth |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Nutrient and Growth Factor Requirements |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
7-4 Bacterial Growth, Energetics, and Decay |
|
|
573 | (15) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Bacterial Growth Patterns in a Batch Reactor |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Bacterial Growth and Bionmass Yield |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Estimating Biomass Yield and Oxygen Requirements from Stoichiometry |
|
|
576 | (3) |
|
Estimating Biomass Yield Jim Bioenergetics |
|
|
579 | (7) |
|
Stoichiometry of Biological Reactions |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Biomass Synthesis Yields for Different Growth Conditions |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Observed versus Synthesis Yield |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
7-5 Microbial Growth Kinetics |
|
|
588 | (9) |
|
Microbial Growth Kinetics Terminology |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Rate of Utilization of Soluble Substrates |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
Other Rate Expressions for Soluble Substrate Utilization |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Rate of Soluble Substrate Production from Biodegradable Particulate Organic Matter |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Kinetic Coefficients for Substrate Utilization and Biomass Growth |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Total Volatile Suspended Solids and Active Biomass |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Net Biomass Held and Observed Yield |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
7-6 Modeling Suspended Growth Treatment Processes |
|
|
597 | (13) |
|
Description of Suspended Growth Treatment Processes |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Mixed Liquor Solids Concentration and Solids Production |
|
|
600 | (3) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
Design and Operating Parameters |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Process Performance and Stability |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Modeling Plug-Flow Reactors |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
7-7 Substrate Removal in Attached Growth Treatment Process |
|
|
610 | (5) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Substrate Flux in Biofilms |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Substrate Mass Balance for Biofilm |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Substrate Flux Limitations |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
|
|
615 | (3) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Stoichiometry of Aerobic Biological Oxidation |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
7-9 Biological Oxidation of Inorganic Nitrogen |
|
|
618 | (13) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (3) |
|
Stoichiometry of Biological Nitrification |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (3) |
|
|
|
631 | (9) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Stoichiometry of Biological Denitrification and Denitritation |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Organic Substrate Requirements for Denitrification and Denitritation |
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
|
|
637 | (3) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
7-11 Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation |
|
|
640 | (5) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (3) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
7-12 Greenhouse Gas from Biological Nitrogen Transformations |
|
|
645 | (3) |
|
Source of Nitrous Oxide Emissions |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Nitrous Oxide Production Pathways |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
7-13 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal |
|
|
648 | (7) |
|
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
Processes Occurring in the Anaerobic Zone |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Processes Occurring in a Downstream Aerobic or Anoxic Zone |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Other Process Considerations for EBPR |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Stoichiometry of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
7-14 Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation |
|
|
655 | (8) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
Stoichiometry of Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
7-15 Biological Removal of Toxic and Recalcitrant Organic Compounds |
|
|
663 | (8) |
|
Development of Biological Treatment Methods |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (3) |
|
Modeling Biotic and Abiotic. Losses |
|
|
669 | (2) |
|
7-16 Biological Removal of Trace Organic Compounds |
|
|
671 | (3) |
|
Removal of Trace Organic Compounds |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
672 | (2) |
|
7-17 Biological Removal of Heavy Metals |
|
|
674 | (23) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
674 | (23) |
| 8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes |
|
697 | (244) |
|
8-1 Introduction to the Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
700 | (7) |
|
Historical Development of Activated Sludge Process |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Basic Process Description |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Evolution of the Conventional Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
702 | (4) |
|
Nutrient Removal Processes |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
8-2 Wastewater Characterization |
|
|
707 | (10) |
|
Key Wastewater Constituents for Process Design |
|
|
707 | (5) |
|
Measurement Methods for Wastewater Characterization |
|
|
712 | (4) |
|
Recycle Flows and Loadings |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
8-3 Fundamentals of Process Selection, Design, and Control |
|
|
717 | (21) |
|
Overall Considerations in Treatment Process Implementation |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Important Factors in Process Selection and Design |
|
|
717 | (9) |
|
|
|
726 | (6) |
|
Operational Problems in Activated Sludge Systems with Secondary Clarifiers |
|
|
732 | (6) |
|
Operational Problems with MBR Systems |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
8-4 Selector Types and Design Consideration |
|
|
738 | (4) |
|
Selector Types and Design Considerations |
|
|
739 | (2) |
|
Poor Settling Even with Use of Selector |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
8-5 Activated Sludge Process Design Considerations |
|
|
742 | (10) |
|
Steady-State Design Approach |
|
|
742 | (2) |
|
|
|
744 | (3) |
|
Model Matrix Format, Components, and Reactions |
|
|
747 | (4) |
|
Other Simulation Model Applications |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
8-6 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification |
|
|
752 | (43) |
|
Overview of BOD Removal and Nitrification Processes |
|
|
752 | (2) |
|
General Process Design Considerations |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Complete-Mix Activated-Sludge Process Design |
|
|
754 | (17) |
|
Sequencing Batch Reactor Process Design |
|
|
771 | (11) |
|
Staged Activated-Sludge Process Design |
|
|
782 | (4) |
|
Alternative Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification |
|
|
786 | (9) |
|
8-7 Processes for Biological Nitrogen Removal |
|
|
795 | (66) |
|
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Overview of Types of Biological Nitrogen-Removal Processes |
|
|
797 | (5) |
|
General Process Design Considerations |
|
|
802 | (2) |
|
Preanoxic Denitrification Processes |
|
|
804 | (27) |
|
Postanoxic Denitrification Processes |
|
|
831 | (2) |
|
Low DO and Cyclic Nitrification/Denitrification Processes |
|
|
833 | (5) |
|
Alternative Process Configurations for Biological Nitrogen Removal |
|
|
838 | (10) |
|
Denitrification with External Carbon Addition |
|
|
848 | (12) |
|
Process Control and Performance |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
8-8 Processes for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal |
|
|
861 | (24) |
|
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
Overview of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Processes |
|
|
862 | (2) |
|
General Process Design Considerations |
|
|
864 | (14) |
|
Operational Factors That Affect Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal |
|
|
878 | (2) |
|
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process Design |
|
|
880 | (3) |
|
Provision for Chemical Addition |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
Process Control and Performance Optimization |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
8-9 Aeration Tank Design for Activated-Sludge Processes |
|
|
885 | (4) |
|
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Aeration Tanks and Appurtenances |
|
|
886 | (3) |
|
8-10 Analysis of Liquid-Solids Separation for Activated-Sludge Processes with Clarifiers |
|
|
889 | (17) |
|
Solids Separation by Secondary Clarifiers |
|
|
889 | (2) |
|
Assessing Sludge Thickening Characteristics |
|
|
891 | (2) |
|
Clarifier Design Based on Solids Flux Analysis |
|
|
893 | (7) |
|
Clarifier Design Based on State Point Analysis |
|
|
900 | (6) |
|
8-11 Design Considerations for Secondary Clarifiers |
|
|
906 | (7) |
|
Types of Sedimentation Tank |
|
|
906 | (4) |
|
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
|
910 | (2) |
|
Weir Placement and Loading |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
Scum Removal and Management |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
8-12 Solids Separation for Membrane Bioreactors |
|
|
913 | (28) |
|
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
|
914 | (3) |
|
Membrane Design and Operating Characteristics |
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
|
|
917 | (2) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
919 | (22) |
| 9 Attached Growth and Combined Biological Treatment Processes |
|
941 | (118) |
|
9-1 Introduction to Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
943 | (4) |
|
Types of Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
943 | (4) |
|
Mass Transfer Limitations in Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
947 | (1) |
|
9-2 Nonsubmerged Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
947 | (40) |
|
General Process Description |
|
|
947 | (3) |
|
Trickling Filter Classification and Applications |
|
|
950 | (3) |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages of Trickling Filters |
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
Physical Facilities for Trickling Filters |
|
|
954 | (3) |
|
Design Considerations for Physical Facilities |
|
|
957 | (11) |
|
Process Design Considerations for BOD Removal |
|
|
968 | (4) |
|
Process Analysis for BOD Removal |
|
|
972 | (6) |
|
Process Analysis for Nitrification |
|
|
978 | (9) |
|
9-3 Sequential Combined Trickling Filter and Suspended Solids Processes |
|
|
987 | (10) |
|
|
|
987 | (1) |
|
|
|
987 | (1) |
|
Trickling Filter/Solids Contact Process |
|
|
988 | (2) |
|
Trickling Filter/Activated Sludge Process |
|
|
990 | (7) |
|
Series Trickling-Filter Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
997 | (1) |
|
9-4 Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge Process |
|
|
997 | (18) |
|
|
|
998 | (2) |
|
|
|
1000 | (2) |
|
IFAS Process Advantages and Disadvantages |
|
|
1002 | (1) |
|
Design of Physical Facilities |
|
|
1003 | (2) |
|
IFAS Process Design Analysis |
|
|
1005 | (3) |
|
BOD and Nitrification Design Approach |
|
|
1008 | (7) |
|
9-5 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) |
|
|
1015 | (11) |
|
|
|
1015 | (1) |
|
MBBR Process Applications |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
MBBR Process Advantages and Disadvantages |
|
|
1016 | (3) |
|
Design of Physical Facilities |
|
|
1019 | (1) |
|
MBBR Process Design Analysis |
|
|
1020 | (1) |
|
BOD Removal and Nitrification Design |
|
|
1021 | (5) |
|
9-6 Submerged Aerobic Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
1026 | (8) |
|
|
|
1026 | (1) |
|
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
Process Advantages and Disadvantages |
|
|
1027 | (2) |
|
Design of Physical Facilities |
|
|
1029 | (2) |
|
BAF Process Design Analysis |
|
|
1031 | (3) |
|
FBBR Process Design Analysis |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
9-7 Attached Growth Denitrification Processes |
|
|
1034 | (11) |
|
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
Description and Application of Attached Growth Denitrification Processes |
|
|
1035 | (2) |
|
Process Design Analysis of Postanoxic Attached Growth Denitrification |
|
|
1037 | (4) |
|
Operational Considerations for Postanoxic Attached Growth Denitrification |
|
|
1041 | (4) |
|
9-8 Emerging Biofilm Processes |
|
|
1045 | (14) |
|
Membrane Biofilm Reactors |
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1046 | (13) |
| 10 Anaerobic Suspended and Attached Growth Biological Treatment Processes |
|
1059 | (58) |
|
10-1 The Rationale for Anaerobic Treatment |
|
|
1061 | (2) |
|
Advantages of Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
1061 | (1) |
|
Disadvantages of Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
1062 | (1) |
|
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
10-2 Development of Anaerobic Technologies |
|
|
1063 | (4) |
|
Historical Developments in Liquefaction |
|
|
1063 | (2) |
|
Treatment of Wastewater Sludges |
|
|
1065 | (1) |
|
Treatment of High Strength Wastes |
|
|
1066 | (1) |
|
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
10-3 Available Anaerobic Technologies |
|
|
1067 | (8) |
|
Types of Anaerobic Technologies |
|
|
1067 | (4) |
|
Application of Anaerobic Technologies |
|
|
1071 | (4) |
|
10-4 Fundamental Considerations in the Application of Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
1075 | (15) |
|
Characteristics of the Wastewater |
|
|
1075 | (5) |
|
Pretreatment of Wastewater |
|
|
1080 | (3) |
|
|
|
1083 | (2) |
|
Energy Production Potential |
|
|
1085 | (3) |
|
|
|
1088 | (2) |
|
|
|
1090 | (1) |
|
10-5 Design Considerations for Implementation of Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
1090 | (5) |
|
Treatment Efficiency Needed |
|
|
1091 | (1) |
|
General Process Design Parameters |
|
|
1091 | (2) |
|
Process Implementation Issues |
|
|
1093 | (2) |
|
10-6 Process Design Examples |
|
|
1095 | (13) |
|
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Process |
|
|
1095 | (8) |
|
Anaerobic Contact Process |
|
|
1103 | (4) |
|
|
|
1107 | (1) |
|
10-7 Codigestion of Organic Wastes with Municipal Sludge |
|
|
1108 | (9) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1109 | (8) |
| 11 Separation Processes for Removal of Residual Constituents |
|
1117 | (174) |
|
11-1 Need for Additional Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1120 | (1) |
|
11-2 Overview of Technologies Used for Removal of Residual Particulate and Dissolved Constituents |
|
|
1120 | (3) |
|
Separation Processes Based on Mass Transfer |
|
|
1120 | (2) |
|
Transformation Based on Chemical and Biological Processes |
|
|
1122 | (1) |
|
Application of Unit Processes for Removal of Residual Constituents |
|
|
1123 | (1) |
|
11-3 Unit Processes for the Removal of Residual Particulate and Dissolved Constituents |
|
|
1123 | (6) |
|
Typical Process Flow Diagrams |
|
|
1124 | (1) |
|
Process Performance Expectations |
|
|
1125 | (4) |
|
11-4 Introduction to Depth Filtration |
|
|
1129 | (15) |
|
Description of the Filtration Process |
|
|
1129 | (5) |
|
|
|
1134 | (8) |
|
Modeling the Filtration Process |
|
|
1142 | (2) |
|
11-5 Depth Filtration: Selection and Design Considerations |
|
|
1144 | (27) |
|
Available Filtration Technologies |
|
|
1144 | (2) |
|
Performance of Different Types of Depth Filters |
|
|
1146 | (10) |
|
Considerations Related to Design and Operation of Treatment Facilities |
|
|
1156 | (2) |
|
Selection of Filtration Technology |
|
|
1158 | (3) |
|
Design Considerations for Granular Medium Filters |
|
|
1161 | (10) |
|
|
|
1171 | (10) |
|
Available Filtration Technologies |
|
|
1172 | (3) |
|
Description of the Surface Filtration Process |
|
|
1175 | (3) |
|
Performance of Surface Filters |
|
|
1178 | (2) |
|
|
|
1180 | (1) |
|
|
|
1180 | (1) |
|
11-7 Membrane Filtration Processes |
|
|
1181 | (36) |
|
Membrane Process Terminology |
|
|
1181 | (1) |
|
Membrane Process Classification |
|
|
1182 | (3) |
|
Membrane Containment Vessels |
|
|
1185 | (4) |
|
Operational Modes for Pressurized Configurations |
|
|
1189 | (1) |
|
Process Analysis for MF and UF Membranes |
|
|
1190 | (2) |
|
Operating Strategies for MF and UF Membranes |
|
|
1192 | (1) |
|
Process Analysis for Reverse Osmosis |
|
|
1193 | (5) |
|
|
|
1198 | (3) |
|
Control of Membrane Fouling |
|
|
1201 | (3) |
|
Application and Performance of Membranes |
|
|
1204 | (8) |
|
Forward Osmosis: An Emerging Membrane Technology |
|
|
1212 | (2) |
|
Pilot-Plant Studies for Membrane Applications |
|
|
1214 | (1) |
|
|
|
1215 | (2) |
|
|
|
1217 | (7) |
|
Description of the Electrodialysis Process |
|
|
1217 | (1) |
|
|
|
1218 | (2) |
|
|
|
1220 | (2) |
|
|
|
1222 | (1) |
|
Electrodialysis Versus Reverse Osmosis |
|
|
1223 | (1) |
|
|
|
1224 | (21) |
|
Applications for Adsorption |
|
|
1224 | (1) |
|
|
|
1224 | (3) |
|
Fundamentals of Adsorption Processes |
|
|
1227 | (1) |
|
Development of Adsorption Isotherms |
|
|
1227 | (5) |
|
|
|
1232 | (1) |
|
|
|
1232 | (8) |
|
|
|
1240 | (3) |
|
Analysis of Powdered Activated Carbon Contactor |
|
|
1243 | (1) |
|
Activated Sludge-Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment |
|
|
1244 | (1) |
|
|
|
1245 | (1) |
|
Adsorption Process Limitations |
|
|
1245 | (1) |
|
|
|
1245 | (16) |
|
Analysis of Gas Stripping |
|
|
1245 | (11) |
|
Design of Stripping Towers |
|
|
1256 | (5) |
|
Air Stripping Applications |
|
|
1261 | (1) |
|
|
|
1261 | (14) |
|
|
|
1262 | (1) |
|
Typical Ion Exchange Reactions |
|
|
1263 | (1) |
|
Exchange Capacity of Ion Exchange Resins |
|
|
1264 | (2) |
|
|
|
1266 | (4) |
|
Application of Ion Exchange |
|
|
1270 | (5) |
|
Operational Considerations |
|
|
1275 | (1) |
|
|
|
1275 | (16) |
|
|
|
1276 | (1) |
|
Performance Expectations in Reclamation Applications |
|
|
1277 | (1) |
|
|
|
1278 | (1) |
|
Disposal of Concentrated Waste |
|
|
1278 | (1) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1278 | (13) |
| 12 Disinfection Processes |
|
1291 | (158) |
|
12-1 Introduction to Disinfectants Used in Wastewater |
|
|
1294 | (3) |
|
Characteristics for an Ideal Disinfectant |
|
|
1294 | (1) |
|
Disinfection Agents and Methods |
|
|
1294 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms Used to Explain Action of Disinfectants |
|
|
1296 | (1) |
|
Comparison of Disinfectants |
|
|
1297 | (1) |
|
12-2 Disinfection Process Considerations |
|
|
1297 | (15) |
|
Physical Facilities Used for Disinfection |
|
|
1297 | (3) |
|
Factors Affecting Performance |
|
|
1300 | (6) |
|
Development of the CT Concept for Predicting Disinfection Performance |
|
|
1306 | (1) |
|
Application of the CT Concept to Wastewater Disinfection |
|
|
1307 | (1) |
|
Performance Comparison of Disinfection Technologies |
|
|
1308 | (4) |
|
12-3 Disinfection with Chlorine |
|
|
1312 | (25) |
|
Characteristics of Chlorine Compounds |
|
|
1312 | (2) |
|
Chemistry of Chlorine Compounds |
|
|
1314 | (2) |
|
Breakpoint Reaction with Chlorine |
|
|
1316 | (4) |
|
Effectiveness of Free and Combined Chlorine as Disinfectants |
|
|
1320 | (2) |
|
Measurement and Reporting of Disinfection Process Performance |
|
|
1322 | (1) |
|
Factors that Affect Disinfection of Wastewater with Chlorine Compounds |
|
|
1323 | (5) |
|
Modeling the Chlorine Disinfection Process |
|
|
1328 | (1) |
|
Required Chorine Dosages for Disinfection |
|
|
1329 | (4) |
|
Formation and Control of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) |
|
|
1333 | (3) |
|
Environmental Impacts of Disinfection with Chlorine |
|
|
1336 | (1) |
|
12-4 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide |
|
|
1337 | (2) |
|
Characteristics of Chlorine Dioxide |
|
|
1337 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Dioxide Chemistry |
|
|
1337 | (1) |
|
Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide as a Disinfectant |
|
|
1338 | (1) |
|
Modeling the Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection Process |
|
|
1338 | (1) |
|
Required Chlorine Dioxide Dosages for Disinfection |
|
|
1338 | (1) |
|
Byproduct Formation and Control |
|
|
1338 | (1) |
|
|
|
1339 | (1) |
|
|
|
1339 | (4) |
|
Dechlorination of Treated Wastewater with Sulfur Dioxide |
|
|
1339 | (2) |
|
Dechlorination of Treated Wastewater with Sodium Based Compounds |
|
|
1341 | (1) |
|
Dechlorination with Hydrogen Peroxide |
|
|
1342 | (1) |
|
Dechlorination with Activated Carbon |
|
|
1342 | (1) |
|
Dechlorination of Chlorine Dioxide with Sulfur Dioxide |
|
|
1342 | (1) |
|
12-6 Design of Chlorination and Dechlorination Facilities |
|
|
1343 | (24) |
|
Sizing Chlorination Facilities |
|
|
1343 | (1) |
|
Disinfection Process Flow Diagrams |
|
|
1344 | (3) |
|
|
|
1347 | (2) |
|
Injection and Initial Mixing |
|
|
1349 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Contact Basin Design |
|
|
1349 | (10) |
|
Assessing the Hydraulic Performance of Existing Chlorine Contact Basins |
|
|
1359 | (6) |
|
Outlet Control and Chlorine Residual Measurement |
|
|
1365 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Storage Facilities |
|
|
1365 | (1) |
|
Chemical Containment Facilities |
|
|
1366 | (1) |
|
Dechlorination Facilities |
|
|
1366 | (1) |
|
12-7 Disinfection with Ozone |
|
|
1367 | (11) |
|
|
|
1367 | (1) |
|
|
|
1368 | (1) |
|
Effectiveness of Ozone as a Disinfectant |
|
|
1369 | (1) |
|
Modeling the Ozone Disinfection Process |
|
|
1369 | (3) |
|
Required Ozone Dosages for Disinfection |
|
|
1372 | (1) |
|
Estimation of the CT Value |
|
|
1372 | (2) |
|
Byproduct Formation and Control |
|
|
1374 | (1) |
|
Environmental Impacts of Using Ozone |
|
|
1374 | (1) |
|
Other Benefits of Using Ozone |
|
|
1375 | (1) |
|
Ozone Disinfection Systems Components |
|
|
1375 | (3) |
|
12-8 Other Chemical Disinfection Methods |
|
|
1378 | (4) |
|
|
|
1379 | (1) |
|
Use of Peroxone as a Disinfectant |
|
|
1380 | (1) |
|
|
|
1381 | (1) |
|
Combined Chemical Disinfection Processes |
|
|
1381 | (1) |
|
12-9 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Disinfection |
|
|
1382 | (46) |
|
|
|
1383 | (1) |
|
|
|
1384 | (3) |
|
UV Disinfection System Configurations |
|
|
1387 | (3) |
|
Quartz Sleeve Cleaning Systems |
|
|
1390 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of Inactivation by UV Irradiation |
|
|
1391 | (2) |
|
Germicidal Effectiveness of UV Irradiation |
|
|
1393 | (6) |
|
|
|
1399 | (5) |
|
Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines |
|
|
1404 | (1) |
|
Relationship of UV Guidelines to UV System Design |
|
|
1405 | (1) |
|
Validation of UV Reactor or System Performance |
|
|
1405 | (8) |
|
Factors Effecting UV System Design |
|
|
1413 | (7) |
|
Selection and Sizing of a UV Disinfection System |
|
|
1420 | (2) |
|
Use of Spot-Check Bioassay to Validate UV System Performance |
|
|
1422 | (4) |
|
Troubleshooting UV Disinfection Systems |
|
|
1426 | (2) |
|
Environmental Impacts of UV Radiation Disinfection |
|
|
1428 | (1) |
|
12-10 Disinfection By Pasteurization |
|
|
1428 | (21) |
|
Description of the Pasteurization Process |
|
|
1428 | (1) |
|
Thermal Disinfection Kinetics |
|
|
1429 | (4) |
|
Germicidal Effectiveness of Pasteurization |
|
|
1433 | (1) |
|
|
|
1433 | (1) |
|
Application of Pasteurization for Disinfection |
|
|
1433 | (1) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1434 | (15) |
| 13 Processing and Treatment of Sludges |
|
1449 | (112) |
|
13-1 Sludge Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities |
|
|
1453 | (8) |
|
|
|
1453 | (1) |
|
|
|
1454 | (2) |
|
|
|
1456 | (5) |
|
13-2 Regulations for the Reuse and Disposition of Sludge in the United States |
|
|
1461 | (5) |
|
|
|
1461 | (1) |
|
|
|
1462 | (1) |
|
Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction |
|
|
1462 | (1) |
|
|
|
1463 | (3) |
|
13-3 Sludge Processing Flow Diagrams |
|
|
1466 | (1) |
|
13-4 Sludge and Scum Pumping |
|
|
1467 | (14) |
|
|
|
1467 | (8) |
|
|
|
1475 | (5) |
|
|
|
1480 | (1) |
|
13-5 Preliminary Sludge Processing Operations |
|
|
1481 | (5) |
|
|
|
1481 | (1) |
|
|
|
1482 | (1) |
|
|
|
1482 | (1) |
|
|
|
1483 | (1) |
|
|
|
1484 | (2) |
|
|
|
1486 | (11) |
|
|
|
1486 | (1) |
|
Description and Design of Thickeners |
|
|
1487 | (10) |
|
13-7 Introduction to Sludge Stabilization |
|
|
1497 | (1) |
|
13-8 Alkaline Stabilization |
|
|
1498 | (4) |
|
Chemical Reactions in Lime Stabilization |
|
|
1498 | (1) |
|
|
|
1499 | (1) |
|
Application of Alkaline Stabilization Processes |
|
|
1500 | (2) |
|
|
|
1502 | (39) |
|
|
|
1503 | (1) |
|
Description of Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion Processes |
|
|
1504 | (2) |
|
Process Design for Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion |
|
|
1506 | (6) |
|
Selection of Tank Design and Mixing System |
|
|
1512 | (8) |
|
Methods for Enhancing Sludge Loading and Digester Performance |
|
|
1520 | (1) |
|
Gas Production, Collection, and Use |
|
|
1520 | (5) |
|
|
|
1525 | (5) |
|
Advanced Anaerobic Digestion |
|
|
1530 | (3) |
|
Sludge Pre-treatment for Anaerobic Digestion |
|
|
1533 | (5) |
|
Co-digestion with Other Organic Waste Material |
|
|
1538 | (3) |
|
|
|
1541 | (20) |
|
|
|
1542 | (2) |
|
Conventional Air Aerobic Digestion |
|
|
1544 | (5) |
|
|
|
1549 | (1) |
|
Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD) |
|
|
1549 | (4) |
|
|
|
1553 | (1) |
|
High-Purity Oxygen Digestion |
|
|
1553 | (1) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1554 | (7) |
| 14 Biosolids Processing, Resource Recovery and Beneficial Use |
|
1561 | (98) |
|
14-1 Chemical Conditioning |
|
|
1564 | (3) |
|
|
|
1564 | (1) |
|
Factors Affecting Polymer Conditioning |
|
|
1565 | (1) |
|
Polymer Dosage Determination |
|
|
1565 | (1) |
|
|
|
1566 | (1) |
|
Conditioning Makeup and Feed |
|
|
1567 | (1) |
|
|
|
1567 | (26) |
|
Overview of Dewatering Technologies |
|
|
1568 | (3) |
|
|
|
1571 | (3) |
|
|
|
1574 | (3) |
|
|
|
1577 | (3) |
|
|
|
1580 | (3) |
|
|
|
1583 | (2) |
|
|
|
1585 | (3) |
|
|
|
1588 | (4) |
|
|
|
1592 | (1) |
|
|
|
1593 | (1) |
|
|
|
1593 | (9) |
|
|
|
1593 | (2) |
|
|
|
1595 | (4) |
|
Product Characteristics and Use |
|
|
1599 | (1) |
|
Product Transport and Storage |
|
|
1600 | (1) |
|
Fire and Explosion Hazards |
|
|
1601 | (1) |
|
Air Pollution and Odor Control |
|
|
1601 | (1) |
|
14-4 Advanced Thermal Oxidation |
|
|
1602 | (11) |
|
Fundamental Aspects of Complete Combustion |
|
|
1603 | (3) |
|
Multiple-Hearth Incineration |
|
|
1606 | (2) |
|
Fluidized-Bed Incineration |
|
|
1608 | (2) |
|
Energy Recovery from Thermal Oxidation |
|
|
1610 | (1) |
|
Coincineration with Municipal Solid Waste |
|
|
1611 | (1) |
|
|
|
1612 | (1) |
|
|
|
1613 | (8) |
|
|
|
1614 | (1) |
|
Composting Process Stages |
|
|
1614 | (1) |
|
|
|
1614 | (2) |
|
|
|
1616 | (2) |
|
|
|
1618 | (2) |
|
Co-composting with Municipal Solid Wastes |
|
|
1620 | (1) |
|
Public Health and Environmental Issues |
|
|
1620 | (1) |
|
14-6 Sludge and Biosolids Conveyance and Storage |
|
|
1621 | (2) |
|
|
|
1621 | (1) |
|
|
|
1622 | (1) |
|
14-7 Solids Mass Balances |
|
|
1623 | (13) |
|
Preparation of Solids Mass Balances |
|
|
1623 | (1) |
|
Performance Data for Solids Processing Facilities |
|
|
1623 | (1) |
|
Impact of Return Flows and Loads |
|
|
1623 | (13) |
|
14-8 Resource Recovery from Sludges and Biosolids |
|
|
1636 | (2) |
|
|
|
1637 | (1) |
|
Agricultural Land Application |
|
|
1637 | (1) |
|
Non-Agricultural Land Applications |
|
|
1637 | (1) |
|
14-9 Energy Recovery from Sludge and Biosolids |
|
|
1638 | (2) |
|
Energy Recovery through Anaerobic Digestion |
|
|
1638 | (1) |
|
Energy Recovery by Thermal Oxidation |
|
|
1639 | (1) |
|
Energy Recovery from Dried Material through Gasification and Pyrolysis |
|
|
1639 | (1) |
|
Production of Oil and Liquid Fuel |
|
|
1640 | (1) |
|
14-10 Application of Biosolids to Land |
|
|
1640 | (19) |
|
Benefits of Land Application |
|
|
1640 | (1) |
|
U.S. EPA Regulations for Beneficial Use and Disposal of Biosolids |
|
|
1640 | (1) |
|
|
|
1641 | (2) |
|
Site Evaluation and Selection |
|
|
1643 | (1) |
|
|
|
1644 | (4) |
|
|
|
1648 | (2) |
|
Application to Dedicated Lands |
|
|
1650 | (1) |
|
|
|
1651 | (1) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1651 | (8) |
| 15 Plant Recycle Flow Treatment and Nutrient Recovery |
|
1659 | (78) |
|
15-1 Sidestream Identification and Characterization |
|
|
1661 | (6) |
|
Sidestreams Derived from Primary and Secondary Sludges |
|
|
1662 | (1) |
|
Sidestreams Derived from Fermented Primary and Digested Primary and Secondary Sludges |
|
|
1662 | (5) |
|
15-2 Mitigating Recycle Flows and Loads |
|
|
1667 | (6) |
|
|
|
1667 | (1) |
|
Equalization of Sidestream Flows and Loads |
|
|
1667 | (6) |
|
15-3 Reduction of Suspended Solids and Colloidal Material |
|
|
1673 | (1) |
|
Sidestreams Derived from Sludge Thickening |
|
|
1673 | (1) |
|
Sidestreams Derived from Biosolids Dewatering |
|
|
1673 | (1) |
|
Removal of Colloidal Matter |
|
|
1674 | (1) |
|
15-4 Physiochemical Processes for Phosphorus Recovery |
|
|
1674 | (12) |
|
Description of the Crystallization Process |
|
|
1675 | (3) |
|
Recovery of Phosphorus as Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) |
|
|
1678 | (5) |
|
Recovery of Phosphorus as Calcium Phosphate |
|
|
1683 | (1) |
|
Phosphorus Recovery from Mainstream Processes |
|
|
1684 | (2) |
|
15-5 Physiochemical Processes for Ammonia Recovery and Destruction |
|
|
1686 | (7) |
|
Recovery of Ammonia by Air Stripping and Acid Absorption |
|
|
1686 | (4) |
|
Recovery of Ammonia by Steam Stripping |
|
|
1690 | (2) |
|
Air Stripping with Thermocatalytic Destruction of Ammonia |
|
|
1692 | (1) |
|
15-6 Beneficial Use of Recovered Phosphate and Ammonium Products |
|
|
1693 | (3) |
|
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (Struvite) |
|
|
1693 | (1) |
|
Calcium Phosphate (Hydroxapatite) |
|
|
1694 | (1) |
|
|
|
1694 | (1) |
|
|
|
1695 | (1) |
|
15-7 Biological Removal of Nitrogen from Sidestreams |
|
|
1696 | (4) |
|
Nitrogen Removal Processes |
|
|
1696 | (1) |
|
Separate Treatment Processes for Nitrogen Removal |
|
|
1697 | (2) |
|
Integrated Sidestream-Mainstream Treatment and Bioaugmentation |
|
|
1699 | (1) |
|
15-8 Nitrification and Denitrification Processes |
|
|
1700 | (6) |
|
Fundamental Process Considerations |
|
|
1700 | (3) |
|
|
|
1703 | (3) |
|
15-9 Nitritation and Denitritation Processes |
|
|
1706 | (3) |
|
Fundamental Process Considerations |
|
|
1706 | (3) |
|
|
|
1709 | (1) |
|
15-10 Partial Nitritation and Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Deammonification) Processes |
|
|
1709 | (6) |
|
Fundamental Process Considerations |
|
|
1710 | (5) |
|
|
|
1715 | (1) |
|
15-11 Process Design Considerations for Biological Treatment Processes |
|
|
1715 | (22) |
|
Sidestream Characteristics and Treatment Objectives |
|
|
1716 | (1) |
|
Design Loading and Load Equalization |
|
|
1717 | (1) |
|
|
|
1717 | (1) |
|
Sidestream Reactor Volume |
|
|
1718 | (1) |
|
|
|
1718 | (3) |
|
Sludge Retention Time and Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids Concentration |
|
|
1721 | (1) |
|
|
|
1721 | (2) |
|
Operating Temperature and pH |
|
|
1723 | (1) |
|
|
|
1723 | (1) |
|
Energy Balance to Determine Reactor Cooling Requirements |
|
|
1723 | (5) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1728 | (9) |
| 16 Air Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Facilities and Their Control |
|
1737 | (60) |
|
|
|
1739 | (1) |
|
16-2 Regulatory Requirements |
|
|
1739 | (3) |
|
Ambient Air Quality and Attainment Status |
|
|
1739 | (2) |
|
Preconstruction and Operating Permitting Programs |
|
|
1741 | (1) |
|
Stationary Source Control Technology Requirements |
|
|
1741 | (1) |
|
|
|
1742 | (25) |
|
|
|
1742 | (1) |
|
|
|
1742 | (3) |
|
|
|
1745 | (1) |
|
|
|
1746 | (1) |
|
Movement of Odors from Wastewater Treatment Facilities |
|
|
1746 | (1) |
|
Strategies for Odor Management |
|
|
1747 | (4) |
|
|
|
1751 | (9) |
|
Selection and Design of Odor Control Facilities |
|
|
1760 | (1) |
|
Design Considerations for Chemical Scrubbers |
|
|
1760 | (2) |
|
Design Considerations for Odor Control Biofilters |
|
|
1762 | (5) |
|
16-4 Control of Volatile Organic Carbon Emissions |
|
|
1767 | (10) |
|
Physical Properties of Selected VOCs |
|
|
1768 | (1) |
|
|
|
1768 | (3) |
|
Mass Transfer Rates for VOCs |
|
|
1771 | (1) |
|
Mass Transfer of VOCs from Surface and Diffused-Air Aeration Processes |
|
|
1771 | (3) |
|
Control Strategies for VOCs |
|
|
1774 | (1) |
|
|
|
1774 | (3) |
|
16-5 Emissions from the Combustion Of Gases And Solids |
|
|
1777 | (7) |
|
|
|
1777 | (1) |
|
Combustion Systems Used at Wastewater Treatment Plants |
|
|
1778 | (1) |
|
Emissions of Concern from Combustion Sources |
|
|
1779 | (1) |
|
|
|
1780 | (4) |
|
16-6 Emission of Greenhouse Gases |
|
|
1784 | (13) |
|
Framework for Greenhouse Gases Reduction |
|
|
1784 | (1) |
|
|
|
1784 | (7) |
|
Opportunities for GHG Reduction at Wastewater Treatment Facilities |
|
|
1791 | (2) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1793 | (4) |
| 17 Energy Considerations in Wastewater Management |
|
1797 | (68) |
|
17-1 Factors Driving Energy Management |
|
|
1799 | (1) |
|
Potential for Energy Cost Savings |
|
|
1799 | (1) |
|
Energy Supply Reliability |
|
|
1800 | (1) |
|
Considerations for Sustainability |
|
|
1800 | (1) |
|
17-2 Energy in Wastewater |
|
|
1800 | (7) |
|
|
|
1800 | (4) |
|
|
|
1804 | (1) |
|
|
|
1805 | (2) |
|
17-3 Fundamentals of a Heat Balance |
|
|
1807 | (2) |
|
Concept of a Heat Balance |
|
|
1807 | (1) |
|
Preparation of a Heat Balance |
|
|
1808 | (1) |
|
17-4 Energy Usage in Wastewater Treatment Plants |
|
|
1809 | (4) |
|
Types of Energy Sources Used at Wastewater Treatment Facilities |
|
|
1810 | (1) |
|
Energy Use for Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1810 | (1) |
|
Energy Use by Individual Treatment Processes |
|
|
1810 | (1) |
|
Advanced and New Wastewater Treatment Technologies |
|
|
1811 | (2) |
|
17-5 Energy Audits and Benchmarking |
|
|
1813 | (6) |
|
Benchmarking Energy Usage |
|
|
1814 | (1) |
|
|
|
1815 | (4) |
|
17-6 Recovery and Utilization of Chemical Energy |
|
|
1819 | (15) |
|
Fuels Derived from Wastewater |
|
|
1819 | (2) |
|
Energy Recovery from Gaseous Fuels with Engines and Turbines |
|
|
1821 | (3) |
|
Energy Recovery from Gaseous Fuels with Boilers |
|
|
1824 | (2) |
|
Energy Recovery from Solid Fuels |
|
|
1826 | (7) |
|
Energy Recovery from Syngas |
|
|
1833 | (1) |
|
Energy Recovery with Fuel Cell |
|
|
1833 | (1) |
|
17-7 Recovery and Utilization of Thermal Energy |
|
|
1834 | (12) |
|
|
|
1835 | (1) |
|
|
|
1836 | (2) |
|
Devices for Waste Heat Recovery and Utilization |
|
|
1838 | (5) |
|
Design Considerations for Thermal Energy Recovery Systems |
|
|
1843 | (3) |
|
17-8 Recovery and Utilization of Hydraulic Potential Energy |
|
|
1846 | (4) |
|
Type of Hydraulic Potential Energy Recovery Devices |
|
|
1846 | (1) |
|
Application of Hydraulic Energy Recovery Devices |
|
|
1847 | (2) |
|
Use of Residual Pressure Head in Treatment Processes |
|
|
1849 | (1) |
|
|
|
1850 | (8) |
|
Process Optimization and Modification for Energy Saving |
|
|
1850 | (6) |
|
Process Modification for Increased Energy Production |
|
|
1856 | (1) |
|
Peak Flowrate Management (Peak Energy Usage) |
|
|
1857 | (1) |
|
Selection of Energy Sources |
|
|
1858 | (1) |
|
17-10 Future Opportunities for Alternative Wastewater Treatment Processes |
|
|
1858 | (7) |
|
Enhanced Energy Recovery of Particulate Organic Matter |
|
|
1858 | (1) |
|
Reduced Energy Usage in Biological Treatment |
|
|
1859 | (1) |
|
Reduced Energy Usage through the Use of Alternative Treatment Processes |
|
|
1859 | (1) |
|
|
|
1860 | (1) |
|
Problems and Discussion Topics |
|
|
1860 | (5) |
| 18 Wastewater Management: Future Challenges and Opportunities |
|
1865 | (36) |
|
18-1 Future Challenges and Opportunities |
|
|
1867 | (8) |
|
|
|
1867 | (2) |
|
Design Pr Energy and Resource Recovery |
|
|
1869 | (1) |
|
Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants for Potable Reuse |
|
|
1869 | (3) |
|
Decentralized (Satellite) Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1872 | (1) |
|
|
|
1873 | (2) |
|
|
|
1875 | (1) |
|
18-2 Impact of Population Demographics, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise, Uncontrollable Events, and Unintended Consequences |
|
|
1875 | (7) |
|
Impact of Population Demographics |
|
|
1876 | (1) |
|
Impact of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise |
|
|
1877 | (2) |
|
Impact of Uncontrollable Events |
|
|
1879 | (1) |
|
Impact of the Law of Unintended Consequences |
|
|
1879 | (3) |
|
18-3 Upgrading Treatment Plant Performance Through Process Optimization and/or Operational Changes |
|
|
1882 | (7) |
|
|
|
1882 | (4) |
|
Operational Changes to Improve Plant Performance |
|
|
1886 | (3) |
|
18-4 Upgrading Treatment Plant Performance Through Process Modification |
|
|
1889 | (1) |
|
Upgrading Physical Facilities |
|
|
1889 | (1) |
|
Upgrading to Meet New Constituent Removal Requirements |
|
|
1890 | (1) |
|
18-5 Management of Wet-Weather Flows |
|
|
1890 | (11) |
|
|
|
1892 | (3) |
|
|
|
1895 | (1) |
|
Wet-Weather Management Options |
|
|
1895 | (4) |
|
|
|
1899 | |
| Appendixes |
|
|
|
|
1901 | (8) |
|
B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and the Composition of Air |
|
|
1909 | (4) |
|
C Physical Properties of Water |
|
|
1913 | (4) |
|
D Statistical Analysis of Data |
|
|
1917 | (6) |
|
E Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Water as a Function of Temperature, Salinity, and Barometric Pressure |
|
|
1923 | (2) |
|
|
|
1925 | (4) |
|
G Moody Diagrams for the Analysis of Flow in Pipes |
|
|
1929 | (2) |
|
H Analysis of Nonideal Flow in Reactors using Tracers |
|
|
1931 | (10) |
|
I Modeling Nonideal Flow in Reactors |
|
|
1941 | |
| Indexes |
|
| Name Index |
|
1953 | (13) |
| Subject Index |
|
1966 | |
