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xiii | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxviii | |
| Abstract |
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xxix | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Methodology |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Malta and its Water in Context |
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2 | (3) |
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1.3 Water and the Concept of Risk |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.5 Landscape Theory and Research |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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1.7 Methodological Limitations |
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10 | (2) |
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1.8 Published Sources, Theses and Dissertations |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Geomorphological, Climatic and Hydrological Considerations |
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19 | (14) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.1 Climatic Considerations: Present-day and past |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Changes to Malta's Demographic Base over the Centuries |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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2.4 Maltese Geological Formations, Properties and Stratification |
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21 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Lower Coralline Limestone |
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22 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Globigerina Limestone |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Upper Coralline Limestone |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.6 The Hydrological Retention Potential of Maltese Geological Formations |
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25 | (8) |
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2.6.1 The perched and mean-sea-level aquifers |
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25 | (2) |
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2.6.2 The Globigerina Limestone perched aquifers |
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27 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Water Resources Management Technology: An overview of ancient water resources management practices |
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33 | (14) |
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33 | (1) |
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3.1 Water Capture and Storage |
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33 | (8) |
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3.1.1 Field-terracing as an aid to water conservation |
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33 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Flood-water irrigation |
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33 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Diversion dams (azuds) |
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34 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Urban sewage diversion into countryside areas |
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34 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Well-water capture technology |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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3.1.7 Cuniculi water drainage systems |
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38 | (1) |
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3.1.8 Cisterns: development and diffusion |
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39 | (1) |
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3.1.9 Wells and cisterns: an aid to settlement in the Phoenician-Punic, Greek and Roman periods |
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40 | (1) |
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3.1.10 Concluding remarks |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2 The Maltese Context: The Phoenician, Punic and Roman periods (8th century BC to 6th century AD) |
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41 | (5) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2.2 The Roman Domus at Rabat (Malta) and other neighbouring minor sites |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2.3 The Tas-Silg Sanctuary |
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42 | (2) |
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3.2.4 The Ta' Kaccatura site |
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44 | (1) |
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3.2.5 The Ras il-Wardija Sanctuary at Kercem (Gozo) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.3 Interpreting the Evidence |
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46 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 The Changing Maltese Hydrological Landscape: 1800 till the present |
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47 | (16) |
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47 | (1) |
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4.1 The Drought of 1834--1841 |
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47 | (5) |
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4.2 Developments in the Maltese Hydrological Scenario: The mid-1840s till the end of the nineteenth century |
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52 | (5) |
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4.3 The Twentieth Century |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 The Maltese Hydrological Landscape during the Knights' Period |
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63 | (52) |
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63 | (1) |
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5.1 Hydrology-Related Cartographic Evidence for the Early Knights' Period |
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63 | (7) |
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5.2 Hydrology-Related Aspects as Presented by Fra Gian Francesco Abela in 1647 |
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70 | (36) |
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5.2.1 The uninhabited section of Malta |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (5) |
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5.2.1.2 The Mtahleb giardino |
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79 | (3) |
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5.2.1.3 The Aayn Bierda and Aayn tal Carcara springs |
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82 | (2) |
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5.2.1.4 Springs in the Mgarr (Malta) territory |
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84 | (10) |
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5.2.1.5 The Mellieha territory |
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94 | (2) |
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5.2.1.6 Other springs and water-related place-names |
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96 | (1) |
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5.2.2 The inhabited section of Malta |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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5.2.4 The Valletta aqueduct project |
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100 | (6) |
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5.3 Other Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Water-Related Documentary Sources of Evidence |
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106 | (6) |
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112 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Hydrology-Related Cabreo Documentation for Malta and Gozo during the Knights' Period |
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115 | (66) |
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115 | (1) |
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6.1 Interpreting the Data Provided by the Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Cabrei Manuscripts |
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116 | (62) |
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6.1.1 The central and southern plains |
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118 | (1) |
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6.1.2 The north and north-west districts of Malta |
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119 | (1) |
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6.1.3 The Ghajn Qajjed, Gnien is-Sultan, Ghajn Klieb and San Mikiel giardini of Rabat (Malta) |
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120 | (10) |
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6.1.4 The Marget Neuia estate in the Fiddien territory of Rabat (Malta) |
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130 | (2) |
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6.1.5 Qasam il-Kbir estate in the Fiddien territory of Rabat (Malta) |
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132 | (2) |
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6.1.6 Wied ir-Rum and Wied Hazrun |
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134 | (2) |
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6.1.7 The Tal-Callus giardino at Wied ir-Rum |
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136 | (10) |
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6.1.8 The fief of Tas-Santi in the territory of Mgarr (Malta) |
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146 | (4) |
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6.1.9 Birhauex and the fief of Ghajn Tuffieha |
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150 | (3) |
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6.1.9.1 Water tunnel at the Roman Baths site |
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153 | (2) |
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6.1.9.1.1 Interpreting the evidence |
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155 | (1) |
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6.1.9.2 The perched aquifer galleries at the Ghajn Tuffieha giardino |
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156 | (4) |
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6.1.9.3 The Ir-Razzett tal-Qasam area at Ghajn Tuffieha |
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160 | (2) |
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6.1.10 The Buskett and Gnien il-Haggel areas in the territory of Rabat (Malta) |
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162 | (2) |
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6.1.11 Water sources on the Island of Gozo |
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164 | (1) |
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6.1.11.1 The Ghajn Ghabdun spring |
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165 | (2) |
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6.1.11.2 The Ghajn Qasab territory |
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167 | (2) |
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6.1.11.3 The Ghajn Nahrin territory |
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169 | (1) |
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6.1.11.4 The Madia territory |
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170 | (5) |
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6.1.11.5 The Wied tal-Lunzjata territory |
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175 | (1) |
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6.1.11.6 Government-owned properties at Ta' Cimblu Rasu |
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176 | (1) |
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6.1.12 Water sources on Comino |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Water Management in Late Medieval Malta |
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181 | (28) |
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181 | (1) |
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7.1 The Knight Commissioners' Report of 1524 |
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182 | (1) |
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7.2 Jean Quintin's 1536 Description of Malta |
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183 | (2) |
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7.3 Documents of the Cancelleria Regia at the State Archives of Palermo: The fourteenth century |
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185 | (4) |
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7.3.1 The fiefs of Dejr Handun and Ghajn Tuffieha |
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186 | (1) |
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7.3.2 The fiefs of Gnien is-Sultan, Tal-Qlejgha and Benwarrad |
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186 | (1) |
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7.3.3 The Gomerino estate |
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187 | (1) |
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7.3.4 The fief of Hemsija and other viridaria in north-west Malta |
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188 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Hydrology-related evidence from Gozo |
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189 | (1) |
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7.4 Documents of the Cancelleria Regia at the State Archives of Palermo: The fifteenth century |
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189 | (2) |
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7.4.1 The Gheriexem spring |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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7.4.3 The Saqqajja and Qattara areas of Rabat (Malta) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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7.5 The Notarial Documents: Notaries Paulo Bonello and Giacomo Zabbara |
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191 | (3) |
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7.6 The Place-Name Evidence |
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194 | (11) |
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7.6.1 "Ghajn" and "Ghewejna" place-names |
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194 | (1) |
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7.6.1.1 Fourteenth-century "ghajn" place-names |
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195 | (3) |
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7.6.1.2 Fifteenth-century "ghajn" place-names |
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198 | (2) |
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7.6.1.3 Sixteenth-century "ghajn" place-names |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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7.6.3 "Gnien" place-names |
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202 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Other water-related place-names |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (4) |
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209 | (16) |
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209 | (1) |
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8.1 Interpreting the Evidence |
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209 | (10) |
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8.2 Revisiting the Objectives of this Study |
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219 | (1) |
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8.3 Strengths and Weaknesses: An evaluation |
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220 | (1) |
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8.4 Contribution to Knowledge |
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221 | (1) |
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8.5 The Future Beckons: Site protection and prospects for future research |
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222 | (3) |
| References |
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225 | (26) |
| Appendix 1 Gazetteer of Sites Mentioned in the Text |
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251 | (23) |
| Appendix 2 Comparative Table of Place-Names |
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274 | (6) |
Appendix 3 A Philological Appreciation of Water-Related Italian Terms Used hi
Chapters 5 to 7 |
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280 | (2) |
Appendix 4 A Philological Appreciation of Water-Related Maltese Words/Terms Used in
Chapters 5 to 7 |
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282 | (1) |
Appendix 5 A Philological Appreciation of Water-Related Latin Terms Used in
Chapter 7 |
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283 | |
