| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
| Foreword |
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xxvii | |
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1 Wastewater Engineering: An Overview |
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1 | (26) |
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3 | (1) |
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1-2 Impact of Regulations on Wastewater Engineering |
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3 | (4) |
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1-3 Health and Environmental Concerns in Wastewater Management |
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7 | (2) |
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1-4 Wastewater Characteristics |
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9 | (1) |
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Improved Analytical Techniques |
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10 | (1) |
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Importance of Improved Wastewater Characterization |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (10) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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New Directions and Concerns |
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15 | (5) |
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Future Trends in Wastewater Treatment |
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20 | (1) |
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1-6 Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse |
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20 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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New Directions and Concerns |
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21 | (1) |
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Future Trends in Technology |
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21 | (1) |
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1-7 Biosolids and Residuals Management |
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22 | (5) |
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22 | (1) |
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New Directions and Concerns |
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23 | (1) |
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Future Trends in Biosolids Processing |
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23 | (4) |
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2 Constituents in Wastewater |
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27 | (126) |
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2-1 Wastewater Constituents |
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29 | (1) |
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Constituents Found in Wastewater |
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29 | (1) |
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Constituents of Concern in Wastewater Treatment |
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29 | (1) |
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2-2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures |
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29 | (13) |
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29 | (5) |
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34 | (1) |
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Units of Measurement for Physical and Chemical Parameters |
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35 | (1) |
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Useful Chemical Relationships |
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35 | (7) |
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2-3 Physical Characteristics |
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42 | (15) |
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42 | (6) |
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Particle Size Distribution |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Weight |
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56 | (1) |
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2-4 Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents |
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57 | (20) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (6) |
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70 | (7) |
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2-5 Metallic Constituents |
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77 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Sampling and Methods of Analysis |
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77 | (1) |
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Typical Effluent Discharge Limits for Metals |
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78 | (2) |
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2-6 Aggregate Organic Constituents |
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80 | (19) |
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Measurement of Organic Content |
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81 | (1) |
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
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81 | (12) |
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Total and Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD and SCOD) |
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93 | (1) |
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Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon (TOC and DTOC) |
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94 | (1) |
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UV-Absorbing Organic Constituents |
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95 | (1) |
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Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) |
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96 | (1) |
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Interrelationships between BOD, COD, and TOC |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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2-7 Individual Organic Compounds |
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99 | (5) |
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99 | (1) |
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Analysis of Individual Organic Compounds |
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100 | (1) |
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals |
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102 | (1) |
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Emerging Organic Compounds |
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102 | (2) |
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2-8 Biological Characteristics |
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104 | (26) |
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Microorganisms Found in Surface Waters and Wastewater |
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104 | (5) |
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109 | (6) |
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Use of Indicator Organisms |
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115 | (3) |
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Enumeration and Identification of Bacteria |
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118 | (8) |
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Enumeration and Identification of Viruses |
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126 | (3) |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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129 | (1) |
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Development of Microorganisms Typing Techniques |
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130 | (1) |
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New and Reemerging Microorganisms |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (23) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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Analysis of Toxicity Text Results |
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134 | (2) |
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Application of Toxicity Test Results |
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136 | (1) |
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Identification of Toxicity Components |
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137 | (16) |
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3 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings |
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153 | (62) |
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3-1 Components of Wastewater Flows |
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154 | (1) |
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3-2 Wastewater Sources and Flowrates |
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154 | (16) |
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Domestic Wastewater Sources and Flowrates |
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155 | (3) |
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Strategies for Reducing Interior Water Use and Wastewater Flowrates |
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158 | (4) |
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Water Use in Developing Countries |
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162 | (1) |
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Sources and Rates of Industrial (Nondomestic) Wastewater Flows |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (4) |
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Exfiltration from Collection Systems |
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167 | (1) |
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Combined System Flowrates |
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168 | (2) |
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3-3 Statistical Analysis of Flowrates, Constituent Concentrations, and Mass Loadings |
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170 | (8) |
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Common Statistical Parameters |
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170 | (1) |
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Graphical Analysis of Data |
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171 | (7) |
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3-4 Analysis of Wastewater Flowrate Data |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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Variations in Wastewater Flowrates |
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179 | (1) |
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Wastewater Flowrate Factors |
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180 | (1) |
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3-5 Analysis of Constituent Mass Loading Data |
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181 | (16) |
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Wastewater Constituent Concentrations |
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181 | (4) |
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Variations in Constituent Concentrations |
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185 | (7) |
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Flow-Weighted Constituent Concentrations |
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192 | (2) |
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Calculation of Mass Loadings |
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194 | (3) |
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Effect of Mass Loading Variability on Treatment Plant Performance |
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197 | (1) |
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3-6 Selection of Design Flowrates and Mass Loadings |
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197 | (18) |
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199 | (6) |
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205 | (10) |
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4 Introduction to Process Analysis and Selection |
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215 | (96) |
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4-1 Reactors Used for the Treatment of Wastewater |
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218 | (4) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (1) |
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Hydraulic Characteristics of Reactors |
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220 | (2) |
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4-2 Mass-Balance Analysis |
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222 | (4) |
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The Mass-Balance Principle |
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222 | (2) |
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Preparation of Mass Balances |
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224 | (1) |
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Application of the Mass-Balance Analysis |
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224 | (1) |
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Steady-State Simplification |
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225 | (1) |
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4-3 Modeling Ideal Flow in Reactors |
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226 | (3) |
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Ideal Flow in Complete-Mix Reactor |
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226 | (1) |
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Ideal Flow in Plug-Flow Reactor |
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227 | (2) |
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4-4 Analysis of Nonideal Flow in Reactors Using Tracers |
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229 | (16) |
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Factors Leading to Nonideal Flow in Reactors |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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Analysis of Tracer Response Curves |
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233 | (9) |
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Practical Interpretation of Tracer Measurements |
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242 | (3) |
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4-5 Modeling Nonideal Flow in Reactors |
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245 | (12) |
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The Distinction between Molecular Diffusion, Turbulent Diffusion, and Dispersion |
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245 | (1) |
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Plug-Flow Reactor with Axial Dispersion |
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246 | (6) |
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Complete-Mix Reactors in Series |
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252 | (5) |
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4-6 Reactions, Reaction Rates, and Reaction Rate Coefficients |
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257 | (12) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Types of Rate Expressions |
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260 | (1) |
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Rate Expressions Used in Environmental Modeling |
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261 | (1) |
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Effects of Temperature on Reaction Rate Coefficients |
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261 | (3) |
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Analysis of Reaction Rate Coefficients |
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264 | (5) |
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4-7 Modeling Treatment Process Kinetics |
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269 | (14) |
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Batch Reactor with Reaction |
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269 | (1) |
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Complete-Mix Reactor with Reaction |
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270 | (1) |
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Complete-Mix Reactors in Series with Reaction |
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271 | (3) |
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Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Reaction |
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274 | (1) |
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Comparison of Complete-Mix and Plug-Flow Reactors with Reaction |
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275 | (2) |
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Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor with Retarded Reaction |
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277 | (2) |
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Plug-Flow Reactor with Axial Dispersion and Reaction |
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279 | (2) |
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Other Reactor Flow Regimes and Reactor Combinations |
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281 | (2) |
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4-8 Treatment Processes Involving Mass Transfer |
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283 | (14) |
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Basic Principle of Mass Transfer |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (9) |
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Liquid-Solid Mass Transfer |
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293 | (4) |
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4-9 Introduction to Process Selection |
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297 | (14) |
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Important Factors in Process Selection |
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297 | (2) |
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Process Selection Based on Reaction Kinetics |
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299 | (1) |
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Process Selection Based on Mass Transfer |
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300 | (1) |
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Process Design Based on Loading Criteria |
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301 | (1) |
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Bench Tests and Pilot-Plant Studies |
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301 | (1) |
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Reliability Considerations in Process Selection |
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301 | (10) |
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5 Physical Unit Operations |
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311 | (164) |
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315 | (15) |
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Classification of Screens |
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315 | (1) |
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Coarse Screens (Bar Racks) |
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316 | (6) |
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322 | (4) |
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326 | (1) |
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Screenings Characteristics and Quantities |
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327 | (3) |
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5-2 Coarse Solids Reduction |
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330 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (11) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (9) |
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5-4 Mixing and Flocculation |
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344 | (17) |
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Continuous Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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345 | (1) |
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Continuous Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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345 | (2) |
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Energy Dissipation in Mixing and Flocculation |
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347 | (3) |
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350 | (1) |
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Types of Mixers Used for Rapid Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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350 | (5) |
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Types of Mixers Used for Flocculation in Wastewater Treatment |
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355 | (4) |
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Types of Mixers Used for Continuous Mixing in Wastewater Treatment |
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359 | (2) |
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New Developments in Mixing Technology |
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361 | (1) |
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5-5 Gravity Separation Theory |
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361 | (23) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (4) |
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Discrete Particle Settling |
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367 | (5) |
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Flocculent Particle Settling |
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372 | (2) |
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Inclined Plate and Tube Settling |
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374 | (4) |
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378 | (5) |
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383 | (1) |
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Gravity Separation in an Accelerated Flow Field |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (12) |
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385 | (1) |
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Horizontal-Flow Grit Chambers |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (6) |
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Vortex-Type Grit Chambers |
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392 | (1) |
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Solids (Sludge) Degritting |
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392 | (2) |
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Grit Characteristics, Quantities, Processing, and Disposal |
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394 | (2) |
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5-7 Primary Sedimentation |
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396 | (21) |
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397 | (8) |
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Sedimentation Tank Performance |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (5) |
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Characteristics and Quantities of Solids (Sludge) and Scum |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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Enhanced Particle Flocculation |
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412 | (1) |
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Analysis of Ballasted Particle Flocculation and Settling |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (3) |
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5-9 Large-Scale Swirl and Vortex Separators for Combined Wastewater and Stormwater |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (6) |
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419 | (3) |
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Design Considerations for Dissolved-Air Flotation Systems |
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422 | (3) |
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425 | (5) |
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425 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Oxygen Transfer Coefficient |
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425 | (5) |
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430 | (26) |
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Types of Aeration Systems |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (13) |
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443 | (5) |
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Energy Requirement for Mixing in Aeration Systems |
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448 | (1) |
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Generation and Dissolution of High-Purity Oxygen |
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448 | (4) |
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452 | (4) |
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5-13 Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Aeration |
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456 | (19) |
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456 | (1) |
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Mass Transfer Rates for VOCs |
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457 | (2) |
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Mass Transfer of VOCs from Surface and Diffused-Air Aeration Processes |
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459 | (4) |
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Control Strategies for VOCs |
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463 | (12) |
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6 Chemical Unit Processes |
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475 | (70) |
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6-1 Role of Chemical Unit Processes in Wastewater Treatment |
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476 | (2) |
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Application of Chemical Unit Processes |
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477 | (1) |
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Considerations in the Use of Chemical Unit Processes |
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478 | (1) |
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6-2 Fundamentals of Chemical Coagulation |
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478 | (15) |
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479 | (1) |
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Nature of Particles in Wastewater |
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480 | (1) |
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Development and Measurement of Surface Charge |
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481 | (1) |
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Particle-Particle Interactions |
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482 | (1) |
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Particle Destabilization with Potential-Determining Ions and Electrolytes |
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483 | (2) |
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Particle Destabilization and Aggregation with Polyelectrolytes |
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485 | (1) |
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Particle Destabilization and Removal with Hydrolyzed Metal Ions |
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486 | (7) |
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6-3 Chemical Precipitation for Improved Plant Performance |
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493 | (7) |
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Chemical Reactions in Wastewater Precipitation Applications |
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493 | (4) |
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Enhanced Removal of Suspended Solids in Primary Sedimentation |
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497 | (1) |
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Independent Physical-Chemical Treatment |
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498 | (1) |
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Estimation of Sludge Quantities from Chemical Precipitation |
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499 | (1) |
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6-4 Chemical Precipitation for Phosphorus Removal |
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500 | (14) |
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Chemistry of Phosphate Precipitation |
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501 | (2) |
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Strategies for Phosphorus Removal |
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503 | (2) |
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Phosphorus Removal Using Metal Salts and Polymers |
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505 | (2) |
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Phosphorus Removal Using Lime |
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507 | (1) |
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Phosphorus Removal with Effluent Filtration |
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508 | (1) |
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Comparison of Chemical Phosphorus Removal Processes |
|
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508 | (1) |
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Estimation of Sludge Quantities from Phosphorus Precipitation |
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509 | (5) |
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6-5 Chemical Precipitation for Removal of Heavy Metals and Dissolved Inorganic Substances |
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514 | (3) |
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514 | (3) |
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Coprecipitation with Phosphorus |
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517 | (1) |
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517 | (9) |
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Fundamentals of Chemical Oxidation |
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517 | (5) |
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522 | (1) |
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Chemical Oxidation of BOD and COD |
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523 | (1) |
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Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia |
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524 | (2) |
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6-7 Chemical Neutralization, Scale Control, and Stabilization |
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526 | (6) |
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526 | (2) |
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Analysis of Scaling Potential |
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528 | (4) |
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532 | (1) |
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532 | (13) |
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Chemical Storage, Feeding, Piping, and Control Systems |
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532 | (1) |
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Chemical Storage and Handling |
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533 | (1) |
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Dry Chemical-Feed Systems |
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533 | (3) |
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Liquid Chemical-Feed Systems |
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536 | (1) |
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Gas Chemical-Feed Systems |
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537 | (3) |
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540 | (5) |
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7 Fundamentals of Biological Treatment |
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545 | (114) |
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7-1 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment |
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547 | (8) |
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Objectives of Biological Treatment |
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548 | (1) |
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548 | (1) |
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Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment |
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548 | (3) |
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Types of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment |
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551 | (4) |
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7-2 Composition and Classification of Microorganisms |
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555 | (8) |
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555 | (2) |
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557 | (1) |
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558 | (1) |
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Microorganism Identification and Classification |
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559 | (2) |
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561 | (2) |
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7-3 Introduction to Microbial Metabolism |
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563 | (2) |
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Carbon and Energy Sources for Microbial Growth |
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563 | (2) |
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Nutrient and Growth Factor Requirements |
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565 | (1) |
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7-4 Bacterial Growth and Energetics |
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565 | (15) |
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566 | (1) |
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Bacterial Growth Patterns in a Batch Reactor |
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566 | (1) |
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Bacterial Growth and Biomass Yield |
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567 | (1) |
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567 | (1) |
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Estimating Biomass Yield and Oxygen Requirements from Stoichiometry |
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568 | (3) |
|
Estimating Biomass Yield from Bioenergetics |
|
|
571 | (7) |
|
Stoichiometry of Biological Reactions |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Biomass Synthesis Yields for Different Growth Conditions |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Observed versus Synthesis Yield |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
7-5 Microbial Growth Kinetics |
|
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580 | (8) |
|
Microbial Growth Kinetics Terminology |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Rate of Utilization of Soluble Substrates |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Other Rate Expressions for the Utilization of Soluble Substrate |
|
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582 | (1) |
|
Rate of Soluble Substrate Production from Biodegradable Particulate Organic Matter |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Rate of Biomass Growth with Soluble Substrates |
|
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584 | (1) |
|
Kinetic Coefficients for Substrate Utilization and Biomass Growth |
|
|
584 | (1) |
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585 | (1) |
|
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585 | (1) |
|
Total Volatile Suspended Solids and Active Biomass |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Net Biomass Yield and Observed Yield |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
7-6 Modeling Suspended Growth Treatment Processes |
|
|
588 | (14) |
|
Description of Suspended Growth Treatment Processes |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (3) |
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592 | (1) |
|
Mixed Liquor Solids Concentration and Solids Production |
|
|
592 | (3) |
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|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (3) |
|
Design and Operating Parameters |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
Process Performance and Stability |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Modeling Plug-Flow Reactors |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
7-7 Substrate Removal in Attached Growth Treatment Processes |
|
|
602 | (5) |
|
Substrate Flux in Biofilms |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Substrate Mass Balance for Biofilm |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Substrate Flux Limitations |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
7-8 Aerobic Biological Oxidation |
|
|
607 | (4) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Stoichiometry of Aerobic Biological Oxidation |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
7-9 Biological Nitrification |
|
|
611 | (5) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Stoichiometry of Biological Nitrification |
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
7-10 Biological Denitrification |
|
|
616 | (7) |
|
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Stoichiometry of Biological Denitrification |
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
7-11 Biological Phosphorus Removal |
|
|
623 | (6) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (2) |
|
Stoichiometry of Biological Phosphorus Removal |
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
7-12 Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation |
|
|
629 | (6) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
Stoichiometry of Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
7-13 Biological Removal of Toxic and Recalcitrant Organic Compounds |
|
|
635 | (9) |
|
Development of Biological Treatment Methods |
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
Modeling Biotic and Abiotic Losses |
|
|
640 | (4) |
|
7-14 Biological Removal of Heavy Metals |
|
|
644 | (15) |
|
8 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment Processes |
|
|
659 | (228) |
|
8-1 Introduction to the Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
661 | (5) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Description of Basic Process |
|
|
661 | (2) |
|
Evolution of the Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Recent Process Developments |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
8-2 Wastewater Characterization |
|
|
666 | (10) |
|
Key Wastewater Constituents for Process Design |
|
|
666 | (5) |
|
Measurement Methods for Wastewater Characterization |
|
|
671 | (5) |
|
Recycle Flows and Loadings |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
8-3 Fundamentals of Process Analysis and Control |
|
|
676 | (27) |
|
Process Design Considerations |
|
|
677 | (12) |
|
|
|
689 | (5) |
|
|
|
694 | (6) |
|
Activated-Sludge Selector Processes |
|
|
700 | (3) |
|
8-4 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification |
|
|
703 | (46) |
|
Process Design Considerations |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Complete-Mix Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
705 | (15) |
|
Sequencing Batch Reactor Process |
|
|
720 | (14) |
|
Staged Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
734 | (4) |
|
Alternative Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification |
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
Process Design Parameters |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Process Selection Considerations |
|
|
740 | (9) |
|
8-5 Processes for Biological Nitrogen Removal |
|
|
749 | (50) |
|
Overview of Biological Nitrogen-Removal Processes |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Single-Sludge Biological Nitrogen-Removal Processes |
|
|
750 | (3) |
|
Process Design Considerations |
|
|
753 | (8) |
|
Anoxic/Aerobic Process Design |
|
|
761 | (4) |
|
Step-Feed Anoxic/Aerobic Process Design |
|
|
765 | (11) |
|
Intermittent Aeration Process Design |
|
|
776 | (4) |
|
Postanoxic Endogenous Denitrification |
|
|
780 | |
|
Sequencing Batch Reactor Process Analysis |
|
|
181 | (603) |
|
Postanoxic Denitrification with an External Carbon Source |
|
|
784 | (4) |
|
Nitrogen Removal in Anaerobic Digestion Recycle Streams |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Alternative Process Configurations for Biological Nitrogen Removal |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
Process Design Parameters |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
Process Selection Considerations |
|
|
789 | (10) |
|
8-6 Processes for Biological Phosphorus Removal |
|
|
799 | (17) |
|
Biological Phosphorus-Removal Processes |
|
|
799 | (2) |
|
Process Design Considerations |
|
|
801 | (3) |
|
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Solids Separation Facilities |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Methods to Improve Phosphorus-Removal Efficiency in BPR Systems |
|
|
805 | (2) |
|
Biological Phosphorus-Removal Process Performance |
|
|
807 | (2) |
|
Alternative Processes for Biological Phosphorous Removal |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
Process Design Parameters |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
Process Selection Considerations |
|
|
809 | (7) |
|
8-7 Selection and Design of Physical Facilities for Activated-Sludge Processes |
|
|
816 | (24) |
|
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
Aeration Tanks and Appurtenances |
|
|
816 | (4) |
|
|
|
820 | (13) |
|
Design of Solids Separation Facilities |
|
|
833 | (7) |
|
8-8 Suspended Growth Aerated Lagoons |
|
|
840 | (14) |
|
Types of Suspended Growth Aerated Lagoons |
|
|
841 | (2) |
|
Process Design Considerations for Flow-Through Lagoons |
|
|
843 | (10) |
|
Dual-Powered Flow-Through Lagoon System |
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
8-9 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation |
|
|
854 | (5) |
|
Overview of Membrane Biological Reactors |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
|
|
855 | (2) |
|
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
8-10 Simulation Design Models |
|
|
859 | (28) |
|
Model Matrix Formal, Components, and Reactions |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
|
|
861 | (26) |
|
9 Attached Growth and Combined Biological Treatment Processes |
|
|
887 | (96) |
|
|
|
888 | (2) |
|
Evolution of Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
888 | (2) |
|
Mass Transfer Limitations |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
|
890 | (40) |
|
Trickling Filter Classification and Applications |
|
|
893 | (3) |
|
Design of Physical Facilities |
|
|
896 | (13) |
|
Process Design Considerations |
|
|
909 | (13) |
|
|
|
922 | (8) |
|
9-3 Rotating Biological Contactors |
|
|
930 | (10) |
|
Process Design Considerations |
|
|
932 | (3) |
|
Physical Facilities for RBC Process |
|
|
935 | (2) |
|
|
|
937 | (3) |
|
9-4 Combined Aerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
940 | (12) |
|
Trickling Filter/Solids Contact and Trickling Filter/Activated-Sludge Processes |
|
|
940 | (3) |
|
Activated Biofilter and Biofilter Activated-Sludge Processes |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
Series Trickling Filter-Activated-Sludge Process |
|
|
944 | (1) |
|
Design Considerations for Combined Trickling Filter Activated-Sludge Systems |
|
|
944 | (8) |
|
9-5 Activated Sludge with Fixed-Film Packing |
|
|
952 | (5) |
|
Processes with Internal Suspended Packing for Attached Growth |
|
|
952 | (3) |
|
Processes with Internal Fixed Packing for Attached Growth |
|
|
955 | (2) |
|
9-6 Submerged Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
957 | (5) |
|
Downflow Submerged Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
957 | (2) |
|
Upflow Submerged Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
959 | (2) |
|
Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors (FBBR) |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
9-7 Attached Growth Denitrification Processes |
|
|
962 | (21) |
|
Downflow Packed-Bed Postanoxic Denitrification Processes |
|
|
962 | (5) |
|
Upflow Packed-Bed Postanoxic Denitrification Reactors |
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
Fluidized-Bed Reactors for Postanoxic Denitrification |
|
|
967 | (2) |
|
Submerged Rotating Biological Contactors |
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
Attached Growth Preanoxic Denitrification Processes |
|
|
969 | (14) |
|
10 Anaerobic Suspended and Attached Growth Biological Treatment Processes |
|
|
983 | (52) |
|
10-1 The Rationale for Anaerobic Treatment |
|
|
984 | (2) |
|
Advantages of Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
984 | (2) |
|
Disadvantages of Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
986 | (1) |
|
|
|
986 | (1) |
|
10-2 General Design Considerations for Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
986 | (10) |
|
Characteristics of the Wastewater |
|
|
987 | (4) |
|
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
Expected Methane Gas Production |
|
|
992 | (2) |
|
Treatment Efficiency Needed |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
|
995 | (1) |
|
|
|
996 | (1) |
|
10-3 Anaerobic Suspended Growth Processes |
|
|
996 | (9) |
|
|
|
997 | (1) |
|
Anaerobic Contact Process |
|
|
997 | (2) |
|
Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
Design of Anaerobic Suspended Growth Processes |
|
|
999 | (6) |
|
10-4 Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Processes |
|
|
1005 | (13) |
|
Upflow Sludge Blanket Reactor Process |
|
|
1005 | (2) |
|
Design Considerations for UASB Process |
|
|
1007 | (9) |
|
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor |
|
|
1017 | (1) |
|
10-5 Attached Growth Anaerobic Processes |
|
|
1018 | (6) |
|
Upflow Packed-Bed Attached Growth Reactor |
|
|
1019 | (1) |
|
Upflow Attached Growth Anaerobic Expanded-Bed Reactor |
|
|
1020 | (1) |
|
Attached Growth Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Reactor |
|
|
1020 | (2) |
|
Downflow Attached Growth Processes |
|
|
1022 | (2) |
|
10-6 Other Anaerobic Treatment Processes |
|
|
1024 | (11) |
|
Covered Anaerobic Lagoon Process |
|
|
1024 | (2) |
|
Membrane Separation Anaerobic Treatment Process |
|
|
1026 | (9) |
|
11 Advanced Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1035 | (182) |
|
11-1 Need for Advanced Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
11-2 Technologies Used for Advanced Treatment |
|
|
1038 | (6) |
|
Residual Constituents in Treated Wastewater |
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
Classification of Technologies |
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
Removal of Organic and Inorganic Colloidal and Suspended Solids |
|
|
1038 | (2) |
|
Removal of Dissolved Organic Constituents |
|
|
1040 | (1) |
|
Removal of Dissolved Inorganic Constituents |
|
|
1041 | (2) |
|
Removal of Biological Constituents |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
Process Selection and Performance Data |
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
11-3 Introduction to Depth Filtration |
|
|
1044 | (25) |
|
Description of the Filtration Process |
|
|
1044 | (6) |
|
|
|
1050 | (7) |
|
Analysis of the Filtration Process |
|
|
1057 | (12) |
|
11-4 Selection and Design Considerations for Depth Filters |
|
|
1069 | (29) |
|
Available Filtration Technologies |
|
|
1069 | (9) |
|
Performance of Different Types of Filler Technologies |
|
|
1078 | (2) |
|
Issues Related to Design and Operation of Treatment Facilities |
|
|
1080 | (1) |
|
Importance of Influent Wastewater Characteristics |
|
|
1081 | (1) |
|
Selection of Filtration Technology |
|
|
1081 | (3) |
|
Filler-Bed Characteristics |
|
|
1084 | (5) |
|
|
|
1089 | (2) |
|
Filter Backwashing Systems |
|
|
1091 | (2) |
|
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
Filter Instrumentation and Control Systems |
|
|
1093 | (3) |
|
Effluent Filtration with Chemical Addition |
|
|
1096 | (1) |
|
|
|
1096 | (1) |
|
Need for Pilot-Plant Studies |
|
|
1096 | (2) |
|
|
|
1098 | (6) |
|
|
|
1098 | (2) |
|
|
|
1100 | (3) |
|
Performance Characteristics |
|
|
1103 | (1) |
|
11-6 Membrane Filtration Processes |
|
|
1104 | (34) |
|
Membrane Process Terminology |
|
|
1104 | (1) |
|
Membrane Process Classification |
|
|
1104 | (4) |
|
|
|
1108 | (3) |
|
|
|
1111 | (6) |
|
|
|
1117 | (4) |
|
|
|
1121 | (10) |
|
|
|
1131 | (3) |
|
Pilot Studies for Membrane Applications |
|
|
1134 | (1) |
|
Disposal of Concentrated Waste Streams |
|
|
1135 | (3) |
|
|
|
1138 | (24) |
|
|
|
1138 | (2) |
|
Fundamentals of Adsorption |
|
|
1140 | (6) |
|
Activated Carbon Adsorption Kinetics |
|
|
1146 | (3) |
|
Activated Carbon Treatment Process Applications |
|
|
1149 | (3) |
|
Analysis and Design of Granular Activated Carbon Contactor |
|
|
1152 | (4) |
|
|
|
1156 | (3) |
|
Analysis and Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Contactor |
|
|
1159 | (2) |
|
Activated Sludge with Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment |
|
|
1161 | (1) |
|
|
|
1162 | (18) |
|
Analysis of Gas Stripping |
|
|
1163 | (11) |
|
Design of Stripping Towers |
|
|
1174 | (4) |
|
|
|
1178 | (2) |
|
|
|
1180 | (16) |
|
|
|
1181 | (1) |
|
Typical Ion-Exchange Reactions |
|
|
1182 | (1) |
|
Exchange Capacity of Ion-Exchange Resins |
|
|
1183 | (2) |
|
|
|
1185 | (4) |
|
Application of Ion Exchange |
|
|
1189 | (7) |
|
Operational Considerations |
|
|
1196 | (1) |
|
11-10 Advanced Oxidation Processes |
|
|
1196 | (6) |
|
Theory of Advanced Oxidation |
|
|
1196 | (1) |
|
Technologies Used to Produce Hydroxyl Radicals (HO) |
|
|
1197 | (3) |
|
|
|
1200 | (2) |
|
|
|
1202 | (1) |
|
|
|
1202 | (15) |
|
|
|
1202 | (2) |
|
Performance Expectations in Reclamation Applications |
|
|
1204 | (1) |
|
|
|
1205 | (1) |
|
Disposal of Concentrated Waste |
|
|
1205 | (12) |
|
12 Disinfection Processes |
|
|
1217 | (128) |
|
12-1 Regulatory Requirements for Wastewater Disinfection |
|
|
1219 | (1) |
|
|
|
1219 | (12) |
|
Characteristics of an Ideal Disinfectant |
|
|
1220 | (1) |
|
Disinfection Methods and Means |
|
|
1220 | (3) |
|
Mechanisms of Disinfectants |
|
|
1223 | (1) |
|
Factors Influencing the Action of Disinfectants |
|
|
1223 | (8) |
|
12-3 Disinfection with Chlorine |
|
|
1231 | (27) |
|
Characteristics of Chlorine Compounds |
|
|
1231 | (3) |
|
Chemistry of Chlorine Compounds |
|
|
1234 | (3) |
|
Breakpoint Reaction with Chlorine |
|
|
1237 | (4) |
|
Measurement and Reporting of Disinfection Process Variables |
|
|
1241 | (1) |
|
Germicidal Efficiency of Chlorine and Various Chlorine Compounds |
|
|
1242 | (2) |
|
Factors That Affect Disinfection Efficiency of Chlorine |
|
|
1244 | (4) |
|
Modeling the Chlorine Disinfection Process |
|
|
1248 | (4) |
|
Review of the CRt Concept |
|
|
1252 | (1) |
|
Required Chlorine Dosage for Disinfection |
|
|
1252 | (3) |
|
Formation and Control of Disinfection Byproducts |
|
|
1255 | (2) |
|
|
|
1257 | (1) |
|
12-4 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide |
|
|
1258 | (3) |
|
Characteristics of Chlorine Dioxide |
|
|
1258 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Dioxide Chemistry |
|
|
1259 | (1) |
|
Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide as a Disinfectant |
|
|
1259 | (1) |
|
Byproduct Formation and Control |
|
|
1260 | (1) |
|
|
|
1261 | (1) |
|
|
|
1261 | (3) |
|
|
|
1261 | (1) |
|
Dechlorination of Wastewater Treated with Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds |
|
|
1261 | (3) |
|
Dechlorination of Chlorine with Sulfur Dioxide |
|
|
1264 | (1) |
|
12-6 Design of Chlorination and Dechlorination Facilities |
|
|
1264 | (22) |
|
Sizing Chlorination Facilities |
|
|
1264 | (2) |
|
Application Flow Diagrams |
|
|
1266 | (3) |
|
|
|
1269 | (1) |
|
Injection and Initial Mixing |
|
|
1270 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Contact Basin Design |
|
|
1270 | (13) |
|
Chlorine Residual Measurement |
|
|
1283 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Storage Facilities |
|
|
1284 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Containment Facilities |
|
|
1284 | (2) |
|
Dechlorination Facilities |
|
|
1286 | (1) |
|
12-7 Disinfection with Ozone |
|
|
1286 | (9) |
|
|
|
1287 | (1) |
|
|
|
1287 | (1) |
|
Ozone Disinfection Systems Components |
|
|
1288 | (2) |
|
Effectiveness of Ozone as a Disinfectant |
|
|
1290 | (1) |
|
Modeling the Ozone Disinfection Process |
|
|
1290 | (3) |
|
Required Ozone Dosages for Disinfection |
|
|
1293 | (1) |
|
Byproduct Formation and Control |
|
|
1293 | (2) |
|
Environmental Impacts of Using Ozone |
|
|
1295 | (1) |
|
Other Benefits of Using Ozone |
|
|
1295 | (1) |
|
12-8 Other Chemical Disinfection Methods |
|
|
1295 | (3) |
|
|
|
1295 | (2) |
|
Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide (Peroxone) |
|
|
1297 | (1) |
|
Combined Chemical Disinfection Processes |
|
|
1297 | (1) |
|
12-9 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Disinfection |
|
|
1298 | (31) |
|
|
|
1298 | (3) |
|
UV Disinfection System Components and Configurations |
|
|
1301 | (3) |
|
Germicidal Effectiveness of UV Radiation |
|
|
1304 | (5) |
|
Modeling the UV Disinfection Process |
|
|
1309 | (2) |
|
|
|
1311 | (5) |
|
Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidelines |
|
|
1316 | (8) |
|
Selection and Sizing of a UV Disinfection System |
|
|
1324 | (2) |
|
Troubleshooting UV Disinfection Systems |
|
|
1326 | (3) |
|
Environmental Impacts of UV Radiation Disinfection |
|
|
1329 | (1) |
|
12-10 Comparison of Alternative Disinfection Technologies |
|
|
1329 | (16) |
|
|
|
1330 | (1) |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages |
|
|
1330 | (15) |
|
|
|
1345 | (102) |
|
13-1 Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse: An Introduction |
|
|
1347 | (9) |
|
|
|
1347 | (1) |
|
The Role of Water Recycling in the Hydrologic Cycle |
|
|
1347 | (2) |
|
|
|
1349 | (2) |
|
Wastewater Reuse Applications |
|
|
1351 | (3) |
|
|
|
1354 | (2) |
|
13-2 Public Health and Environmental Issues in Water Reuse |
|
|
1356 | (10) |
|
Constituents in Reclaimed Water |
|
|
1356 | (2) |
|
|
|
1358 | (1) |
|
|
|
1358 | (1) |
|
The Evolution of Wetter Reuse Guidelines in the United States |
|
|
1358 | (4) |
|
Water Reclamation Criteria in Other Countries |
|
|
1362 | (3) |
|
What Level of Treatment Is Necessary? |
|
|
1365 | (1) |
|
13-3 Introduction to Risk Assessment |
|
|
1366 | (10) |
|
|
|
1366 | (6) |
|
|
|
1372 | (1) |
|
Ecological Risk Assessment |
|
|
1373 | (1) |
|
Risk Assessment for Water Reuse |
|
|
1373 | (1) |
|
Limitations in Risk Assessment for Water Reuse |
|
|
1374 | (2) |
|
13-4 Water Reclamation Technologies |
|
|
1376 | (15) |
|
Constituent Removal Technologies |
|
|
1376 | (1) |
|
Conventional Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagrams for |
|
|
|
|
|
1377 | (2) |
|
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Process Flow Diagrams |
|
|
1379 | (1) |
|
Performance Expectations for Water Reclamation Processes |
|
|
1379 | (8) |
|
Predicting the Performance of Treatment Process Combinations |
|
|
1387 | (4) |
|
Treatment Process Reliability |
|
|
1391 | (1) |
|
13-5 Storage of Reclaimed Water |
|
|
1391 | (10) |
|
|
|
1392 | (1) |
|
Meeting Water Quality Discharge Requirements |
|
|
1392 | (1) |
|
Operation of Storage Reservoirs |
|
|
1393 | (4) |
|
Problems Involved with Storage of Reclaimed Water |
|
|
1397 | (2) |
|
Management Strategies for Open and Enclosed Reservoirs |
|
|
1399 | (2) |
|
13-6 Agricultural and Landscape Irrigation |
|
|
1401 | (11) |
|
Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality |
|
|
1401 | (9) |
|
|
|
1410 | (2) |
|
13-7 Industrial Water Reuse |
|
|
1412 | (10) |
|
|
|
1413 | (1) |
|
Cooling Tower Makeup Water |
|
|
1413 | (1) |
|
Water and Salt Balances in Cooling Tower |
|
|
1414 | (2) |
|
Common Water Quality Problems in Cooling Tower Systems |
|
|
1416 | (6) |
|
13-8 Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Water |
|
|
1422 | (7) |
|
Groundwater Recharge Methods |
|
|
1423 | (3) |
|
Pretreatment Requirements for Groundwater Recharge |
|
|
1426 | (1) |
|
Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater |
|
|
1427 | (2) |
|
Groundwater Recharge Guidelines |
|
|
1429 | (1) |
|
13-9 Planned Indirect and Direct Potable Water Reuse |
|
|
1429 | (4) |
|
Planned Indirect Potable Water Reuse |
|
|
1431 | (1) |
|
Planned Direct Potable Water Reuse |
|
|
1432 | (1) |
|
Planned Potable Water Reuse Criteria |
|
|
1432 | (1) |
|
What Is the Ultimate Water Reuse Goal? |
|
|
1433 | (1) |
|
13-10 Planning for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse |
|
|
1433 | (14) |
|
|
|
1433 | (1) |
|
|
|
1434 | (1) |
|
|
|
1435 | (1) |
|
|
|
1436 | (1) |
|
|
|
1437 | (1) |
|
Epilogue on Water Reuse Issues |
|
|
1438 | (9) |
|
14 Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal of Solids and Biosolids |
|
|
1447 | (186) |
|
14-1 Solids Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities |
|
|
1451 | (9) |
|
|
|
1451 | (1) |
|
|
|
1451 | (3) |
|
|
|
1454 | (6) |
|
14-2 Regulations for the Reuse and Disposal of Solids in the United States |
|
|
1460 | (5) |
|
|
|
1461 | (1) |
|
|
|
1461 | (1) |
|
Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction |
|
|
1461 | (3) |
|
|
|
1464 | (1) |
|
14-3 Solids Processing Flow Diagrams |
|
|
1465 | (1) |
|
14-4 Sludge and Scum Pumping |
|
|
1465 | (17) |
|
|
|
1465 | (10) |
|
|
|
1475 | (6) |
|
|
|
1481 | (1) |
|
14-5 Preliminary Operations |
|
|
1482 | (6) |
|
|
|
1482 | (1) |
|
|
|
1482 | (2) |
|
|
|
1484 | (1) |
|
|
|
1484 | (1) |
|
|
|
1485 | (3) |
|
|
|
1488 | (11) |
|
|
|
1488 | (1) |
|
Description and Design of Thickeners |
|
|
1489 | (10) |
|
14-7 Introduction to Stabilization |
|
|
1499 | (1) |
|
14-8 Alkaline Stabilization |
|
|
1500 | (5) |
|
Chemical Reactions in Lime Stabilization |
|
|
1500 | (2) |
|
|
|
1502 | (1) |
|
Application of Alkaline Stabilization Processes |
|
|
1502 | (3) |
|
|
|
1505 | (28) |
|
|
|
1506 | (1) |
|
Description of Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion Processes |
|
|
1507 | (2) |
|
Process Design for Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion |
|
|
1509 | (7) |
|
Selection of Tank Design and Mixing System |
|
|
1516 | (6) |
|
Methods for Enhancing Solids Loading and Digester Performance |
|
|
1522 | (1) |
|
Gas Production, Collection, and Use |
|
|
1523 | (2) |
|
|
|
1525 | (4) |
|
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion |
|
|
1529 | (2) |
|
Two-Phased Anaerobic Digestion |
|
|
1531 | (2) |
|
|
|
1533 | (13) |
|
|
|
1534 | (1) |
|
Conventional Air Aerobic Digestion |
|
|
1535 | (6) |
|
|
|
1541 | (1) |
|
Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD) |
|
|
1541 | (4) |
|
High-Purity Oxygen Digestion |
|
|
1545 | (1) |
|
|
|
1546 | (8) |
|
|
|
1557 | |
|
|
|
1547 | (3) |
|
|
|
1550 | (1) |
|
Cocomposting with Municipal Solid Wastes |
|
|
1551 | (3) |
|
Public Health and Environmental Issues |
|
|
1554 | (1) |
|
|
|
1554 | (4) |
|
|
|
1555 | (2) |
|
Other Conditioning Methods |
|
|
1557 | (1) |
|
|
|
1558 | (21) |
|
|
|
1559 | (4) |
|
|
|
1563 | (2) |
|
|
|
1565 | (5) |
|
|
|
1570 | (8) |
|
|
|
1578 | (1) |
|
|
|
1578 | (1) |
|
|
|
1579 | (7) |
|
|
|
1579 | (1) |
|
|
|
1580 | (4) |
|
|
|
1584 | (1) |
|
Product Transport and Storage |
|
|
1585 | (1) |
|
Fire and Explosion Hazards |
|
|
1585 | (1) |
|
Air Pollution and Odor Control |
|
|
1585 | (1) |
|
|
|
1586 | (6) |
|
Fundamental Aspects of Complete Combustion |
|
|
1587 | (1) |
|
Multiple-Hearth Incineration |
|
|
1588 | (2) |
|
Fluidized-Bed Incineration |
|
|
1590 | (2) |
|
Coincineration with Municipal Solid Waste |
|
|
1592 | (1) |
|
|
|
1592 | (1) |
|
14-16 Solids Mass Balances |
|
|
1592 | (16) |
|
Preparation of Solids Mass Balances |
|
|
1593 | (1) |
|
Performance Data for Solids-Processing Facilities |
|
|
1593 | (1) |
|
Impact of Return Flows and Loads |
|
|
1594 | (14) |
|
14-17 Application of Biosolids to Land |
|
|
1608 | (13) |
|
Site Evaluation and Selection |
|
|
1609 | (1) |
|
U.S. EPA Regulations for Beneficial Use and Disposal of Biosolids |
|
|
1610 | (3) |
|
|
|
1613 | (4) |
|
|
|
1617 | (2) |
|
Application to Dedicated Lands |
|
|
1619 | (2) |
|
|
|
1621 | (1) |
|
14-18 Biosolids Conveyance and Storage |
|
|
1621 | (12) |
|
|
|
1622 | (1) |
|
|
|
1622 | (11) |
|
15 Issues Related to Treatment-Plant Performance |
|
|
1633 | (96) |
|
15-1 Need for Upgrading Treatment-Plant Performance |
|
|
1634 | (2) |
|
Meeting Current and Future Needs |
|
|
1634 | (1) |
|
Meeting More Stringent Discharge Requirements |
|
|
1635 | (1) |
|
Discharge Limits for Wastewater Treatment Plants |
|
|
1635 | (1) |
|
15-2 Treatment Process Reliability and Selection of Design Values |
|
|
1636 | (14) |
|
Variability in Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1636 | (4) |
|
Selection of Process Design Parameters to Meet Discharge Permit Limits |
|
|
1640 | (7) |
|
Performance of Combined Processes |
|
|
1647 | (2) |
|
Development of Input-Output Data |
|
|
1649 | (1) |
|
|
|
1650 | (27) |
|
|
|
1650 | (1) |
|
|
|
1650 | (4) |
|
Movement of Odors from Wastewater Treatment Facilities |
|
|
1654 | (1) |
|
Strategies for Odor Management |
|
|
1654 | (4) |
|
|
|
1658 | (10) |
|
Selection and Design of Odor-Control Facilities |
|
|
1668 | (1) |
|
Design Considerations for Chemical Scrubbers |
|
|
1668 | (2) |
|
Design Considerations for Odor-Control Biofilters |
|
|
1670 | (7) |
|
15-4 Introduction to Automatic Process Control |
|
|
1677 | (26) |
|
|
|
1678 | (1) |
|
Control Systems for Wastewater Treatment Plants |
|
|
1679 | (3) |
|
|
|
1682 | (8) |
|
|
|
1690 | (3) |
|
Description of Automatic Control System Elements |
|
|
1693 | (10) |
|
15-5 Energy Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1703 | (5) |
|
Overview of the Use of Electricity in Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
1704 | (1) |
|
Measures for Improving Energy Efficiency |
|
|
1705 | (3) |
|
15-6 Upgrading Wastewater Treatment-Plant Performance |
|
|
1708 | (13) |
|
|
|
1708 | (4) |
|
Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Facilities |
|
|
1712 | (9) |
|
15-7 Important Design Considerations for New Wastewater Treatment Plants |
|
|
1721 | (8) |
|
Process Design Considerations for Liquid Streams |
|
|
1721 | (1) |
|
Process Design Considerations for Solids Processing |
|
|
1721 | (2) |
|
|
|
1723 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1729 | (8) |
|
B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and the Composition of Air |
|
|
1737 | (4) |
|
C Physical Properties of Water |
|
|
1741 | (4) |
|
D Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen in Water as a Function of Salinity and Barometric Pressure |
|
|
1745 | (4) |
|
E MPN Tables and Their Use |
|
|
1749 | (4) |
|
|
|
1753 | (4) |
|
G Moody Diagrams for the Analysis of Flow in Pipes |
|
|
1757 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1759 | (12) |
|
|
|
1771 | |
